Policy Analysis and Program Evaluation PAD520 Monitoring Observed Policy Outcomes Topics • Monitoring in Policy Analysis • Approaches to Monitoring • Techniques for Monitoring Monitoring in Policy Analysis • Monitoring Policies – Compliance – Auditing – Accounting – Explanation • Sources of Information – U.S. Bureau of the Census – U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics – Available, Relevant, and Valid Monitoring in Policy Analysis, Continued • Types of Policy Outcomes – Outputs and Impacts – Target Groups • Types of Policy Actions – Regulation and Allocative • Definitions and Indicators – Variables • Constitutive – Synonymous Words • Operational – Observe and Measure Approaches to Monitoring Four Approaches to Monitoring Approach Types of Control Type of Information Required Social Systems Accounting Quantitative Available and/or New Information Social Experimentation Direct Manipulation and Quantitative New Information Social Auditing Quantitative and/or Qualitative New Information Research and Quantitative and/or Practice Synthesis Qualitative Available Information Approaches to Monitoring, Continued Social Systems Accounting Some Representative Social Indicators Area Indicator Health and Illness Persons in state mental hospitals Public Safety Persons afraid to talk alone at night Education High School Graduates Ages 25 and Older Employment Labor Force Participation for Women Income Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line Housing Households living in Substandard Units Leisure and Recreation Average Annual Paid Vacation in Manufacturing Population Actual and Project Population Government and Politics Quality of Public Administration Approaches to Monitoring, Continued • Social Experimentation – Laboratory • Control or Experimental Groups – Field and Quasi – Internal Validity • Inferences Inside the Experiment – External Validity • Inferences Outside the Experiment Approaches to Monitoring, continued Internal and External Threats History Unforeseen events between the time a policy is implemented and when the outcomes are measured Maturation Changes within members of groups Instability Fluctuations in time that produce unstable variations in outcomes Testing Measuring the outcomes of policy actions by participants Instrumentation Changes in the system or procedures for measuring an outcome Mortality When participants drop out of the experiment before it is completed Selection When the sampling population is not free from biases Regression Artifacts When the sampling population is select based on characteristics Approaches to Monitoring, continued • Social Auditing – Monitors Processes • Resource Diversion – More Money for Staff Less Money for Group • Resource Transformation – Meaning of Services and Resources Are Difference – Research and Practice Synthesis • Case Studies • Research Surveys • Not Reliable and Valid Techniques for Monitoring Graphic Displays Time-Series Graph Techniques for Monitoring, Continued Techniques for Monitoring, continued Techniques for Monitoring, continued The Gini Index Techniques for Monitoring, continued Tabular Displays Techniques for Monitoring, continued Index Numbers Techniques for Monitoring, continued Interrupted Time-Series Analysis Techniques for Monitoring, continued Control-Series Analysis Techniques for Monitoring, continued Regression-Discontinuity Analysis Summary • Monitoring in Policy Analysis • Approaches to Monitoring • Techniques for Monitoring
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