NewSchool of Architecture and Design Beach Umbrella Presentation

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NewSchool of Architecture and Design

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- I need to correct my draft and make the right final one

- the draft and all other needed documents are attached

- please fox on the APA style the most important

- my invention is the beach umbrella

- please use the same resources only



Assignment requirements:

Your final literature and prior art review must be AT LEAST 5 FULL WRITTEN PAGES and include:

  • Cover Page (not counted in the 5 page minimum requirement)
  • APA Outline-
  • A brief, but effective abstract stating the purpose for conducting the literature review
  • An introduction to the invention’s subject under consideration
  • Topics addressed in a logical order separated into sections with clear headings and subheadings
  • Proper in-body citations throughout paper for each unoriginal thought using APA style
  • A conclusion about initial findings
  • References page containing (not included in the 5 full written pages)



this is my current grade and you can see where are the mistakes those need to be fixed :

  • All instructions followed: 5/10 points
  • Cover page includes all required elements: 8/10 points
  • Outline quality: 6/10 points
  • APA style applied correctly to body of paper and reference page: 6/10 points
  • Spelling and grammar: 8/10 points
  • Critical thinking applied: 3/10 points
  • Logical order and flow is smooth: 7/10 points
  • Good introduction and conclusion: 5/10 points
  • Minimum number (15) and strength of sources: 7/10 points
  • 5 full written pages (not including title or reference pages): 10/10 points
  • (100 total points)

Grade: 65 D+ (This is your grade on this assignment, if I do not receive a revised final

