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Exercise 3 - Kingdom Animalia
Exercise 3
KINGDOM ANIMALIA:
ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND DIVERSITY
Student Learning Outcomes:
At the conclusion of this exercise you should:
(1) Be able to identify seven important anatomical characteristics which are used to classify
animals into different evolutionary groups.
(2) Be able to apply a taxonomic key to classify animals according to specific anatomical
characteristics.
(3) Be able to analyze selected animal specimens and place them into their proper taxonomic
groups.
(4) Be able explain "adaptive radiation" in vertebrate appendages and provide an example.
(5) Be able to categorize ten common San Diego County animals using an ecological
classification.
(6) Be able to understand the difference between using ecological criteria and evolutionary
(phylogenetic) criteria when classifying organisms.
Introduction to the Phylogenetic Classification of Animals
Today you will be learning the currently accepted evolutionary tree diagram (cladogram) for the
9 most common animal phyla in this lab (Figure 1). It includes a recent revision of groupings that
has been determined using DNA sequence evidence. The most fundamental differences between
groups are the same whether anatomical and embryonic characteristics or DNA data is used. The
branching points in the phylogenetic tree (usually leading to clusters of animal phyla) are based
on the presence or absence of unique anatomical and embryological characteristics that are
thought to be most important. You will spend a good portion of today's laboratory looking at
examples of these characteristics.
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Exercise 3 - Kingdom Animalia
Figure 1. Evolutionary Tree Diagram of Animals.
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Exercise 3 - Kingdom Animalia
Animal Origins and their Evolutionary Relationships
The closest unicelled relatives of animals are unicelled Protists that have flagella as a means of
locomotion. This suggests that animals may have originated as colonial flagellated protists about
700 million years ago. The oldest known animals in the fossil record are cnidarians (e.g.
jellyfish/jellies) that appear in sediments dated at about 600 million years old.
One fundamental characteristic distinguishing animal groups is the presence or absence of true
tissues. Sponges are the only animals that lack true tissues and are placed in their own group:
The Parazoa ("beside animals"). All other animals are placed in the Eumetazoa ("true
animals").
A second major characteristic used in animal systematics is body symmetry. The eumetazoans
are subdivided into taxa that exhibit radial symmetry (The Radiata) and those that exhibit
bilateral symmetry. We will examine these kinds of symmetry later in the activity. All
eumetazoans, exclusive of Radiata (jellyfish) and Parazoans (sponges), are placed together in a
clade (branch) called the Bilateria. Associated with bilateral symmetry is cephalization which is
the concentration of sensory organs at the anterior end of the animal.
Several other important characteristics are related to events that occur during early embryonic
development. Remember that the developing embryo passes through stages leading to
development of a gastrula, or hollow ball of cells with a tube through it. Once the gastrula stage
is reached by an embryo, two or three layers of cells, called germ layers, arise that will develop
into tissues and organs. The radially symmetrical animals have ectoderm and endoderm,
whereas bilaterally symmetrical animals have both these germ layers and a third layer called
mesoderm. Mesoderm forms between the ectoderm and endoderm and gives rise to muscles and
those internal organs not formed by the endoderm. Therefore, the Radiates, which have only 2
germ layers are known as diploblastic, whereas all Bilaterians have three germ layers and are
known as triploblastic.
The major branching point within the Bilateria on the evolutionary tree of animals has to do with
what happens to the blastopore during embryonic development. This is the opening on the
surface of the embryo that forms as gastrulation starts. At the
end of gastrulation, the tube through the embryo forms another
opening. In one group of Phyla, the blastopore becomes the
mouth and the other opening becomes the anus. These are called
the protostomes (which means "first mouth"). In the
deuterostomes (which means "second mouth"), the blastopore
becomes the anus and the second opening becomes the mouth.
Many other characteristics are correlated with being either a
"protosome" or a "deuterostome". Molluscs, annelids, and
arthropods are protostomes while chordates and echinoderms are
deuterostomes.
Within the Protostome groups, the recent DNA evidence has suggested a major split between
two groups of taxa that was not previously recognized. The important characteristics that
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Exercise 3 - Kingdom Animalia
scientists have decided to separate these taxa are that one group of Phyla have a kind of larva
called a trochophore while the other group lack this kind of larva and go through the process of
ecdysis or molting. The trochophore larva (Figure 2.) is able to swim with the band of cilia
around its middle and feed, since it has a digestive tract. This larva is found in groups that are
marine or freshwater and has been lost in groups like the earthworms that are terrestrial. Ecdysis
is found in animals that have a non-cellular toughened outer body coating (the cuticle or
exoskeleton), which they have to break out of and shed (or molt) in order to grow, as insects do.
