Course Project psychology assignment help

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Assignment is a 4 to 5 psychology paper on the PTSD. This is the writeup based on previous research assignments you did to form this conclusion paper. I will attach the associated previous assignments. 

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Week 5 Assignment 1: Course Project Part II—Practice You have researched the theoretical writings related to your selected mental disorder in the second part of the course project. In the third part, you have examined the practice related to the disorder. You have conducted field research on practice related to the disorder, an interview with a mental health professional. Based on all of the information you have gathered, develop a paper that includes the following:       Describe the extent and nature of the disorder, such as number of people diagnosed and under treatment, demographics, and other factors of interest. Explain how the selected disorder is diagnosed. Explain how the selected disorder is treated. Be sure to include all the views on appropriate treatment and comment on diversity of views or dissent. Differentiate the diagnosis of this disorder from those of the other disorders within the same diagnostic category. Comment on culturally bound syndromes, cultural biases, or the interplay between assessment and diagnosis and culture. Provide data from the professional interview completed relevantly and substantively integrating this information into the body of the paper. Provide the name of the interviewed professional with his/her credentials. Written transcripts of the interview should be recorded and submitted with the assignment (e.g. in paper as an appendices). Write a 4–5-page paper in Word format. Make sure to review the rubric so as to address all necessary criteria. Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Use the following file naming convention: LastnameFirstInitial_M5_A1.doc. Assignment Criteria Describe the extent and nature of the disorder, such as number of people diagnosed and under treatment, demographics, and other factors of interest. Explain how the selected disorder is diagnosed. Explain how the selected disorder is treated. Be sure to include all the views on appropriate treatment and comment on diversity of views or dissent. Differentiate the diagnosis of this disorder from those of the other disorders within the same diagnostic category. Comment on culturally bound syndromes, cultural biases, or the interplay between assessment and diagnosis and culture. Professional interview completed and interview data relevantly and substantively integrated into the body of the paper. Name of the interviewed professional with his/her credentials are included. Transcripts of the interview were also submitted (e.g. in paper as an appendices). Organization (16 points): Introduction, Thesis, Transitions, Conclusion Usage and Mechanics (15 points): Grammar, Spelling, Sentence Structure Max Points 40 35 60 40 35 30 60 APA Elements (22 points): Attribution, Paraphrasing, Quotations Style (7 points): Audience, Word Choice Total: 300 Information about the Individual Name: Robert Wiseman Job Title: Licensed Counseling Psychologist. Level of Education: Doctoral degree in psychology. Description of Job activities: Help people cope with mental issues, emotional problems and challenging situations. Counseling psychologists also offer guidance and encourage their clients in making their own decisions. Some of the issues that are addressed under the profession can range from substance abuse to issues of domestic violence or post-traumatic stress and even eating disorders. Type of License: Certified Rehabilitation Veterans Counselor State of Residence/Practice: California/V.A. San Diego Healthcare E-mail address/Phone number: Unknown/ (858) 552-8585 Background Research on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Description Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is one of the neuropsychological conditions that affects the body after a traumatic event. Some of the traumatic events that lead to the development of the condition include rape, natural environmental catastrophes, mugging, and attacks among other scaring events. Different people react differently to the traumatic events resulting in different symptoms. As such there are different subtypes of the traumatizing events that may affect an individual (Kline, 2015). Also, it is difficult to assess the determining factors that lead to the development of the condition is difficult. The mind, therefore, groups the memories and the traumatic events making them evident in the most unexpected times such that the victim end up being psychologically distressed. The consequences are that the event becomes rooted in the individual's mind such hat they live in past rather than the present (Kline, 2015). The major symptoms of the conditions are manifested through sleeping difficulties, constant alertness, jumpiness, and nightmares. The patient also develops a difficulty in trusting other individuals and at the same time experience withdrawal syndrome about the events of the occasions related to the occurrences of the events. About the physical symptoms, the patient may experience chest pains, gastrointestinal distress, dizziness, immune system problems as well as headaches. Researchers and clinicians have had difficulties in understanding the condition. However, research indicates nonwhite and females and young children are more have the likelihood of developing the condition. Conversely, further research indicates that not all the individuals who are predisposed to traumatic events develop the condition. This is because the coping mechanism in different people is different. Research based the symptoms, treatment and prevention, has been conducted (Kline, 2015). Nonetheless, research has indicated that PSTD does not affect everyone who encounters traumatic events because the mechanism for handling trauma are different for every