SCS 285 SNHU Influence of Research Methodologies Research Paper

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Ghgbee

Humanities

SCS 285

Southern New Hampshire University

SCS

Description

Prompt

Look back at the research questions you submitted for your Project Three milestone in Module Five. How does the methodology of your research influence each of the questions you asked? How does each methodology influence the type of data included in the research study?

Now, think forward to future research you will conduct: How do you think the initial research you conduct will influence the questions you can ask? How will it influence the type of data you collect? How might it impact the research you will conduct?

INFLUENCE OF METHODOLOGY

  • Explain the influence different methodologies had on:
    • The questions that you asked
    • The types of data that were included in each research study

FUTURE RESEARCH

  • Explore the impact of initial research on:
    • The questions you can ask
    • The types of data you will collect
    • The research you will conduct

Specifically, the following rubric criteria must be addressed:

  1. Explain the influence of methodologies on existing questions and types of data
  2. Explore the impact of methodologies on future questions, types of data, and research

Guidelines for Submission: This assignment should be about 450 words in length. Any references should be cited in APA format.

Note: For journal assignments, you can receive a Proficient, Needs Improvement, or Not Evident score on each of your rubric criteria. There is no Exemplary score for this assignment, because you will receive feedback and make revisions to improve beyond proficiency in these concepts.

