Description
General Instructions
- Answer each question carefully and fully.
- The Academic Honesty policy applies- you may consult your notes and the text. Any work submitted after the due date and time is considered a violation of the Academic Honesty policy.
- If you have a specific question, you may email me and ask.
210 TOTAL POINTS
1. What is argumentation? What does it mean when we say that we “justify claims” in argumentation? What does that imply for deciding whether that standard is met? Who determines the success/failure of argumentation? (35 points)
An argument is the claims people make, the evidence they offer to support them, and the decisions these arguments uphold, criticize .
2. What is a proposition (claim)? Identify and briefly describe the types of propositions (claims) that we covered. Why does it matter to classify claims according to type? (35 points)
3. What is a warrant by analogy? In your answer, please explain two common types of analogies, and identify the appropriate tests to assess the soundness of arguments by analogy. (35 points)
4. For the following excerpt, identify the warrant structure that supports the argument (analogy, cause, example, sign, essential nature, value, etc.). Explain the warrant structure and assess the strength of the argument according to the relevant tests. Is the argument strong or weak? What types of evidence would improve or challenge the argument? (35 points)
Heavy rainfall last September resulted in eight million gallons of raw sewage being spilled into the Red River from the Grand Hills sewage treatment facility. Doctors in Grand Hills report that, since the spill, they have seen a sharp increase in giardia – a bacterial infection that causes intestinal distress. Many doctors have suggested that new cases of the disease have resulted from people swimming in the contaminated river.
5. For the following excerpt, identify the warrant structure that supports the argument (analogy, cause, example, sign, essential nature, value, etc.). Explain the warrant structure and assess the strength of the argument according to the relevant tests. Is the argument strong or weak? What types of evidence would improve or challenge the argument? (35 points)
Vietnam taught us that we should not get involved in war that puts us in the role of foreign invaders facing local insurgents. An American military presence in Iran would put us in exactly this position again. Hence, we should not respond to calls to send troops to Iran to stop its nuclear program.
6. For the following excerpt, identify the warrant structure that supports the argument (analogy, cause, example, sign, essential nature, value, etc.). Explain the warrant structure and assess the strength of the argument according to the relevant tests. Is the argument strong or weak? What types of evidence would improve or challenge the argument? (35 points)
Schools are there to provide an education, not to provide material support for extracurricular activities. Because condoms are intended for use outside the schools, and because they have little or nothing to do with the school’s educational functions, they should not be distributed by the schools.
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Explanation & Answer
Attached.
Running Header: ARGUMENTATION
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Argumentation
Institutional Affiliate
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ARGUMENTATION
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Argumentation can be described as creating reasons in a process that supports opinions
and drafts conclusions intending to control other's actions or thoughts (Mercier, 2011). It can
also be described as the study of the procedure. It can relate to more than one branch of
knowledge, and researchers use it in rhetoric, logic, and dialect. When one says they 'justify their
claims' in argumentation, they mean to provide reasons that get the approval of an audience. The
term refers to giving reasons to people to support one's values and beliefs and control others'
actions and thoughts.
To decide if a specific standard has been met, the argument must come up with a
conclusion and provide proper reasons to accept it. The bases of the argument give adequate
reason to accept the outcome is true, and it must be valid and strong. The person responsible for
determining the success of an argument is every person involved in the argument. The person
presenting their argument should be able to prove that the argument's premises are valid, cannot
be questioned, and is connected to the conclusion. The audience should be able t know if the
argument meets these criteria; if not, then the argument is not successful.
A proposition is a claim or statement that is either true or false. A proposition is unique
from o...
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