individual. More so, various research has been conducted to evaluate the indications, etiology, prevention, and treatment. Considering this disorder was categorized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) past 20 years, these findings are quite recent. Causative Elements of the Illness Genetic composition of a person has great contribution in the reaction that takes place in the process of traumatic event occurrence. Also, in this occurrence can result in the recurrence of the disorder. In this case, the individual stars to remember the traumatizing incidence therefore becoming emotionally unresponsive close relatives. According to Kline, 2015 the recurrence of this disorder is accompanied by a sequence of arousals. It is, therefore, important to keep the surroundings of patients with PSTD innocuous and comfortable. This Manifestation is associated with the expression of certain genetic factor inside the body which discharges protein components that cause the terror memories. Previous distress alters the usual physiological activities in the mind specifically the section called amygdala in the brain resulting in overworking of the part due to the fear response that leads to a traumatic event. Also, unsuccessful marriages, as well as other implications such as low wages, can result in such kind of stress. Lacey and other writers indicate that spouse violence, somatic and psychological disorders observed in different cultural groups is all because of PSTD. As such, societal and demographic stress prominent issues highly contribute to the development of this disorder altering the welfare of females especially mothers. Apart from PSTD, other forms of stress emanate from these abusive acts against women. Diagnoses Signs and symptoms of PSTD act as a great manifestation of this disorder. Although other tests and observations are necessary to confirm, diagnosis therapists can make use of this symptoms as their bases. As put forward by the American Psychiatric Association, The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of all Mental Disorders comprises of a six criteria for complete and effective diagnosis of the patient. As such, a recent study indicates that the criteria are outlined as A, B, C, D, E, and F. The first criteria A involves the determination of stressors by evaluating the location of the patient during the occurrence of the event. This is aimed at assessing the experience of the patient in the traumatic occurrence. By so doing, the reactions of the individual are portrayed and are commonly associated with unremitting news, shock, and composite fear. For younger patients (children) criterion is manifested in the form of uncoordinated behavior during their dayto-day activities (Legerski & Bunnell, 2010). Criterion B involves the invasive reminiscence where the occurrences of the horrific event keep replaying in the patient's mind. This recurrence results in distressing reactions by the victim. According to recent research, there are five methods that can be used to establish PSTD diagnoses. The first method is by use of imageries, insights, and opinions to bring about the hostile and persistent memories of the occurrences in grownups. Since children are more vulnerable, play thematic connections related to the incident are applied. The second method involves the recurrence of the incidences in the form of dreams. Children experience nightmares whose contents are unfamiliar to them. Method 3 requires a therapist to perform an activity with the patients to arouse feelings of something traumatic happening or the memories of the incidence. This activity can be illusions, flashes or actual minor sections of the occurrence. Method 4 includes a display of reminders with an aim of triggering influential mental suffering. This method is connected to the final method in which, the psychological distress is depicted through an introduction to the fourth methodology (Legerski & Bunnell, 2010). Criteria C is an assessment of continuous abstaining connected with shock and other foundations that are perceived. Portrayed disinterest in topics concerning the incident or avoidance of activities or people who might trigger memories of the event is a great tool in the diagnoses. Apart from that, some victims have a failed memory of some sections of the occurrence and express increased distress in certain activities. Also, the criterion displays reduced affection, and the future becomes a nightmare to them (Yehuda, 2012). However, criterion D displays the replayed arousal that is brought about by the trauma. This arousal exists in different forms such as sleepless nights, increased mood swings, heightened tension as well as terrified reactions. Unawareness is also a source of information concerning PSTD in a victim and therefore if method B, C, and D display the expected symptoms for more than one month, then E is applied. This criterion is aimed at displaying the length of time of the illness as dictated by the symptoms. Finally, criterion F brings out the practical importance of the symptoms as well as their impact on the social operative of the patient. It has been noted that the symptoms alter the normal functional functioning of the individual resulting in disorganization in their usual pattern of life. For this principle, the sickness is termed as severe and chronic PSTD (Yehuda, 2012). A severe condition is declared when the symptoms have persisted for three months while a chronic condition is declared if the symptom duration is more than three months. To avoid misdiagnosis, all the six criteria must be followed to the last word. As such, the duration in which the symptoms have been present must be carefully assessed (Yehuda, 2012). Treatment The first and well-known way of treating PSTD are by use of pharmacological therapies including administration of medication such as antidepressants. These drugs are commonly used in PSTD treatment because they have the ability to minimize the impacts of the symptoms. In contrast, non- pharmacological