The last characteristic shown on the branches of the tree diagram is the presence of a segmented
body. This feature is thought to be an important morphological characteristic that can be used to
determine evolutionary relationships. It is observed in both the protostome and deuterostome
groups and is thought to have evolved independently in both of these branches (See Figure 1).
The characteristic called out in the text box below the tree diagram is the presence or absence of
an internal body cavity (or “coelom”). An internal body cavity, or coelom, is always associated
with mesoderm germ tissue found only in animals with all 3 germ tissues. Triploblastic animals,
lacking a coelom (body cavity) are acoelomate (“no cavity”). Flatworms are acoelomates.
Animals with a coelom that is only partially lined with mesoderm are said to have a
pseudocoelom (“false coelom”) and are described as "pseudocoelomates". Nematodes are
pseudocoelomates. An animal with a coelom (“body cavity”) completely lined with mesoderm
tissue is said to have a true coelom and called a eucoelomate. Molluscs, annelids, arthropods,
and chordates are examples of eucoelomates. The presence/absence and kind of coelom used to
be used to distinguish evolutionary groupings, but the DNA evidence suggests that the
trochophore/ecdysis distinction is more informative of evolutionary history.
With the exceptions of body symmetry and segmentation, the characteristics that we have just
reviewed are difficult to observe on whole adult animals in the laboratory. Today we will also
learn some more easily observable characteristics that will enable you to distinguish between
specimens of the 9 Phyla shown in Figure 1.
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Exercise 3 - Kingdom Animalia
Application:
Look carefully at the following 6 “make-believe organisms". Try to classify them into four
different groups.
What one simple observational criterion could you use?
Question 1. Write one obvious characteristic of body form which you could use to "slot" the
six different animals above into 4 groups. (The characteristic should have 4 types or variations.)
Replace this text with your answer.
Question 2. Give a descriptive name to each of your four groups. List the different "animals"
above (A-F) which would fall into each of your four groups:
Descriptive Name of Group
Animals in Group
In this example, what was your purpose (objective or goal), in using the criterion you chose? It is
very likely that you were not trying to say anything about the organism's ancestral (evolutionary)
relationships! Your objective was simply identification and nothing more. If you were "into" legs
you might have used leg number as a criterion. On the other hand, you might have used general
body shape or body size as the basis for your classification system.
As discussed earlier, during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, investigators were faced
with a problem very similar to the one you were just asked to deal with: New and exotic plants
and animals were being brought back to European taxonomists (biologists who classify) in
enormous numbers by world explorers. Just as with our example, different biologists used
different criteria to classify their specimens. This obviously led to a great deal of confusion when
one tried to determine whether he was describing a new type of animal or not. People could not
be sure whether they were talking about the same organism. Since it was vogue in the eighteenth
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Exercise 3 - Kingdom Animalia
century for the western European aristocracy to have their own museum collections of
organisms, there must have been a good deal of pressure to develop a universally acceptable
classification system.
Since then, zoologists and botanists have continued their struggle to develop an objective
approach to classify organisms into their proper evolutionary groups. Currently, the Cladistic
approach is considered the most useful biological classification technique. Although there is an
almost infinite diversity in the shapes of living things, certain physical and chemical
characteristics common to large groups of animals and plants become apparent when they are
seen together. These characteristics form the basis for our modern system of classification and
are the backbone of evolutionary theory that suggests that all animals have descended from
common ancestors. It is this universally accepted classification system which is being used when
someone says: "There goes a bird, fish, crab, worm, spider, human, starfish, etc."
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Exercise 3 - Kingdom Animalia
Vertebrates and Invertebrates
The nine Phyla in the Animal Kingdom that we are studying are broken down into 2 broad
groups: the Vertebrates and Invertebrates. (The word “phylum” is singular; “phyla” is the
plural version.)