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Coffee Grounds for a Sustainable Future A Literature and Prior Art Review Lauren Nuessner Graphic Design, 1st year NewSchool of Architecture and Design Intro to Research, Trevor Stine 23 October 2019 1 Nuessner ABSTRACT Coffee Grounds for a Sustainable Future by Lauren Nuessner The NewSchool of Architecture and Design, 2019 The environmental factors that are damaging and their relationship to a common thrown out item, spent coffee grounds, is the subject of this thesis. This is a literature and prior art review presenting the data gathered from reliable scientists who have studied these potential advantages in using these coffee grounds. The analysis addresses three questions: 1. What are the environmental benefits of reusing coffee grounds? 2. Is it reasonable for households and restaurants to prevent disposal? 3. How is traditional coffee ground waste inefficient in terms of sustainability? Three hypotheses are tested: The use of a bin to collect coffee grounds in both residential and commercial environments will enforce: • The benefits of reuse greatly override the cons. • With something simple to use, this product will be very usable for all domains. • Bioproducts will be able to replace those of which are non-sustainable. Keywords: coffee grounds, sustainability, fertilizer, bioproducts, recycling, compost, environmental factors, coffee shops, soil, plastic contamination, alternative Nuessner 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS..........................................................................................................2 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................3 LITERATURE REVIEW..........................................................................................................3 Inefficiency of Current Systems Employed Regarding Environmental Factors...........3 Fertilizer and Soil..............................................................................................4 Plastic Contamination........................................................................................4 Bioproducts........................................................................................................5 Normality of Coffee Ground Waste...............................................................................6 Coffee Shops......................................................................................................6 Vending Machines.............................................................................................7 PRIOR ART REVIEW..............................................................................................................7 Vortex De-aerator and Strainer..........................................................................8 Clasping Lid.......................................................................................................8 Bioplastic............................................................................................................8 Attachment Hook................................................................................................9 Basic Trashcan Elements....................................................................................9 CONCLUSION...........................................................................................................................9 REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................11 Nuessner 3 INTRODUCTION For the reader to understand the significance of being concerned with the collection of used, or spent, coffee grounds, this component provides an overview of the subject through historical information gathered. After being employed in a coffee shop for years, it became apparent that coffee grounds are thrown out in mass amounts at the end of every shift. These grounds must be of some magnitude to others, whether that be for anything from fertilizer to biofuel. A solution to the wasteful manner of coffee grounds is the spent coffee grounds bin. It collects the grounds in an enclosed bin to easily be stored and begin dehydration until picked up and shipped to facilities for use. Presented below is a literature and prior art review for the necessity and key features of the invention. LITERATURE REVIEW This literature review consists of two sections. The first examines the sources reviewing how coffee grounds can be efficiently used in the environment, and discusses the current methods used that are hazardous to both humans and the planet. The second part of the literature review addresses the necessity of the collection of coffee grounds, and the immense change that could be if utilized. INEFFICIENCY OF CURRENT SYSTEMS EMPLOYED REGARDING ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Coffee grounds are not traditionally saved at the household or corporate level. The issues that are explained below could be mediated with the recycling of spent coffee grounds people normally waste. Nuessner 4 Fertilizer and Soil Fertilizer and soil are intended to be used as a safe material to encourage plant growth. Although there are some that follow this ideal, there are also fertilized soils containing hazardous materials and chemicals, especially those located near hazardous facilities. Of these, in Oklahoma there is a radioactive plant that has been actively incorporating their hazardous wastewater into a fertilizer sprayed into the soil. Although the facility has been observed and passed by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the Environmental Protection Agency, there are still cases of people being born blind, animals being mutated, and leukemia levels being reported higher than national average. Runoff caused by rain causes these potentially harmful chemicals to reach larger bodies of water and grasslands consumed by humans and animals. The capability for the chemicals to be so widespread limits our knowledge on how proliferate the chemicals can reach (Lemonick, 1987). Fertilizer and soil should not be a material of fear, rather a catalyst to growth. Coffee grounds are a natural resource that can easily transition into fertilizer. The fine texture and ability to store water make for a sustainable, proliferate, and primary form of both fertilizer and soil. Plastic Contamination In addition to the soils containing harmful chemicals, there is also more fragments of plastic in the soil now than there has ever been. Polyethylene is the specific type of plastic that has been tested in a study conducted by scientists at Washington State University and the University of Tennessee. The plastic is used to suppress the growth of weeds and maintain water. The goal of the research is to explore various biodegradable plastic mulches and determine which is the most successful alternative to polyethylene infusion. It has been concluded that biodegradable plastic mulches are favorably compared to polyethylene. Of these biodegradable Nuessner 5 mulches, coffee grounds are a top contestant. The grounds are from the