Week 5 Chapter 8 Pacifism & Political Realism Social and Political Philosophy HW

User Generated

jjnnmm

Humanities

Description

Hey

for this week it's will be a discussion that due in about 24 hours so I can not extend the time for it

And there will be reply to seven students and she want to replay to whom replay to me so you can count it as 8 or 9 but there are no other assignments beside the discussion and the replicates

and this what professor said

This week corresponds to the eighth chapter in the textbook. The focus of this section is on Political and Social Philosophy, and war and its justification. Try to take a step back from your current stance on the important topics in this module and see how new ideas may inspire you. Please read the chapter carefully and read the following notes that expand on this material.

Chapter Eight explores Social and Political Philosophy. Usually I break these down into two separate areas, but the approach in the book is to see the two fields as connected.

The book begins with the development of the Social Contract as developed by Locke and Hobbes. The Social Contract is an idea that arises from the formation of a Democratic Republic with a Capitalistic economic structure. This idea is abstract and functions as an answer to the question of how do citizens and the government interact in this form of government.

SOCIAL CONTRACT

The Social Contract says that citizens have a tacit agreement with the government that holds that they will exchange some rights for certain benefits. In a system that professes the value of freedom, some freedoms have to be given up, delayed, diminished or lessened at times for the sake of the whole which, at least theoretically, the government protects. In exchange for that, citizens gain protection, social goods and the ability to own property.

Positive and Negative Rights are crucial points in this approach. A positive right is something that a citizen deserves by virtue of being a member of that constituency. A negative right is something a person has a right to avoid. For instance, privacy is a negative right, the right not to have others infringing on your personal property. The right of speech is a positive right in that it is something a person has the right to do.

COMMUNITARIANISM

Communitarianism as a philosophical theory contains an understanding of human nature as social. This view originally developed from Hegel and the historic dialectic. In the historic dialectic, epochs are distinct periods of time that form and change into another epoch through the master/slave tension among people. Hegel describes a friction between two classes. The master class is small in number and holds most of the power and property in any civilization. The slave class is much greater in numbers and has no power or real property. The friction between the two classes is based on the economic and social relationships that develop. The master class, though they have all the power, is dependent on the slave class for services and to keep power intact. The slave class is dependent on the master class for basic needs. In Hegel's view, at some point, the slave class will revolt against its relative lack of power. The master/slave dynamic later becomes important in Marx's philosophy. He calls the two classes the bourgeoise (master) and the proletariat (slave). Marx is influenced by Hegel's work and incorporates the master/slave dynamic in his critique on Capitalism.

In a Communitarian understanding, language and culture, the resulting structures of a culture are all a result of a social human nature and the need to interact and to be recognized by others. In this view, government is not an artifice of culture, but a result of social need and interaction. For the Communitarian, there is no Social Contract that stands by itself outside of a culture's normal processes. Government arises from people's need to interact with each other and is a natural formation of that interaction.

FEMINIST CRITIQUE

The Feminist Critique of the Social Contract is that the traditional division between men's and women's roles has assigned power to the public realm which has traditionally been men's and a lack of power to the private realm which has traditionally been women's. This evaluation says that inherent in the political structure is a devaluation of women's roles as mothers and wives. Work in the private sphere is not valued and often promotes a political structure that favors men over women. Solutions to this imbalance include an increase in the value placed on domestic work and a more equal sharing of work in the public realm.

JUSTICE

Sometimes it seems like something has happened that just isn't fair. This happens to everyone at times and somehow we feel that we have been overlooked in the fairness department. Maybe what's happening in these instances is that our view of Justice is different from another person's view.

The book covers several theories of Justice. These theories show different approaches that have a wide range of applications. We can operate with a sense of Justice in our personal lives, and these theories can form the rationale behind legislative decision making.

RIGHTS AND DUTIES

In most governments, a sense of Justice means that people's rights and duties are balanced. If we have certain rights, we can expect that we will also have duties to others in our neighborhoods, towns, states and country.

CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE

The theory of Civil Disobedience says that when duties outweigh rights, or that when basic human rights are dishonored, then it becomes possible or necessary for people to break the Social Contract. Martin Luther King Jr. and Gandhi are two prominent figures who actively outline a theory of Civil Disobedience. In their theories, it is necessary for people to review and reflect on experiences and history to develop a thoughtful understanding of injustices. After that review, it is important to pursue civil action without violence. Their understanding is that to truly change unjust systems, violence would do more harm than good, by moving people more into their anger, and result in more injustice. To truly change systems, people have to change. Each of these men are influenced by their religions, Christian (King) and Hindu (Gandhi).

KARL MARX

Marx's philosophy is descriptive. He describes the formation of a Capitalist society using Hegel's historical dialectic. Marx explains five epochs in the development of civilization. Each epoch carries over into the new epoch.

1. Primitive: characterized by small communities, some use of tools, hunting and gathering.
2. Agrarian: characterized by small more centrally located communities, wide use of tools, communities form around the needs of agriculture and are therefore more localized.
3. Feudal: characterized by larger even more centrally located communities, use of machines, economic structure of the large group indebted and in service to a small group.
4. Industrial: characterized by an even greater use of machinery, and organization of its use for economic purposes, larger division of wealth, communities become much larger.
5. Communal: characterized by a return to smaller communities, barter system, use of machines.

In Marx's critique, he describes that the revolt of the proletariate from epoch 4 to 5 would be violent because of the prevalence of machinery and weaponry to serve the needs of the bourgeoise in epoch 4.

The description of Capitalism for Marx centers on the class struggle. The bourgeoise own the ways and means of production. In a Capitalist society, ownership of production means that the group who owns has all the power.

The description of the work cycle is that the proletariat's work is undervalued, and uninteresting. The group that has ownership is in a position to gain from other people's labor while those laborers just run a treadmill where they can never really hope to be in a position of ownership.

For Marx, the work cycle breeds class alienation. For laborers who don't own the products of their labor, the separation from their own activity and its result separates the person from a sense of their own value.

Marx never advocated violence. He is outlining what he predicted would be a move from a money based economy to a work based economy.

The work for this week is to engage FULLY in the Discussion thread. No paper for this week.

The book

https://b-ok.cc/md5/F507A99572E3EC5B261AEEB67D9B8EC9



if you have any question. ask me

User generated content is uploaded by users for the purposes of learning and should be used following Studypool's honor code & terms of service.

Explanation & Answer

Attached.

Running head: SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY

Social and Political Philosophy
Student’s Name:
Institutional Affiliation:

1

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY

2

Social and Political Philosophy
Disputes between one state and another have been witnessed throughout history. Most of
the states have managed to solve their differences without engaging in war. In other cases, some
co...


Anonymous
Great! 10/10 would recommend using Studypool to help you study.

Studypool
4.7
Trustpilot
4.5
Sitejabber
4.4

Similar Content

Related Tags