procedures comprise of mental interrogation, cognitive behavior psychoanalysis, and the Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) that came into existence in the year 19190 (Yehuda, 2012). Mental interrogation is the main treatment methodology that comprises therapeutic meetings, which are beneficial to the patient. The patient is enabled to cope well with the anguish events of the through the management of the emotive build up. The other treatment methodology is a re-exposing technique that makes the individual recall the horrific events. This should be done in safe surroundings to enable the patient to be calm and relaxed for them to express their ordeal comfortably (Yehuda, 2012). The cognitive behavior psychoanalysis induces relaxation through profound breathing and meditation. These techniques can be applied in therapy to help the patient handle the trauma (Shalev et al., 2014). Survey of Present Study on the Disorder Proposals have been made for more research to be conducted concerning the genetic materials that are tested in the diagnosis process. These genes include serotoninergic, apolipoprotein systems (APOE2), dopaminergic (DRD2, DAT, and DBH), glucocorticoid, GABAergic (GABRB), brain-derived neurotrophic factor, Myo6, Monamine B, CNR1, CRF-1 and CRF-2 receptors, and neuropeptide Y (NPY) (Shalev et al., 2014). This research will enhance the development of treatment and medications to manage the expression of these genes (Yehuda, 2012). Henceforth this will establish a sense of security and minimize the incidence and magnitude of PSTD. The study should also emphasize in environmental connections that lead to undesirable reactions associated with stress in an attempt to develop effective handling of individuals with the disorder. Research in these areas would greatly minimize and eliminate susceptibility of PSTD (Yehuda, 2012). References Kline, S. (2015). Moral panic, reflexive embodiment and teen obesity in the USA: a case study of the impact of ‘weight bias’. Young Consumers, 16(4), 407-419. Legerski, J. P., & Bunnell, S. L. (2010). The risks, benefits, and ethics of trauma-focused research participation. Ethics & Behavior, 20(6), 429-442. Shalev, A. Y., Freedman, S., Peri, T., Brandes, D., Sahar, T., Orr, S. P., & Pitman, R. K. (2014). A prospective study of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following trauma. American Journal of Psychiatry. Yehuda, R. (2012). Post-traumatic stress disorder. New England Journal of Medicine, 346(2), 108-114. Running head: MENTAL DISORDERS 1 Mental Disorders Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that occurs in individuals who have experienced a dreadful or threatening event. When a person is confronted with a shocking or traumatic situation, the body’s natural response is to either defend itself against the danger or avoid it. A person is expected to recover from this initial reaction of “fight-or-flight” naturally within a few days. However, some people may not overcome the traumatic experience and may continue to experience it for a long time. This category of people may be diagnosed with PTSD (Bisson et al., 2013). Symptoms of PTSD, which usually commences within three months to a year after the traumatic experience, are categorized into re-experiencing symptoms, avoidance symptoms, arousal and reactivity symptoms, and cognition and mood symptoms. Flashbacks, bad dreams, and scary thoughts are considered re-experiencing symptoms while avoiding thoughts or feelings related to the traumatic event and staying away from people and places that are related to the traumatic experience are avoidance symptoms. Symptoms such as being easily startled, having angry outbursts, sleeping difficulty and tense feeling are classified as arousal and reactivity symptoms while difficulty remembering important details of the traumatic event, negative thoughts, guilt and blame, and loss of interest in recreational activities are considered cognition and mood symptoms. Hull & Curran (2016) noted that for a patient to be diagnosed as having PTSD, he or she must have at least one each of re-experiencing and avoidance symptoms, as well as two each of arousal and reactivity and cognition and mood symptoms. Medications and psychotherapy are the two treatment options for PTSD. Interview Questions MENTAL DISORDERS 1. Kindly tell us about yourself, academic and professional training and year of practice in clinical psychiatry. 2. What is the clinical definition of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)? 3. What are the symptoms of PTSD and how can a physician differentiate these symptoms from other mental disorders such Acute Stress Disorders (ASD)? 4. Are the symptoms explained above the same for all gender, sex and age groups? If no, what are the gender-specific and age-specific symptoms? 5. Kindly explain the risk factors and resilience factors that are associated with this mental disorder. 6. What are the available treatment interventions for the management of PTSD and how can the outcomes of these treatment approaches be enhanced to give the optimal care? 7. How important is the role of surrounding social support systems such as family, friends, relatives and the community in providing post-treatment care? 8. What are the barriers to a successful treatment outcome of PTSD? Kindly explain these barriers in the context of internal and external barriers. 9. What are the ongoing researchers into the treatment and care of patients diagnosed with PTSD? 10. Kindly explain some of the ethical challenges that you encountered in the treatment of patients diagnosed with PTSD. 2 MENTAL DISORDERS References Bisson, J. I., Roberts, N. P., Andrew, M., Cooper, R., & Lewis, C. (2013). Psychological Therapies for Chronic Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) In Adults. The Cochrane Library. Hull, A. M., & Curran, S. A. (2016). Be Vigilant for Post-Traumatic Stress Reactions. The Practitioner, 260(1793), 19. 3
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Explanation & Answer