earth and are recycled in the natural form, without added substance or chemicals. The alternatives tested are not as reliable yet because the organic matter yields inconsistent results across all the studies, but overall the progress made supporting biodegradable material as an alternative remains a prime goal in the progress of sustainability (Sintim, 2019). With a collection bin for coffee grounds, also made from sustainable sources and not a true plastic, the possibility of a complete transition to biodegradable mulch without plastic contamination would be much more attainable. Bioproducts Soil and mulch are not the only issues spent coffee grounds could be an efficient possibility for. There is research on many other benefits of these grounds, such as their ability to be compressed into an oil and used for biofuel with a high heating value and nitrogen content (Caetano, 2014). Currently, the fuel that is being used is non-renewable, and once the earth either exhausts the fossil fuels in the projected centuries or succumbs to the dangerous greenhouse gases and overheating of the ozone, there will be need for a renewable source (Windsor, 2019). Fossil fuels are not at an immediately hazardous level, but the rate at consumption is highly underestimated and leads scientists to inquire a more suitable long- term alternative (Rogner, 1997). In addition to the grounds being reduced to an oil, construction technology is constantly seeking out bioproducts to enhance effective materials. In a series of compression analyses, coffee grounds in combination with other reusable materials are found to be a viable source of material for a road subgrade material. A road subgrade material consists of layering material and packing it together underneath the road in order to support the weight above. The goal of this experiment is to prevent coffee grounds from entering, and eventually becoming a cog, in landfills (Horpibulsuk, 2017). In total, the strive to produce efficient material is a worldwide Nuessner 6 issue in need of a remedy. There are coffee grounds being disposed of in vast quantities rather than being used to benefit society. If storage and transport were made a simple task like recycling bottles and other plastic are today, then the concern could be depleted. A reliable, renewable source would be allowed natural capabilities. NORMALITY OF COFFEE GROUND WASTE The issues faced with traditional inefficient use of spent coffee grounds are unnecessarily substantial. In addition to the lack of spent coffee grounds in environmental use, it is important to analyze the considerable amount of these wasted grounds. Coffee Shops In researching the efficiency of coffee grounds for biofuel production, scientists published by the Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry produced a figure displaying the incredible amount of coffee wasted from StarbucksÒ alone. Their research used data from 2008, but since then the numbers have only increased. In the United States alone, StarbucksÒ wastes $8,020,000 worth of coffee grounds each year. In pounds per year in the United States, 210,000,000 pounds of coffee grounds could have gone towards feedstock or biodiesel production (Narasimharao, 2008). This is only analyzing the market of StarbucksÒ coffee, not to mention the numerous other chain coffee shops and restaurants. It is extremely wasteful for their potential use. With a simple bin to collect, store, and eventually be transferred to facilities, the amount of waste reduces greatly, and the environment will have more biofriendly production. Restaurants, as well as other commercial buildings, are encouraged to meet environmental certification factors brought forth by the US Green Building Council through the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design program. This group has developed a point system for Nuessner 7 commercial spaces, ranking and awarding those that comply with environmental practices. There are also incentives for these spaces to become practice sustainability such as cash or tax breaks provided by utility companies. With ample amount of motivation to go green, businesses such as StarbucksÒ would prosper even more (Reby, 2009). Vending Machines Not only are coffee chains and restaurants receiving mass amounts of coffee sales, but there is such an emergence of coffee popularity that vending machines are now a notable proportion of the market. There are machines located in airports, shopping malls, hotels, and many other locations where customers select their beverage to be mechanically made on site. There are waste bins inside that collect the spent coffee grounds. Filled bins are eventually emptied and wasted, but scientist collected these bins in order to use the grounds for bioresearch and production of a sustainable biofuel (Vasmara, 2018). With the United States average being over nine pounds of coffee consumed a year, the benefits of coffee collection override the cons in nearly all scenarios (ChartsBin Statistics Collector Team, 2011). An efficient containment bin incorporated to residential and commercial spaces is the solution to making progress towards a sustainable planet. PRIOR ART REVIEW The proposed invention is a bin with a mesh interior to hold specifically coffee grounds. A generic bin would only compact the soggy grounds and would likely produce a foul odor, mold, mildew, or related disturbances if not delivered in a reasonable amount of time. To avoid these concerns, the following inventions contain qualities beneficial to the specific spent coffee ground bin itself. Nuessner 8 Vortex De-aerator and Strainer The initial patent addresses the compaction. There would be mesh interior lining that would spin to produce a centripetal force driving out liquid from the grounds. The patent is classified as a vortex type de-aerator. The characteristics of the patent are the inner and outer lining, which the proposed invention would possess, with the outer lining gathering the water as it exits the center. The invention would not require a constant human operation of spinning to diverge humidity from the bin’s contents, but would have the same double layering as the patented object. This is a simple way to begin de-humidifying the coffee grounds before pick-up without any use of technology, only science (Blackmore, 1961). Clasping Lid A clasping lid is required for the patent to remain unbothersome towards users. This patent is for a lid that had arranged the clasp to prevent air infestation. A lid will be used to ensure the bin will not spill the coffee grounds or any liquid produced during transportation. The material of this specific patent filed is plastic, which the proposed invention will not contain. Rather than being produced from a petroleum- based plastic like the patent calls for, it will be produced from a bioplastic (Chen, 1978). Bioplastic Bioplastics are extremely necessary for the bin to be efficient and not leave a footprint like the one it is trying to prevent. Bioplastics themselves are patented materials for the generic