The vertebrates, all of which belong to the Phylum Chordata, are animals that have a column
of vertebrae for a backbone and they include those animals which are probably most familiar to
you. You are to learn the 7 Classes of vertebrates in the Phylum Chordata. They are listed
below:
1. Phylum Chordata (7 groups to learn in this Phylum)
a. Superclass Agnatha (the "jawless fishes" which include the lamprey and hagfish Classes)
b. Superclass Gnathostomata (fish with true jaws)
Class Chondrichthyes (the cartilage fishes like sharks and rays)
Class Osteicthyes (the bony fishes like bass and tuna)
c. Superclass Tetrapoda (vertebrates with 4 appendages rather than fins):
Class Amphibia, the amphibians (frogs, and salamanders, etc.)
Class Reptilia, the reptiles (lizards, snakes, turtles, etc.)
Class Aves, the birds
Class Mammalia, the mammals.
The invertebrates, which of course have no vertebral column, are members of many different
phyla. The most common invertebrate groups that you might expect to run into include the
following 8 phyla:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
Phylum Cnidaria (also called Coelenterata) (sea anemones and jellyfish, etc.)
Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms, like planaria)
Phylum Nematoda (round worms)
Phylum Annelida (segmented worms like earth worms)
Phylum Mollusca (bivalves, snails, octopi, etc.)
Phylum Arthropoda (crabs, insects, and spiders, etc.) 5 groups to learn here:
a. Class Arachnida (spiders, mites, ticks and scorpions)
b. Class Insecta (flies, grasshopper, butterflies etc.)
c. Subphylum Crustacea (old grouping: Class Crustacea) includes crabs, shrimp, lobster,
barnacles, etc.
d. Class Chilopoda (the centipedes)
e. Class Diplopoda (the millipedes)
8. Phylum Echinodermata (starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars etc.)
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Exercise 3 - Kingdom Animalia
We will now investigate the anatomical characteristics that are used to categorize animals into
the various evolutionary groupings mentioned above.
I. Anatomical Characteristics Used in Phylogenetic Classification of Animals
The characteristics that are described in Sections 1-7 below are more or less natural criteria
which have become apparent to taxonomists after many years of observation of animal
morphology (shape). The physical characteristics of many animals were observed and recorded
(accumulation of facts) and natural relationships were perceived. The search for order
(“patterns”) which is characteristic of science, led to the construction of a system of
classification into which each kind of animal more or less naturally fits.
Procedure:
Go to the appropriate station (that matches the section number) and observe the examples of
what is meant by each of the anatomical characteristics. In order for you to identify "unknown"
animals later in this exercise you must know this material well.
Note: Not all of these characteristics will be equally apparent in all animals and some would be
obvious only after dissection of the animal to be identified.
Section 1. Type of Body Symmetry Observed in Animals
Most animals you will observe are either bilaterally or radially symmetrical. The bilateral
animals are characterized by the fact that there is only one plane in which you can cut them in
two and obtain mirror images. Thus, a dog can be divided into identical (but reversed) halves by
cutting it between the eyes, through the middle of the body, and then through the tail to obtain
mirror images. If we cut across the abdomen from the left to the right side, however, one-half
would have a tail and the other half a head. Obviously, these halves are not identical.
Question 3. Give three examples of organisms that exhibit bilateral symmetry.
1.
2.
3.
The radially symmetrical animals can be cut in half several different ways, however, and still
obtain two mirror images (provided only that the "cut" is made through the center of the animal).
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Exercise 3 - Kingdom Animalia
Question 4. Give 4 examples of organisms with radial symmetry.
1.
2.
3.
4.
In which echinoderm is it most difficult to identify radial symmetry?
One group of animals, the sponges, may be asymmetrical—not having any plane across which
they are mirror images.
Question 5. Observe the sponges, and draw two examples below.
Replace this text with your answer.
Section 2. Segmentation in Some Animals
Many animals have structures or body parts which are linearly repeated, like the cars of a
railroad train. These parts are called segments. A clear example of this characteristic is the
repetitive arrangement of the external body parts of the sandworm, Nereis, or the earthworm. In
some animals the segmentation has been secondarily lost, or so modified that the repeated parts
are no longer similar in appearance. It is sometimes possible to find clear segmentation in the
embryo or in the adult's internal anatomy when external observation suggests that no
segmentation exists.
The crayfish and, to a greater degree, the human animal are examples of organisms in which
segmentation has been modified or lost during the organism’s evolutionary history.