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1 Research Problem Many Americans, especially the minority communities, do not have confidence in the police officers. Often, the public has accused police from various states and counties of racial discrimination, wrongful arrests, and killing civilians (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2020). As a result, there is no public trust in the law enforcers. However, the cause of the problem is the lack of the same standards and policies for law enforcement across the United States. Instead, it is the mayors and governors with the powers to set policies and standards for law enforcement. Consequently, there is a disparity in the conduct of police officers across the country. The inconsistent behavior and conduct of police officers in various counties and states deplete public trust in the law enforcement unit. The first step of criminal justice begins with the arrest of suspects. Therefore, the conduct of police officers is relevant to the field of criminal justice Methodology There are several studies on criminal justice. However, most of the studies involved qualitative research designs. Most scholars use qualitative research in the criminal justice system because it allows them to understand the issue (Devi, 2017). The objective of researches on criminal justice often focuses on gaining deep insight into problems and finding solutions to them. Moreover, they focus on finding root the cause and solution to problems in the criminal justice system. Therefore, qualitative research is appropriate in uncovering trends and collecting opinions on challenges in criminal justice. There are no methodologies that I am having difficulty finding research because criminal justice is a broad field with many challenges. Addressing such challenges requires different methods. For example, some studies collect quantitative or quantitative data, or both. Therefore, 2 it is easy to find past research studies for nearly all methodologies. The methodology trend will not influence the research design for the proposed research. It will also not change the research problem because there are numerous research methodologies that I can rely on to conduct the study. Even though qualitative research is a common method for studying criminal justice problems, the mixed method serves the same purpose. Overcoming Challenges One of the challenges that I might face is using the chosen research problem and finding studies that use each methodology. It might be challenging to use the same research problem to locate studies that use the three methodologies. Therefore, I will have to redefine the problem statement to ensure that it supports qualitative or quantitative or mixed research methodology. For example, I might need to develop a research purpose that aims at exploring the problem from both qualitative and quantitative perspectives. 3 References • Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2020).Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted, 2019 – Tables. https://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=6906 • Devi, P. S. (2017). Research methodology: A handbook for beginners. Notion Press. Milestone Three Milestone Three Robert McCubbins Southern New Hampshire SCS285 August 1, 2020 Milestone Three Research questions. 1. Quantitative research question- How does inconsistency in police officers’ behavior reduce the public’s trust in law enforcement? 2. Qualitative research question- What is the impact of different state officers' behavior on the collective police force behavior? 3. Mixed- methodology research question- How do different policies in different states influence police behavior and impact public trust in law enforcers? Examination of questions The mixed-method research question will best capture my research question. Mixedquestion research can correlate and examine the extent by which different policies influence police behavior and the impact of the same on the civilians’ confidence in law enforcement. In this case, the policies in different states are the independent variable, and the public's trust in law enforcers is the dependent variable. Peoples' opinions back the quantitative findings collected for this research in order to cover the research comprehensively. Statistics on the level of the people's faith in regards to legislation enforcement and the different policies used in different states is the quantitative data. With these two sets of data, the strength of the qualitative and quantitative research get combined, therefore, providing a better understanding and broadening the scope of the research. The quantitative research question has been used more in criminal justice (Criminal Justice Research Tools: Problem Formation, Data Collection, Interpretation, 2018). The data mostly used in research is that provided by state and many non-governmental institutions Milestone Three databases. The data is available upon request, and this makes it the most preferred research method. The methodology to be used highly depends on the scope of the research question. Quantitative data is applicable in correlating or co-variating cause and effect. However, due to the missing links and unreliable data, the qualitative method is also employed. The question of whether the methodology is applicable in each particular research question formulated would be appropriate and successfully explain the question at the same time minimizing pliable alternatives that come by using either of the three research methodologies. Milestone Three References Criminal Justice Research Tools: Problem Formation, Data Collection, Interpretation. (2018, February 14). Retrieved July 28, 2020, from Study: https://study.com/academy/lesson/criminal-justice-research-tools-problem-formationdata-collection-interpretation.html. MILESTONE TWO Data-Collection Patterns: • • • • • What data-collection patterns do you notice? I noticed that surveys and interviews were used in the majority of the research studies. Are there some data-collection types that seem to be used more in your area of study in the social sciences? Yes, surveys appear to be used more in my area of study in the social sciences. What about the other social sciences? I have noticed that in other social science studies that some common data-collection types included surveys, questionnaires, focus groups, observations and interviews. Why do you think that is? Using these types of data-collection methods allow the researcher to play a direct role with the group, community or population being studied in the research process. How can using certain data-collection types more than others create a threat to credibility? Using certain data-collection types more than others can create a threat to credibility because the researcher could potentially manipulate the data, only gather data one way, limiting the research results; as well as the chance that participants may not represent an accurate sample of what is being researched. Purpose of Varied Data-Collection: • • • • • What are the benefits of multiple data-collection types? Some benefits of multiple datacollection types would be stronger results, improved quality of data, using broader research questions enabling the researcher to get the whole picture. What