MEXICANS AND PUERTO RICANS • “There were 11.6 million immigrants from Mexico living in the United States in 2017, and fewer than half of them (43%) were in the country illegally, according to Pew Research Center estimates. Mexico is the country’s largest source of immigrants, making up 25% of all U.S. immigrants.” (Gonzalez-Barrerra and Krogstad 2019) • “The number of Mexican immigrants living in the U.S. illegally has declined by 2 million since 2007. In 2017, 4.9 million unauthorized immigrants from Mexico lived in the U.S., down from a peak of 6.9 million in 2007. Mexicans now make up fewer than half of the nation’s 10.5 million unauthorized immigrants (47% in 2017).” • At the U.S.-Mexico border, there have been more apprehensions of non-Mexicans than Mexicans every year since fiscal 2016. Non-Mexicans accounted for 62% of apprehensions at the southwest border in fiscal 2018, marking the third consecutive year in which they outnumbered Mexicans. In fiscal 2018, which ended Sept. 30, the Border Patrol made 152,257 apprehensions of Mexicans. This is a sharp drop from a recent peak of 1.6 million apprehensions in fiscal 2000, when Mexicans accounted for 98% of apprehensions. The decline in apprehensions reflects a decrease in the number of unauthorized Mexican immigrants coming to the U.S. • Mexicans were deported from the U.S. 192,334 times in fiscal 2017, down from a recent high of 307,120 in fiscal 2013 – but up from 169,031 in fiscal 2005. • The increase over the past decade occurred after a 2005 shift in policy that increased the chances of being deported following apprehension in the border region. Prior to that change, many unauthorized immigrants were returned without a formal deportation order. • Mexican unauthorized immigrant adults are more likely to be long-term residents of the U.S. As of 2017, 83% had lived in the U.S. for more than 10 years, while only 8% had been in the country for five years or less. By comparison, 51% of unauthorized immigrant adults from countries other than Mexico had lived in the U.S. a decade or more as of 2017, while 30% had lived in the U.S. for five years or less. • About 536,000 unauthorized immigrants from Mexico are enrolled in the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program as of April 2019, which provides work permits and protection from deportation to those who meet certain requirements. Mexico is the origin country with the most active DACA recipients by far. The next highest countries are El Salvador (26,000), Guatemala (17,000) and Honduras (16,000). Trump ordered an end to DACA in September 2017, but enrollees can remain in the program while federal courts consider cases regarding its future. • An estimated 36.6 million Hispanics of Mexican origin lived in the United States in 2017, according to a Pew Research Center analysis of the U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey. Mexicans in this statistical profile are people who self-identified as Hispanics of Mexican origin; this includes immigrants from Mexico and those who trace their family ancestry to Mexico. • Mexicans are the largest population of Hispanic origin living in the United States, accounting for 62% of the U.S. Hispanic population in 2017. Since 2000, the Mexican-origin population has increased 76%, growing from 20.9 million to 36.6 million over the period. At the same time, the Mexican foreign-born population living in the U.S. grew by 29%, from 8.7 million in 2000 to 11.2 million in 2017. MEXICAN ORIGIN POPULATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT • About 16% of U.S. Hispanics ages 25 and older have obtained at least a bachelor’s degree, compared with 12% of Mexicans. • Among Mexicans ages 25 and older, the U.S. born are more likely than the foreign born to have a bachelor’s degree or higher (17% vs. 7%). INCOME • Among U.S. Hispanics and Mexicans, the median annual personal earnings for those ages 16 and older was $25,000. • Looking at full-time, year-round workers, U.S. Hispanics earned $34,000, while Mexicans earned $32,000. POVERTY STATUS • The share of U.S. Hispanics who live in poverty is 19%, compared with 20% for Mexicans. • About 20% of U.S.