Segmentation can still be observed in the human embryo as well as in the adult's repeating
vertebrae which make up the backbone or vertebral column.
Question 6. How are the segments in the crayfish modified?
Replace this text with your answer.
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Exercise 3 - Kingdom Animalia
Section 3. The Type of Skeleton in the Animal
Some animals like the crayfish or grasshopper have an exoskeleton (outer skeleton). There are
no bones beneath their hard outer "shells." The vertebrates, however, have an endoskeleton
(internal skeleton) made of bone or cartilage. Many creatures like the protozoans (single-celled
animals), jellyfish, planaria (flatworm) and earthworms (segmented worms) have no skeleton at
all. Animals without any true skeleton usually maintain their shape using water pressure
(hydrostatic "skeleton").
Question 7. Give one example of an organism with an exoskeleton.
Replace this text with your answer.
Question 8. Give one example of an organism with an endoskeleton.
Replace this text with your answer.
Question 9. Give one example of an organism with a hydrostatic skeleton.
Replace this text with your answer.
Section 4. The Number of Paired Locomotive Appendages in the Animal
The number of locomotive (walking, flying, etc.) paired appendages an animal has is a very
important criterion for classifying animals into different evolutionary groups. For example, the
human animal and other primates, as well as other vertebrates, have two pairs of appendages,
while grasshoppers and other members of the insect class have three pairs of appendages.
Moreover, 4 pairs of appendages are found in Class Arachnida, including spiders, mites, and
scorpions. This criterion is appropriate only for animals with bilateral symmetry.
Question 10. Give two examples of animals with 2 pairs of locomotive appendages.
Replace this text with your answer.
Question 11. Give two examples of animals with 3 pairs of locomotive appendages.
Replace this text with your answer.
Question 12. Give two examples of animals with 4 pairs of locomotive appendages.
Replace this text with your answer.
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Exercise 3 - Kingdom Animalia
Section 5. The Type of Digestive Tract in the Animal
Various digestive tract strategies have evolved in different animal groups to aid in the absorption
of food molecules. Animals have either:
no digestive tract, instead absorption occurs through "body" surfaces (protozoans and
sponges, etc.).
a sac-like or incomplete digestive tract with only one opening by which food enters and
wastes leave (jellyfish, flatworms).
a tube-like or complete digestive tract where food enters at one end (called the mouth) and
wastes leave at the other end (called the anus), such as annelids, arthropods, chordates
(including humans), molluscs, and nematodes.
Question 13. What organism is shown with a complete digestive tract?
Replace this text with your answer.
Question 14. What type of digestive tract do humans have?
Replace this text with your answer.
Section 6. The Type of Respiratory System in the Animal
All animal cells require oxygen gas (O2) in order to breakdown molecules like glucose and
obtain needed energy (Cellular Respiration). In turn, animal cells give off carbon dioxide gas
(CO2) during the molecular breakdown process. As a consequence, all multicellular animals have
some membrane area specialized for the exchange of gases between the circulatory fluid
("blood") and the outside air or aquatic environment.
Pouch-like internal membrane systems called lungs are often found in terrestrial organisms.
Other terrestrial animals like insects and some spiders have many branched membrane-lined
tubes (called tracheae) with external openings (spiracles) in the abdominal region. In these
animals, gas (air) is moved in and out of the tubes by abdominal movements.
Aquatic animals like crabs and fish usually have many membrane systems called gills while
animals like salamanders and starfish exchange gases throughout their exposed skin surfaces.
Question 15. Draw a simple grasshopper, and draw and label its spiracles.
Draw by hand, take a picture, and then replace this text with your drawing (Insert > Image).
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Exercise 3 - Kingdom Animalia
Section 7. Degree of Nervous System Development in Animal
Some animals, such as jellyfish, have diffuse nervous tissue ("nerve net") distributed throughout
the body. Other animals may have no specific nervous tissue, responding to stimuli through the
innate irritability of their protoplasm. Some animals, however, have very specific nervous tracts
culminating in an anterior accumulation of nervous tissue. This is called cephalization
(cephalon: head). Some of the external signs of cephalization include the accumulation of sense
organs like eyes, antennae, whiskers, nose, etc., at the anterior end of the body which is always
first to enter into a new environment. Others have ganglia, bunches of nerves, present in each
segment.