production. In 2012, this became an official patent stating that organic materials with a faster decomposition than petroleum plastic classifies a bioplastic. The coffee ground collection bin will make use of a bioplastic. The bin must be successfully waterproof, which some forms of Nuessner 9 bioplastic do not possess. If the bin itself cannot be sustainable, then the invention’s purpose begins to deplete (Budina, 2012). Attachment Hook In order to be made useful, the collection bin must be located somewhere users naturally expect. Since coffee grounds typically make way to the garbage bin, the proposed invention will be attached to a trashcan using a hook. The patent explored for this hook was not to be found, but a similar hook the bin would use is a utility hook, typically found in households to hang various items, including bicycles. The hook to be used in the invention will be sleek and attached to the bucket chamber, easily attachable to the trashcan. Habits will transition from disposing spent coffee grounds to preserving them in the receptacle connected (Webb, 2003). Basic Trashcan Elements Finally, the basic trashcan is the motivation behind the appearance and function of the bin. This generic model already patented has a hard outer layer and a removeable inner layer for replacing the garbage bag. Both of these characteristics will be useful in the new invention, although there will be no need for any replaceable, and non-environmentally friendly, bags. The patent also makes note of the inner layer being made of a petroleum plastic. The mesh inner layer of the proposed invention will be made of either a cloth or thin aluminum substance, preventing use of any material that is not sustainable (Yang 2003). CONCLUSION Throughout research, it has become evident the importance of transitioning from an unsustainable society to an efficient one. Spent coffee grounds are an extremely moldable Nuessner 10 medium for many products and alternatives. From being used for soil or compressed to become biofuel, there are few limitations for this over- wasted bean. Analyzing the issues associated with fertilizer and soils, plastic contamination, and the underuse of coffee grounds for bioproducts has proven the necessity for an attainable, biodegradable substance. There is no reason for there to be any hesitance towards any of these daily used items. As the planet continues to deplete fossil fuels, the search for sustainability is on the rise. Through the information gathered, it is clear how much damage has the potential to be alleviated with the incorporation of coffee grounds. Traditional plastic and hazardous substances used today are not the answer to efficiency, but by providing a collection to households and commercial spaces, hazard does not have to exist. By referring to prior samples produced, the elements of a collection bin are extremely achievable. Bioplastics are continuing to improve, and the future of the coffee grounds for sustainability is in reach. A bin made by sustainable products for a sustainable use has the potential to collect the future. Nuessner 11 REFERENCES Blackmore, J. J., Gordon, G. P. (1961). U.S. Patent No. 3151961A. Washington, DC: U.S. Retrieved from http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nphParser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=/ netahtml/PTO/srchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&s1=3151961.PN Budina, E. (2012). U.S. Patent No. 20130186303A1. Washington, DC: U.S. Retrieved from http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph- Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u =/netahtml/PTO/srchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PG01&s1=20130186303.PGNR Caetano, N., Silva, V., Melo, A., Martins, A., & Mata, T. (2014). Spent coffee grounds for biodiesel production and other applications. Clean Technologies & Environmental Policy, 16(7), 1423–1430. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-014-0773-0 ChartsBin Statistics Collector Team (2011). Current Worldwide Annual Coffee Consumption Per Capita. ChartsBin.com. Retrieved from http://chartsbin.com/view/581 Chen, A. C. (1978). U.S. Patent No. 4215797A. Washington, DC: U.S. Retrieved from http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nphParser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/srchnum.html&r=1&f=G &l=50&d=PALL&s1=4215797.PN Horpibulsuk, S., Kua, T.-A., Arulrajah, A., Du, Y.-J., & Suksiripattanapong, C. (2017). Engineering and environmental evaluation of spent coffee grounds stabilized with industrial by-products as a road subgrade material. Clean Technologies & Environmental Policy, 19(1), 63–75. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-016-1188-x Nuessner 12 Lemonick, M. D., & Dolan, B. (1987). Making Fertilizer from What? A uranium processor’s novel experiment starts a national furor. TIME Magazine, 130(22), 79. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com.ezp.newschoolarch.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN =57893456&site=ehost-live&scope=site Narasimharao K., Susanta K. M., and Mano M. (2008). Spent Coffee Grounds as a Versatile Source of Green Energy. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56 (24), 1175711760. Retrieved from https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf802487s Reby, J. W., Koeltzow, E. (2009) Green Requirements for Restaurants. The Practical Real Estate Lawyer. Retrieved from https://www.lewisrice.com/content/uploads/2014/11/Reby _GreenRequirementsforRestaurants.pdf Rogner, H.-H. (1997). An Assessment of World Hydrocarbon Resources. Annual Review of Energy & the Environment, 22(1), 217. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev. energy.22.1.217 Sintim, H. Y., Bandopadhyay, S., English, M. E., Bary, A. I., DeBruyn, J. M., Schaeffer, S. M., … Flury, M. (2019). Impacts of biodegradable plastic mulches on soil health. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 273, 36–49. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2018.12.002 Vasmara, C., & Marchetti, R. (2018). Spent Coffee Grounds from Coffee Vending Machines as Feedstock for Biogas Production. Environmental Engineering & Management Journal (EEMJ), 17(10), 2401–2408. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com.ezp.newschoolarch.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=8gh&A N=133682882&site=ehost-live&scope=site Nuessner 13 Webb, M. D. (2003). U.S. Patent No. 7000783B2. Washington, DC: U.S. Retrieved from http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nphParser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/srchnum.html&r=1&f=G &l=50&d=PALL&s1=7000783.PN Windsor, F. M., Durance, I., Horton, A. A., Thompson, R. C., Tyler, C. R., & Ormerod, S. J. (2019). A catchment‐scale perspective of plastic pollution. Global Change Biology, 25(4), 1207–1221. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14572 Yang, F., Sandor, J. (2003). U. S. Patent No. 20050006536A1. Washington, DC: U.S. Retrieved from http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=/ netahtml/PTO/srchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PG01&s1=20050006536.PGNR Coffee Grounds for a Sustainable Future A Literature and Prior Art Review Lauren Nuessner BEACH UMBRELLA 1 Beach Umbrella A Literature and Prior Art Review July, 29 Ahmed Alsabilah Construction Management - 2rd Year NewSchool of Architecture & Design RSH 481 - Introduction To Research Trevor Stine, MA BEACH UMBRELLA 2 Abstract Beach Umbrella innovation project By Ahmed Alsabilah Constructions Management- 2nd Year New School of Architecture & Design Beach umbrella innovation project of a unique umbrella whose shape resembles regular umbrellas. BEACH UMBRELLA 3 This innovation tries to improvise ways of addressing the comfortability of beach umbrellas, whose risk of emitting sun rays, which are believed to be the leading cause of sunburns, and also establish the umbrella’s task of absorbing energy from the sun rays using a solar system. The analysis question of this thesis is to address sunburns by introducing the solar system that is installed above the umbrella covers. The literature review section will discuss the proposed innovation problem, the background of the industry, and the previous history of the invention. At the same time, a review of the prior art will concentrate on how the design is relative to similar devices in the industry to prove that there is a need for this invention, and it is also original. Table of Contents Cover page............................................................................................................................1 Abstract………………………………………………………………………….................2 Table of contents………………………………………………………………………......3 Introduction……………………………………………………………………….............4 Literature Review Section………………………………………………………………..4 Prior art review…………………………………………………………...........................7 Conclusion……………………………………………………………...............................10 BEACH UMBRELLA 4 Reference…………………………………………………………….................................11 A Literature and Prior Art Review Introduction Beach umbrella innovation project of a unique umbrella whose shape resembles regular umbrellas. Although, the beach umbrella is unique from its improved functionality of the ability to absorb energy from sun rays, which is stored in static form. The power can be transformed from direct current to alternating current using improvised solar storage system with the availability of an average limit voltage. This transformation makes it possible for the user to charge mobile phones and other devices that can support the Universal serial bus (USB) connection. The USB is installed at the umbrella’s column. The improvised beach BEACH UMBRELLA 5 umbrella is equipped with a led lighting system that can provide light during late evening beach adventures. Literature Review Section • Industry overview and background The newly-innovated beach umbrella is specifically designed and invented for outdoor beach use only. It is made up of a solar system covered umbrella structure, several LED lights under the curve-shaped umbrella structure, AC input, internal battery system, hanger, switch, Universal Serial Bus (USB), foldable table, and a sharp stand. The solar system is embodied with the umbrella’s cover structure to get direct and indirect contact with the sun’s rays. The solar system absorbs energy from the sun’s rays and converts it to static electricity, which is stored in the internal battery system. The LED lighting system is used by beach-goers in the evening beach picnics to provide light. The lighting power emanates from the internal battery system. The alternating current (AC) input is used for electric devices that can be plugged in to use AC power. The internal battery system is designed inside the umbrella metallic beam to stand for protective measures. It saves energy from the solar system for future and current use by other accessories. The hangers are located on the umbrella’s metallic beam stand; beach-goers can hang their clothing, bags, ornaments, and other items as they rest. Below the hanger, two switches are used for switching the lights on or off. Below the switch lies the universal serial bus (USB) port, which allows bitch-goers with electronic devices such as phones and iPods to charge them using a compatible universal serial bus (USB) cables. The foldable table comes below the USB port; it is used as tea, lunch, or coffee tables, for resting heavy bags, and can also be used for handling electronic devices. Finally is the sharp stand that is forcefully erected to the BEACH UMBRELLA 6 beach ground for stability. Of the whole umbrella structure. Below is an illustration of the innovative beach umbrella. • History of the invention This project resulted from me having sunburn effects from using public-free beach umbrellas two years ago. This problem disrupted my comfort at the beach. I promised myself to innovate an improvised version of the same umbrella that will reduce sunburns to beachgoers. I also realized that many beach-goers end up losing their items on the beach because they lack a place they can monitor easily; for this reason, I embedded five hangers to the beach umbrella for hanging bags and clothing. I also included electronic accessories that can allow a beach-goer to stay late in the night, charge their electronics because of LED lights, AC input, and USB ports, respectively. This project will make it comfortable for people to enjoy their time on the beach. • The problem that the proposal solves Ancient Chinese, Egyptians invented the first beach umbrella, and the Greeks around four millenniums ago. It was among the ancient art and artifacts that were developed in the same period in the three different nations. The beach umbrella’s main objective was to provide shade away from the sun rays from women and children. Until today, the modern-day beach umbrella is believed not to protect the beach-goers from ultraviolet rays of the sun adequately. According to a study by Harper, a dermatologist, beach-goers have continuously experienced sunburn even after spending their beach-time resting under a beach umbrella. Most beach-goers would prefer the use of sunscreen compared to beach umbrellas because they believed that the beach umbrellas allow a small amount of Ultra Violet rays to penetrate under the beach umbrella material. The umbrella material blocks less amount of Ultra Violet BEACH UMBRELLA 7 rays, therefore, beach-goers unknowingly suffer sunburns or even skin cancer on the dangerous end. The beach umbrella shade structures in comparison with the sunscreen oil show that the beach-goers had more faith in the sunscreen than the beach umbrellas because they find more relief on their skins when using sunscreens. Ultra Violet rays always need to be absorbed; if not absorbed, they will hit the surface of items and get reflected any absorbing surface on their path. This reasons why beach-goers’ skin is the most affected because there are very few surfaces on the beach along the beach. Therefore, solar systems attract the