-born Mexicans live in poverty, as do 19% of foreign-born Mexicans. HOMEOWNERSHIP • The rate of homeownership among U.S. Hispanics is 47%, compared with 50% for Mexicans. • Among Mexicans in the U.S., rates of homeownership are 52% for the U.S. born and 48% for foreign born. TOP STATES OF RESIDENCE • The Mexican population is concentrated in California (35%), Texas (26%) and Arizona (5%). AGE • The median age of U.S. Hispanics (29) is similar to that of Mexicans (27) and lower than that of the U.S. population (38). MARITAL STATUS • U.S. Hispanics ages 18 and older less likely to be married (46%) than Mexicans (48%). • Among Mexicans ages 18 and older, those who are foreign born are more likely to be married than U.S.-born Mexicans (61% vs. 37%). PUERTO RICAN PEOPLE • An estimated 5.6 million Hispanics of Puerto Rican origin lived in the United States in 2017, according to a Pew Research Center analysis of the U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey. Puerto Ricans in this statistical profile are people who self-identified as Hispanics of Puerto Rican origin and lived in the 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia; this includes those who were born in Puerto Rico and those who trace their family ancestry to Puerto Rico. • Puerto Ricans are the second-largest population of Hispanic origin living in the United States, accounting for about 10% of the U.S. Hispanic population in 2017. (An additional 3.4 million people live in Puerto Rico.) • Since 2000, the Puerto Rican-origin U.S. population has increased 65%, growing from 3.4 million to 5.6 million over the period. At the same time, the population of those born in Puerto Rico and living in the 50 states and D.C. grew by 27%, from 1.3 million in 2000 to 1.6 million in 2017. By comparison, Mexicans, the nation’s largest Hispanic origin group, constituted 36.6 million, or 62%, of the U.S. Hispanic population in 2017. MIGRATION STATUS • About 29% of Puerto Ricans who live in the 50 states and D.C. were born in Puerto Rico. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT • About 16% of U.S. Hispanics ages 25 and older have obtained at least a bachelor’s degree, compared with 19% of Puerto Ricans. • Among Puerto Ricans ages 25 and older, 21% of those born in Puerto Rico have a bachelor’s degree or higher, compared with 18% of those born in the 50 states and D.C. INCOME • Among U.S. Hispanics, the median annual personal earnings for those ages 16 and older was $25,000, compared with $28,600 for Puerto Ricans. • Looking at full-time, year-round workers, U.S. Hispanics earned less than Puerto Ricans ($34,000 vs. $40,000). • POVERTY STATUS • The share of U.S. Hispanics who live in poverty is 19%, compared with 23% of Puerto Ricans living in the 50 states and D.C. • About 24% of Puerto Ricans born in Puerto Rico live in poverty, as do 22% of Puerto Ricans born in the 50 states and D.C. HOMEOWNERSHIP • The rate of homeownership among U.S. Hispanics (47%) is higher than the rate for Puerto Ricans in the 50 states and D.C. (38%). • Among Puerto Ricans , rates of homeownership are similar for those born in the 50 states and D.C. and those born in Puerto Rico (39% vs. 36%). TOP STATES OF RESIDENCE • The Puerto Rican population is concentrated in Florida (20%), New York (20%) and New Jersey (8%). AGE • The median ages of U.S. Hispanics (29) and Puerto Ricans (30) are lower than that of the U.S. population (38). MARITAL STATUS • U.S. Hispanics ages 18 and older are more likely to be married (46%) than Puerto Ricans (37%). • Among Puerto Ricans ages 18 and older, those born in the 50 states and D.C. are less likely to be married than those born in Puerto Rico (33% vs. 44%). FERTILITY • Some 7% of U.S. Hispanic women ages 15 to 44 gave birth in the 12 months prior to the July 2017 American Community Survey. Meanwhile, the rate for Puerto Rican women was 6%. LANGUAGE • About 70% of U.S. Hispanics ages 5 and older speak only English at home or speak English at least “very well,” compared with 83% of Puerto Ricans. • Similarly, 64% of Hispanic adults are English proficient, as are 79% of Puerto Rican adults. CUBANS AND OTHER LATIN AMERICANS IMMIGRATION STATUS • Among Hispanics in the U.S., about 33% are foreign born, compared with 56% of U.S. Cubans. • About 43% of foreign-born Cubans have been in the U.S. for over 20 years, and 58% of foreign-born Cubans are U.S. citizens. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT • About 16% of U.S. Hispanics ages 25 and older have obtained at least a bachelor’s degree, compared with 27% of Cubans. • Among Cubans ages 25 and older, the U.S. born are more likely than the foreign born to have a bachelor’s degree or higher (38% vs. 23%). INCOME • Among U.S. Hispanics, the median annual personal earnings for those ages 16 and older was $25,000, compared with $28,000 for Cubans. • Looking at full-time, year-round workers, U.S. Hispanics earned less than Cubans ($34,000 vs. $35,000). POVERTY STATUS • The share of U.S. Hispanics who live in poverty (19%) is greater than among Cubans (16%). About 14% of U.S.-born Cubans live in poverty, as do 17% of foreign-born Cubans. • The rate of homeownership among U.S. Hispanics (47%) is lower than the rate for Cubans overall (51%). HOMEOWNERSHIP • Among Cubans in the U.S., rates of homeownership are higher for the U.S. born than foreign born (55% vs. 50%). TOP STATES OF RESIDENCE • The Cuban population is concentrated in Florida (66%), California (5%) and New Jersey (4%). AGE • The median age of U.S. Hispanics (29) is lower than that of Cubans (40) and the U.S. population (38). MARITAL STATUS • About 46% of U.S. Hispanics ages 18 and older are married, compared with 45% of Cubans. • Among Cubans ages 18 and older, those who are foreign born are more likely to be married than the U.S. born (49% vs. 37%). FERTILITY • Some 7% of U.S. Hispanic women ages 15 to 44 gave birth in the 12 months prior to the July 2017 American Community Survey. The rate for Cuban women was 5%. • About 70% of U.S. Hispanics ages 5 and older speak only English at home or speak English at least “very well,” compared with 61% of Cubans. • Similarly, 64% of Hispanic adults are English proficient, as are 55% of Cuban adults. LANGUAGE DOMINICANS IMMIGRATION STATUS • Among Hispanics in the U.S., about 33% are foreign born, compared with 54% of U.S. Dominicans. • About 43% of foreign-born Dominicans have been in the U.S. for over 20 years, and 53% of foreign-born Dominicans are U.S. citizens. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT • About 16% of U.S. Hispanics ages 25 and older have obtained at least a bachelor’s degree, compared with 18% of Dominicans. • Among Dominicans ages 25 and older, the U.S. born are more likely than the foreign born to have a bachelor’s degree or higher (28% vs. 15%). • Among U.S. Hispanics, the median annual personal earnings for those ages 16 and older was $25,000, compared with $24,000 for Dominicans. • Looking at full-time, year-round workers, U.S. Hispanics earned $34,000 and Dominicans earned $32,000. INCOME POVERTY STATUS • The share of U.S. Hispanics who live in poverty is 19%, compared with 22% of Dominicans. • About 23% of U.S.-born Dominicans live in poverty, as do 21% of foreign-born Dominicans. • The rate of homeownership among U.S. Hispanics (47%) is higher than the rate for Dominicans overall (27%). HOMEOWNERSHIP • Among Dominicans in the U.S., rates of homeownership are higher for the U.S. born than foreign born (32% vs. 26%). TOP STATES OF RESIDENCE THE DOMINICAN POPULATION IS CONCENTRATED IN NEW YORK (42%), NEW JERSEY (15%) AND FLORIDA (13%). AGE • The median age of U.S. Hispanics (29) is similar to that of Dominicans (30) and lower than that of the U.S. population (38). MARITAL STATUS • U.S. Hispanics ages 18 and older are more likely to be married (46%) than Dominicans (41%). • Among Dominicans ages 18 and older, those who are foreign born are more likely to be married than the U.S. born (48% vs. 25%). FERTILITY • Some 7% of U.S. Hispanic women ages 15 to 44 gave birth in the 12 months prior to the