are the drawbacks of multiple data-collection types? Some drawbacks of multiple data-collection types could be not being able to see the potential results from each method alone, using more than one type that do not work together to gather evidence or explain the research results accurately. What is the link between varied data collection and credibility risks? The link between data collection and credibility risks are the validity and reliability of the research gathered, the accurate analysis of the data collected and the value of the research study. What are some common types of data collection used in each of the social sciences? In each of the social science referenced below, some common types of data collection are: - Anthropology: participant observation, in-depth interviews, focus groups, and textual analysis - Political Science: polls and surveys - Human Services: surveys, questionnaires, interviews, observations, and focus groups - Criminal Justice: surveys, interviews, focus groups, and experiments. Why do you think certain social sciences seem to favor particular types of data collection over others? Certain social sciences seem to favor particular types of data collection over others because they are able to gather the most accurate evidence with certain data collections in their research studies. REFERENCES Cooley, E., Brown-Iannuzzi, J., & Cottrell, D. (2019). Liberals perceive more racism than conservatives when police shoot Black men—But, reading about White privilege increases perceived racism, and shifts attributions of guilt, regardless of political ideology. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 85, 103885. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103885. Kearns, E. M., Ashooh, E. M., & Lowrey-Kinberg, B. M. (2020). Racial Differences in Conceptualizing Legitimacy and Trust in Police. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 45(2), 190214. Bor, J., Venkataramani, A. S., Williams, D., & Tsai, A. (2018). Police killings and their spillover effects on the mental health of black Americans: A population-based, quasi-experimental study. The Lancet, 392(10144), 302-310. Sung, H. (2006). Police effectiveness and democracy: Shape and direction of the relationship. Policing: An International Journal, 29(2), 347-367. Goff, P. A., Kerrison, E. M., & Trinkner, R. (2019). The Force of Fear: Police Stereotype Threat, Self-Legitimacy, and Support for Excessive Force. Law and Human Behavior, 43(5), 421-435. Nordberg, A., Crawford, M. R., Praetorius, R. T., & Hatcher, S. S. (2015). Exploring Minority Youths’ Police Encounters: A Qualitative Interpretive Meta-synthesis. Child Adolescent Social Work Journal, 33, 137-149. Criminal Justice Research Tools: Problem Formation, Data Collection, Interpretation. (2018, February 14). Retrieved from https://study.com/academy/lesson/criminal-justice-researchtools-problem-formation-data-collection-interpretation.html. Collecting Data: A Political Science Approach (July 2017) Retrieved from: https://politicalscienceguide.com/research/collectingdata/#:~:text=Data%20collection%20can%20take%20a,opinion%20surveys%20or%20exit%20p olls. Anthropological Approaches: Uncovering Unexpected Insights About the Implementation and Outcomes of Patient-Centered Medical Home Models (March 2013). Retrieved from: https://pcmh.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/attachments/anthropological-approaches-brief.pdf. Data Collection Strategies (2020) https://www.ruralhealthinfo.org/toolkits/healthpromotion/4/datacollectionstrategies#:~:text=Types%20of%20quantitative%20and%20qualitati ve,and%20observations%20and%20progress%20tracking. 1 Research Questions Robert McCubbins Southern New Hampshire SCS285 August 1, 2020 2 Questions Exploratory research question: What outcomes are associated with using capital punishment to mitigate crimes against humanity like rape, treason, murder, and terrorism? The descriptive research question: What is the annual rate of the global implementation of capital punishment? The explanatory research question: How does the media publication of incarcerated criminals undergoing capital punishment affect terrorism crime rates? The evaluative research question: What are the deterrent effects unique to the execution of capital punishment? An analysis of the questions The exploratory research question, in this case, is quantitative and the researcher is unaware of the outcomes associated with capital punishment on heinous crimes. Research with these kinds of questions intends to evaluate various outcomes, factors, and causes of a related phenomenon (Doody & Bailey, 2016). The independent variable is clear but the dependent variables (outcomes) are unclear. Only after conducting the research and interacting with the participants can the outcomes be determined. The descriptive research question is a quantitative query to help in determining the extent of the acceptability of capital punishments. The question does not intend to build a cause-effect relationship but to aid in the statistical analysis of the rate of implementation of this kind of punishment on crimes that policymakers think that they deserve capital punishment. 3 The explanatory research question is a quantitative question that is based on the nomothetic relationship between media publication of capital punishments and the effects on crime rates. The independent variable is media publications while the dependent variable is crime rates. The evaluation research question in this case lays the foundation for successful research. In the question, the researcher acknowledges that there are toxic effects uniquely related to capital punishments and they intend to research them. Evaluative research questions define the research topic (Doody & Bailey, 2016). 4 References Doody, O., & Bailey, M. E. (2016). Setting a research question, aim, and objective. Nurse researcher, 23(4). Module One Project Prep Quantitative Research Article: Copp, J. E., & Bales, W. D. (2018). Jails and Local Justice System Reform: Overview and Recommendations. Future of Children, 28(1), 103–124. Qualitative Research Article: Warner, J. (2019). The Brokenness of Broken Windows: An Introductory Statistics Project on Race, Policing, and Criminal Justice. PRIMUS, 29(3– 4), 281–299.
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Running Head: INFLUENCE OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES

INFLUENCE OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES
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INFLUENCE OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES

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Influence of methodology.
Bestowing evidence of impression shows the paybacks of research to the public. Support
organizations request some evidence that is commonly based on quantitative methods of study.
Nevertheless, other pointers may be more revealing. While outlines to validate the impact of
Criminal Justice research has been stated, no parallel structure is present for methodological
research. Consequently, I evaluated the impact of methodological research developments
directed to develop an appropriate framework influencing each question.
I was able to employ several meth...


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