Ultraviolet rays from the sun massively because of the like and unlike poles in the solar system design. Thus, the beach umbrella innovation project solves the problem associated with direct and indirect ultraviolet rays that get reflected to reach the human skin. This problem is solved by reducing the intensity level at which a beach-goer can be exposed to the sun rays. Prior Art Review Section • Patent review process to prove that your patent is original although it may be related to others i. Solar system on the top side of beach umbrella cover structure This part of the beach umbrella has a solar system at the top to allow direct and indirect sun rays to absorb energy, which will be stored in the battery system. No beach umbrella design has patent rights for this structure. This is the first beach umbrella to include energysaving strategies in its construction. ii. LED light under the beach umbrella cover structure The LED light underneath the beach umbrella cover structure is used to provide view during evening and dark periods. The lights will be connected to the battery systems, where a BEACH UMBRELLA 8 switch system will turn them on and off depending on need. This feature is unique as no other invention has been established in previous designs. iii. Alternating current (AC) input Alternating current input feature provides for beach-goers with electronics like radios to charge them if they may stay longer on the beach. It is very convenient since the energy used is not payable as it has been extracted from the solar energy. This feature is unique as there is no invention close to this concerning beach umbrellas. iv. Internal battery system The internal battery system’s location is inside the metal beam that works as the mainframe of the beach umbrella. It stores energy directly from the solar system. It has an inbuilt automated charging system, which makes it easy to charge during the day or it can be charged at home. The internal battery system design is unique and has no patent established on it before. v. Five hangers on the metal beam These hangers are hooked on the metal bean, and its purpose is for hanging bags and clothes. Though this is not the first invention, there have been several beach umbrellas with hangers. This hanger feature is automatically not unique but a representation of ordinary beach umbrellas. vi. Two switches BEACH UMBRELLA The switches below the hangers are for turning on or off the LED lights based on how much light needed. This feature is unique where is no beach umbrella invention has secured a patent for this. This feature makes the design unique. vii. One universal serial bus port (USB) This is the first beach umbrella that has a universal serial bus port that can be used for charging electronic devices that support global serial bus cables as chargers. This feature is unique, and no beach umbrella invention has acquired a patent. viii. Foldable table Many beach umbrellas have tables for handling drinks and other light items. Most beach umbrellas have better tables than this, although this has a foldable feature that makes this table unique. There is no patent for foldable tables therefore, this makes it the first patent for foldable tables. ix. Anchor stand This feature is at the bottom part of the beach umbrella, and it is forced to the ground to anchor the umbrella from strong wings and to offer stability. Most beach umbrellas have this technique because all beaches experience strong winds that may carry away the umbrella. • Search for inventions that are related directly to features of your invention Inventions directly related to this one are very few. Although the relationship is only limited to the standard features of a beach umbrella’s hangers, stand, and table while the newly invented features like; solar system, LED lights, alternating current and Universal serial bus charging ports are unique because they have no related inventions. Among the associated elements that have patents include the anchor, portable beach umbrella, umbrella canopy without solar and light-proof cover. These inventions have different features, with 9 BEACH UMBRELLA 10 differences arising from various modifications. For example, the anchor patents have their disputes arising from the design modification of the anchor stands. Conclusion Throughout this innovation project, it is evident that when new features are introduced in a product, its significance can be realized as the users felt its comfort. Beachgoers will have the opportunity to spend as much time they want on the beach with reduced sun’s ultraviolet rays. Bach-goers can also take their electronics with them throughout their stay on the beach as they can charge and reuse. Many people will find it easy to spend time on the beach. However, this invention project may have shortcomings arising from the beachgoer's use and experience. Reference Academic Journal Citation Allyse, B, Gunther, W. M. & Fantaskey, P. A. (2018). Fatal Chest injury caused by wind blowing beach umbrella. Journal of Forensic Sciences. Vol. 63 Issue 6. Https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13765 Begley, S. (2017). Is sunscreen more protective than a beach umbrella? Retrieved on 2020, July 22, from https://www.statnews.com/2017/01/24/sunscreen-beach-umbrellasunburn/ Daily mail, Nicswell. (2018). UV rays ‘penetrate’ beach shades. Retrieved on 2020, July 22, from https://www.nicswell.co.uk/health-news/uv-rays-penetrate-beach-shades BEACH UMBRELLA 11 Mackenzie, M. (2017). Beach Umbrellas provide little to no sun protection. Retrieved on 2020, July 22, from https://www.allure.com/story/beach-umbrella-no-sun-protection Ou-yang, H., Jiang, L. & Meyer, K. (2017). Sun protection by beach umbrella vs sunscreen with a high sun protection factor: A randomized clinical trial. Retrieved on 2020, July 22, from https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/2597893 Utrillas, M. P. & Nunez, M. (2010). Ultraviolet radiation protection by a beach umbrella. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00677.x Thankachan, S. S. (2019). Solar-powered umbrella: A cleantech solution to mitigate the adverse effects of UV radiation on outdoor workers. Retrieved on 2020, July 22, from https://eprajournals.com/jpanel/upload/419pm_26.Sobin%20Sabu%20Thankachan-37361.pdf Schwartzberg, L. & Adelson, I. K. (2020). The best beach umbrella is a world war II-era beach umbrella. Retrieved on 2020, July 22, from https://nymag.com/strategist/article/best-beach-umbrella.html Prior art from official patent citations Archer, R. W. (1979). US4296693A- Beach umbrella support. Worldwide applications. Retrieved on 2020, July 22, from https://patents.google.com/patent/US4296693A/en Boissonnault, R. (1994). US5396916A-Beach umbrella anchoring device. Worldwide applications. Retrieved on 2020, July 22, from https://patents.google.com/patent/US5396916A/en BEACH UMBRELLA 12 Giannetto, S. (2007). US7520485B1-Multi-mode beach umbrella anchor. Worldwide applications. Retrieved on 2020, July 22, from https://patents.google.com/patent/US7520485B1/en Kenney, J. R. (1990). US5143108A-Beach Umbrella. World wide applications. Retrieved on 2020, July 22, from https://patents.google.com/patent/US5143108A/en Lechner, W. & Macri, D. (1987). US4753411A- Portable beach umbrella safety base. Universal application. Retrieved on 2020, July 22, from https://patents.google.com/patent/US4753411A/en Lee, Y. (2004). US7097380B2-Positioning structure of a beach umbrella. Worldwide applications. Retrieved on 2020, July 22, from https://patents.google.com/patent/US7097380B2/en Riffle, A. M., Riffle, L. G., Sampson, K. R. & McCeney, P. R. (1994). US5452877A-Beach umbrella anchor bag. Worldwide applications. Retrieved on 2020, July 22, from https://patents.google.com/patent/US5452877A/en Rodriquez, E. A. & Rodriguez, P. G. (1994). US5535978A- Beach umbrella anchoring apparatus. Worldwide Applications. Retrieved on 2020, July 22, from https://patents.google.com/patent/US5535978A/en The Literature Review and Prior Art Review is ONE DOCUMENT with TWO MAIN SECTIONS. 