Section 8 – The Presence of “True” Jaws in Most Vertebrates
A skull is the recognizable “head” portion of a vertebrate’s endoskeleton. Specifically, the skull
comprises the brain case fused with all upper jaw components. A movable lower jaw (known
separately as the mandible) is present in most vertebrates and allows the animal to open/close
the jaws or chew. This is a ‘true” jaw. Observe “true” jaw movements in a live goldfish or in
your lab partner. There is one significant group of primitive vertebrates without “true” jaws, the
Superclass Agnatha. This group does not have a movable mandible, but only a round opening in
the front lower part of the skull. Some species appear to have an open mouth at all times (which
they often use as a sucker on the bodies of larger fish), while others have lip-like structures
which hide the opening and function to sweep food into the mouth as the animal bottom-feeds,
such as hagfish. Note: the term “false jaws” is not used.
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Exercise 3 - Kingdom Animalia
II. Classification of Animals into their Evolutionary Groups
Procedure:
Classify the specimens displayed on the lab bench display using the detailed
taxonomic/dichotomous key on the following pages. Complete the classification sheet found
following the key. Indicate the phylum in which each specimen belongs. In the arthropod and
chordate phyla, list the class (and the "order" in arthropods) to which an animal belongs as
well. In the last column place the common name of the group and/or example. Sample listings
are displayed at the top of the classification answer sheet. Smaller evolutionary groupings below
the rank of order (such as family, genus and species) are not included in this exercise.
Please handle specimens with care to prevent damage to their external features.
How to Use the Dichotomous Key
1.
Always start with the number 1 options. Select the appropriate alternative of the two.
Now look at the right-hand column to find the next number to check.
2.
Continue following the numbers and letters until you get to a word. This is the phylum in
which the animal belongs. If there is no number to the right of the phylum, you are finished.
3.
In the case of Phyla Arthropoda and Chordata, you must go on to class, which is
indicated by a number following the phylum name.
4.
In the case of Class Insecta, go on to identify the order of the specimen.
5.
After "keying out" the numbered unknown specimens and recording your conclusions about
each animal, check your answers with the list at the instructor's desk. Make sure you go
back and check to see why you miss-classified a particular animal.
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Exercise 3 - Kingdom Animalia
Dichotomous Key for the Animal Kingdom
Description
1a.
One-celled organisms exist singly or in
colonies, usually microscopic
1b.
Many-celled organisms, mostly
macroscopic (easily seen)
2a.
Body surface with many pores, one or
more large oscula (openings) present,
shape varies, generally with a rough
spongy exterior, asymmetry, the body
made of spicules and spongin
2b.
Body without numerous pores; has a
mouth and digestive tract (or digestive
cavity)
3a.
Body cylindrical or umbrella-shaped
(radial symmetry), mouth surrounded by
tentacles bearing nematocysts (stinging
cells)
3b.
Body not as described
4a.
Body flattened dorsoventrally ("top to
bottom") and no segmentation, no anus;
the flatworms)
4b.
Body not as described
5a.
Body vermiform (worm-like) and
thread-like, no segmentation, less than a
few inches long
5b.
Body not as described
6a.
Body vermiform and segmented,
appendages (when present) not leg-like
(note: does not include small fish-like
organisms, laterally compressed and having
distinctly V-shaped segments.)
6b.
Body not as described
*Gr. = Greek; L. = Latin
Taxonomic Groups
Kingdom (or Clade) Protista
Directions
(stop)
(Gr.* for “first”)
Kingdom (or Clade) Animalia
Phylum Porifera
Go to 2
(stop)
(L.* for “pore bearing”)
(sponges: Scypha b ath sponge,
etc.)
Go to 3
Phylum Cnidaria
(stop)
(L. for “nettle”)
(coelenterates: hydra, jellyfish,
anemones, coral, etc.)
Go to 4
Phylum Platyhelminthes
(stop)
(Gr. for “flat worm”)
(flatworms-planaria, tapeworm,
etc.)
Go to 5
Phylum Nematoda
(stop)
(Gr. for “thread”) (roundworms
[nematodes]: Ascaris, vinegar
"eel"; rotifers, etc.)
Go to 6
Phylum Annelida
(stop)
(L. for “ring”)
(segmented worms: earthworm,
leech, etc.)
Go to 7
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Exercise 3 - Kingdom Animalia
Description
7a.