July 2017 American Community Survey. That share is similar to the rate for Dominican women (7%). LANGUAGE • About 70% of U.S. Hispanics ages 5 and older speak only English at home or speak English at least “very well,” compared with 58% of Dominicans. • Similarly, 64% of Hispanic adults are English proficient, as are 51% of Dominican adults. LATINA(O) ORGIN PROFILES, 2017 VENEZUELANS, DOMINICANS AND GUATEMALANS SAW THE FASTEST POPULATION GROWTH SINCE 2010. • From 2010 to 2017, 10 of the 15 largest origin groups grew faster than the Hispanic population overall, which increased 16%. The Venezuelan population in the U.S. increased 76% to 421,000 in 2017, by far the fastest growth rate among Hispanic origin groups. Among groups with populations above 1 million, Dominicans and Guatemalans had the fastest growth. Their populations grew by 37% and 30%, respectively, during this time. Puerto Ricans, the second-largest origin group, saw their population in the 50 states and the District of Columbia jump by 20%, to 5.6 million in 2017. (Another 3.2 million live in Puerto Rico.) • At nearly 37 million, Mexicans are the largest origin group and make up 62% of Latinos, but this share has decreased from a recent peak of 66% in 2008. The Mexican population grew by 11% from 2010 to 2017, tied for the lowest growth rate among the 15 origin groups. The Peruvian and Ecuadorian populations in the U.S. saw similarly slow growth rates. IMMIGRANTS ARE A DECLINING SHARE OF THE LATINO POPULATION. • The share of Latinos in the U.S. who are immigrants declined to 33% in 2017, down from 37% in 2010, due in part to slowing international migration from Latin America. The immigrant share among Nicaraguans fell from 63% to 55% during this time, the largest drop among the 15 largest Latino origin groups. Guatemalans and Ecuadorians followed with a 7 percentage point decline over the same period. Meanwhile, the Venezuelan and Spaniard populations bucked the trend as their foreign-born shares increased between 2010 and 2017. VENEZUELANORIGIN HISPANICS HAVE THE HIGHEST SHARE WITH A BACHELOR’S DEGREE. • About 16% of Latino adults ages 25 and older have a bachelor’s degree or higher, up from 13% in 2010 but lower than the overall U.S. population (32%). Among Latino origin groups, Venezuelans (55%) and Argentines (43%) have the highest shares with a bachelor’s degree or higher, while Guatemalans (10%) and Salvadorans (10%) have the lowest shares. Each origin group has seen this share increase since 2010. LATINOS’ ECONOMIC CONDITIONS VARY WIDELY BY ORIGIN GROUP. • Argentines had the highest median household income, at $68,000, almost $20,000 more than the overall Latino median ($49,010). Hondurans had the lowest median income at $41,000, about $8,000 lower than the Latino median. Mexicans had a median income ($49,000) similar to the Latino median. (For the most recent income figures for all Hispanics from the U.S. Census Bureau, see “Income and Poverty in the United States 2018.”) QUESTION 1 1. Please address how the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo expanded U.S. territory and how it included the incorporation of people once a part of Mexico? Please explain what is the Bracero program? How significant was this program in spurring migration into the United States? Did it increase or decrease migration into the United States? QUESTION 2 2. Please explain whether Latino/as – Hispanics are a homogeneous or heterogeneous group? Please use the readings in order to formulate your answer? QUESTION 3 3. Please describe the different U.S. experiences of Cubans, Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, Nicaraguans and Dominicans? QUESTION 4 4. Please explain what U.S. and island program led to an increase of Puerto Rican migration into the United States? QUESTION 5 5. Using the data found in the powerpoint regarding Latinos, please highlight some of the similarities and differences between the groups. What are some of the things you learned from the statistical data presented in the lecture.
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