1. Literature Review section about the problem that your proposed invention solves, industry background, and relevant history of the invention’s theme. Your literature review will utilize scholarly articles/journals, reputable books and other sources (e.g. dissertations, conference proceedings, reports) The purpose is to offer an overview of and background on significant literature published on the topics of the problems your proposed invention is solving. This section justifies the need for your proposed invention. In the conclusion paragraph within this main section, make sure to discuss specifically how the proposed invention will directly confront the researched information about the problems. This will demonstrate critical thought. 2. Review of Prior Art section concentrates the relation of your invention to other similar inventions in the realm. This exercise is necessary for the patent review process and proves that your invention is original, although it may be related to other previous inventions. You will search the USPTO website for official patents/inventions which are related directly to various features of your proposed invention. This section proves that you have researched the various features of your proposed invention and although they are related to other inventions, the proposed invention is still unique. Within the conclusion paragraph of this main section, specifically discuss the short-comings of the prior art found and how (specifically) the proposed invention is an improvement upon the other inventions. These two main sections should be given equal attention in content and length. ▪ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Comments (*Note: The numbers refer to the specific crucial point within the document “The Path to Writing a Professional Document”, directly related to the mistake within your document.): a Make sure that the title is the most apparent thing on the cover page. Expand the image and then create a nice layout in in around the image in order to convey a professional sense. Use single space for the information in the abstract. Refer to my pieces and the student example in order to see how to format the abstract correctly. The 1st sentence needs work. It is not a complete sentence. Some other areas of the abstract also need to be rewarded more carefully. Good job going over the problems which your proposed invention is solving and mentioning the methodology types. Make sure to also state the research questions and hypotheses. Again look at my pieces as an example. Good job using the title in the header. Try to come up with a more original title. Good job inserting the page numbers. No need to include the cover page and table of contents headings within the table of contents itself. You are other main headings need sub headings 10 traduce the topics within the sections you will be discussing. Make sure that their only 1" margins on each side of every page within the document. Your 1st page begins several lines down. On page 4 you stack headings which you are not supposed to do. The introduction has a good direction because you briefly introduce be proposed convention, however, it should also reflect all of the main points within the abstract such as the problem, all of the name topics to be discussed, the methodology, and the research in hypothesis statements. The literature review section should have a main heading and be centered. Do not use informal pronoun such as the word "it" within formal documents. Instead, refer to this specific thing in order to avoid ambiguity. The introduction reveals a bit too much about your proposed invention. Remember that this is supposed to be a literature review so most of the content within this document should be centered around all of the research you conducted. Make sure to indent the 1st sentence of paragraphs. Do not use personal narratives within research documents. You immediately add bias to your document when you do this. Within your little tree view, I am just not seeing much research at all. Where all of your in text citations for all of the non obvious information. You your literature review should reflect at least 8 sources of information concerning the background of the problem that you were trying to solve. Only use bullet points when you were listing things. • • • • • No need to number the headings. The format will do that. Again, within the prior art review you are speaking to all of the features of your proposed invention without discussing any of the researched patents that are related to those features. Without real research and sources this is not a research document. As you find in discuss all of the research which you need to include in this document, then speak to how your proposed invention solves those individual problematic issues and how the proposed invention is an improvement upon all of the prior art which you will find and discuss. That will demonstrate critical thought. Within the conclusion you will need to state all of the main points and most interesting aspects of the research and then discuss how your proposed invention is an improvement on those issues. Also within the conclusion, speak to what the next steps of the development of the proposed solution will be. Begin the reference page on its own separate page. You may combine all of the prior art and literature I view sources together, just make that sure that they are in alphabetical order according to the author's last name. Refer to my reference page from the thesus in order to see how to properly format your reference page. The 1st line of each source should be aligned to the left side and the following lines should be indented until the next source. Concerning the sources used, make sure that you do not use .com websites. Instead, use academic journals to discuss the problem, which centers around UV rays and skin issues. There should be a ton of information to be found within academic journals about this problem.
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BEACH UMBRELLA