Body segmented with jointed appendages,
exoskeleton present
7b.
Body not as described
8a.
Jointed appendages abundant, present on
most segments
8b.
Jointed appendages not as described
9a.
Cephalon (head) and thorax ("chest")
fused (cephalothorax), two pairs of
antennae, specialized appendages,
respiration by gills
Taxonomic Groups
Phylum Arthropoda
(Gr. for “joint foot”)
3 Subphyla in the phylum:
Subphylum Crustacea
Subphylum Uniramia:
Subphylum Chelicerata
Directions
Go to 8
Go to 15
Go to 9
Go to 11
Subphylum Crustacea
(stop)
(L. for “shell group”)
Includes many classes like the
(shrimp, crab, lobster, the
barnacles etc.)
9b.
Body with head and numerous legs
10a.
Each segment with one pair of legs, flat
dorsoventrally, pair of venom claws
formed from modified appendages
Class Chilopoda
(Gr. for “lip foot”)
(chilopods: centipede)
(stop)
10b.
Each segment usually with two pairs of
legs, flattened ventrally and rounded
dorsally
Class Diplopoda
(Gr. for “double foot”)
(diplopods: millipede)
(stop)
11a.
Body divided into cephalon, thorax,
abdomen, three pairs of legs, antennae and
wings usually present
Class Insecta
(insects)
Go to 12
11b.
Cephalothorax, four pairs of walking legs,
no wings or antennae
Class Arachnida
(Gr. for “spider”)
(arachnids: spider,
scorpion, tick, etc.)
(stop)
12a.
Possess one pair of wings
12b.
Possess two pairs of wings (true of most
insects)
13a.
Wings are unlike in structure, hard upper
pair, lower pair may be used for flying,
lower pair may be hidden under upper pair,
wings meet in straight line down the back
13b.
Order Diptera
(Gr. for “2 wings”)
(true flies, mosquitoes, etc.)
(Note: "-ptera" is Greek for
"wing")
Wings with scales
(stop)
Go to 13
Order Coleoptera
(stop)
(Gr. for “covered wing”)
(ladybird beetle, weevil, etc.)
Wings are alike
Description
14a.
Go to 10
Go to 14
Taxonomic Groups
Order Lepidoptera
(Gr. for “scaled wing”)
(butterfly, moth, etc.)
Directions
(stop)
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Exercise 3 - Kingdom Animalia
14b.
Wings without scales, thin and
transparent with few cross veins
15a.
Soft body, generally with a shell or dorsal
plates, ventral muscular foot (may be
modified into arms)
15b.
Body without shell, foot; not as described
16a.
Body wall is spiny, hard, or leathery;
symmetry generally radial with body
parts arranged in divisions of five; usually
with soft sucker-like tube feet
16b.
Body not as described
17a.
Worm-like body divided into three parts,
gill slits present, invertebrate
17b.
18a.
Body not as described [3 general chordate
characteristics: 1) pharyngeal breathing
apparatus (more ancestrally for feeding);
2) dorsal nerve cord; 3) notochord (for
body support)]. Includes lower sac-like
chordates, and l ower fish-like chordates,
and also higher vertebrate chordates with
internal skeletons and two pairs of
appendages.
Body enclosed in a sac-like translucent
covering, siphons present, bilateral
symmetry not apparent in adult
18b.
Body not enclosed as stated above
19a.
Body lance-shaped, laterally compressed,
numerous V-shaped muscle segments, no
cranium or backbone, fish-like, less than a
few inches long. No paired appendages.
l9b.
Body not as described, with a backbone,
typically with two pairs of fins or limbs
Order Hymenoptera
(Gr. “membrane wing”)
(ant, bee, wasp, etc.)
Phylum Mollusca
(L. for “soft”) (mollusks: clam,
snail, octopus, etc.)
(stop)
(stop)
Go to 16
Phylum Echinodermata
(stop)
(Gr. for “spiny skin”)
(echinoderms: starfish, sea
urchin, sand dollar, etc.)
Go to 17
Phylum Hemichordata
(stop)
(Gr.for “half + cord”)
(hemichordates: acorn
or tongue worm)
Phylum Chordata
Go to 18
(Gr. for “cord” meaning "back
notochord” referring to
notochord)
(the chordates)
Subphylum Urochordata
(stop)
(Gr. for “tail + cord”)
(tunicates or sea squirts)
Go to 19
Subphylum Cephalochordata
(stop)
(Gr. for “head + cord”)
(lancelets: amphioxus)
Subphylum Vertebrata
(vertebrates with a cranium and
backbone)
Go to 20
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Exercise 3 - Kingdom Animalia
Description
20a.