Running head: POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD)

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Name
Institution

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POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD)

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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is classified among anxiety disorders by the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) while it is considered as a disorder
of the nervous system that is induced by stress in the International Classification of Diseases,
Injuries, and Causes of Death (ICD-10, 1992). Events such as war, loss of loved one, solitary
confinement for long periods, earthquake, torture, sexual abuse in children, and car accidents can
trigger the stressors that lead to PTSD (Javidi & Yadollahie, 2011). When a person encounters a
sudden traumatic, the body responds by developing a coping mechanism that is used to
overcome the danger. Fear, anger and anxiety are natural human reactions that are expected to
dissipate a few months after the experience. However, some individual continue to experience
this state of fear, anxiety, forgetfulness, insomnia, and dissociation from people several months
after witnessing this sudden traumatic experience. Scientists are yet to prove the lack of
development of PTSD in some people who are exposed to the same level of traumatic experience
as those that develop PTSD.
The first part of this paper will describe the extent and nature of PTSD by explaining the
epidemiology of the disorder within the population as well as consider other important factors
that may be related to the disorder. In the second part, various diagnostic methods and treatment
interventions for the disorder including issues related to the treatments will be comprehensively
explained in this paper. The third and final part of this paper will contain information on
differential diagnosis of the disorder, culturally bound syndromes, biases, and the connection
between assessment, diagnosis, and culture. Finally, the report will be supported by data from an
interview conducted with a professional counselor who has handled several cases of PostTraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).

POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD)

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Nature, Extent, Demographic Data and o...


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