1

Beach Umbrella

A Literature and Prior Art Review

Ahmed Alsabilah
Construction Management – 2nd Year
NewSchool of Architecture & Design
RSH 481 - Introduction To Research
Trevor Stine, MA

BEACH UMBRELLA

2

29 July 2020

ABSTRACT
Beach Umbrella innovation project
By
Ahmed Alsabilah
Constructions Management- 2nd Year
The NewSchool of Architecture & Design, 2020

Beach umbrella innovation project of a unique umbrella whose shape resembles
regular umbrellas.
This innovation tries to improvise ways of addressing the comfortability of beach
umbrellas while improving their usability functions and preventing their risk of letting
through UVA, UVB and, most importantly, UVC sun rays, which are believed to be the
leading cause of wrinkling, sunburns and skin cancer. It furthermore utilizes their energy by
absorbing them using the solar system installed on top of the umbrella. Using the sun’s
energy is a common practice which helps the environment and is sustainable.

BEACH UMBRELLA

3

Analysis question:
-addressing the prevention of sunburns and other harmful impacts of sun rays while
utilizing their energy

The analysis is furthermore looking to address these following aspects:
-usability and functionality of the umbrella for more comfort
-prevention of harmful UVA, UVB and UVC sun rays
-utilization of sun rays’ energy

The literature review section will:
-discuss the proposed innovation problem
-discuss the background of the industry and the previous history of the invention.
The review of the prior art will:
-concentrate on how the design is relative to similar devices in the industry to prove
that there is a need for this invention, and it is also original

Keywords: beach umbrella, energy, sun rays, solar panel, sunburns, prevention, electronics,
environment, sustainability, unique umbrella
Table of Contents
Cover page..........................................................................................................................1
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………...............2
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………...3
Introduction………………………………………………………………………............4
Literature Review ………………………………………………………………………..4
Industry overview and background……………………………………………..4
History of the invention…………………………………………………………..6
The problem that the proposal solves…………………………………………...7

BEACH UMBRELLA

4

Prior Art Review………………………………………………………….........................8
i.

Solar system on the top side of beach umbrella cover structure………8

ii.

LED light under the beach umbrella cover structure………………….8

iii.

Alternating current (AC) input………………………………………….9

iv.

Internal battery system…………………………………………………..9

v.

Five hangers on the metal beam…………………………………………9

vi.

Two switches……………………………………………………………....9

vii.

One Universal Serial Bus (USB) port…………………………………...10

viii.

Foldable table……………………………………………………………..10

ix.

Anchor stand……………………………………………………………...10

Conclusion……………………………………………………………...............................11
References……………………………………………………………................................12

A LITERATURE AND PRIOR ART REVIEW
INTRODUCTION
Beach umbrella innovation project of a unique umbrella whose shape resembles
regular umbrellas. Imagine you are sitting on the beach, under your sun umbrella and your
phone is running out of battery power. What do you do? Some people might have a mobile
power bank, but most...


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Very useful material for studying!

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