Fish without “true” jaws or paired
appendages, entirely aquatic. Gill passages
are spherical pockets, not slits.
20b.
Body not as described
21a.
Fish with “true” jaws and paired
appendages, entirely aquatic
Taxonomic Groups
Superclass Agnatha
(Gr. for “without + jaws”)
Directions
(stop)
(fish without true jaws or paired
appendages: lamprey or hagfish)
Go to 21
Superclass Gnathostomata
Go to 22
(Gr. for “jawed mouth”)
(fish with true jaws and paired
appendages)
21b.
Body not fish-like; typically with four
appendages, usually land-dwelling animals
22a.
Cartilaginous fish; typically with a ventral Class Chondrichthyes (Gr. for”
mouth (on underside of snout). Several gill
cartilage fishes”)
slits present.
(shark, ray, etc.)
(stop)
22b.
Bony fish, with a terminal mouth (on front
end). A single cover (operculum) covering
the gills on each side.
Class Osteichthyes
(Gr. for “bony fishes”)
(most fish: tuna, trout, goldfish,
catfish, bass, perch, etc.)
(stop)
23a.
Skin soft, moist and slimy, no external
scales; typically, toes lack claws
Class Amphibia (amphibians:
frog, newt, salamander, etc.)
(stop)
23b.
Body not as described
24a.
Body covered with scales; toes with claws
(when toes are present)
24b.
Body not covered with scales
25a.
Body covered with feathers, anterior limbs
for flight, horny toothless beak
25b.
Body with hair and mammary glands
Superclass Tetrapoda
(four-footed land animals,
generally)
Go to 23
Go to 24
Class Reptilia
(reptiles: lizard, snake,
tortoise, etc.)
(stop)
Go to 25
Class Aves
(birds: robin, sparrow,
duck, etc.)
(stop)
Class Mammalia (mammals:
cat, bear, human, monkey, etc.)
(stop)
18
Exercise 3 - Kingdom Animalia
Unknown
Phylum
Example
Platyhelminthe
Example
Arthropoda
Example
Hemichordata
Example
Chordata
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Subphylum
Superclass
Class
Order
for phylum
chordata only
for phylum
chordata only
for phyla
arthropoda and
chordata only
for class insecta
only
Example
Flatworm
Tapeworm
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Moths: Sphinx
moth
acorn tongue
worm
Vertebrata
Gnathostomata
Osteichthyes
Bony fish
19
Exercise 3 - Kingdom Animalia
Unknown
Phylum
Subphylum
Superclass
Class
Order
for phylum
chordata only
for phylum
chordata only
for phyla
arthropoda and
chordata only
for class insecta
only
Flatworm
Tapeworm
Example Platyhelminthes
Example
Arthropoda
Example
Hemichordata
Example
Chordata
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Example
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Moths: Sphinx
moth
acorn tongue
worm
Vertebrata
Gnathostomata
Osteichthyes
Bony fish
20
Exercise 3 - Kingdom Animalia
III. An Ecological (rather than Evolutionary) Classification of Animals
As you now are aware, a phylogenetic classification of animals focuses attention on the
anatomical and physiological similarities between animals which are thought to have
evolutionary significance. It is important to recognize that knowing the phylum or class to which
an animal belongs tells us nothing about the animal's niche (job or function) in the ecosystem in
which it lives. Because this is true, ecologists have developed other classification schemes which
focus attention on how a plant or animal interrelates within its community. (Ecologists are
biologists who study some aspect of the interrelationship between an ecosystem's plants, animals
and physical factors.) A common classification scheme used by ecologists is the one based on
how a particular organism obtains its food (energy). In general, the classification categories are
as follows:
Trophic (feeding) categories:
A.
Autotrophs (Gr. “self-f eeding”) Organisms which are not dependent on organic matter for their
energy. Ecologists sometimes call them “Producers” in contrast to “Consumers”. Two kinds exist:
1. Photoautotrophs: Green plants which can capture sunlight energy.
2. Chemoautotrophs: Bacteria and blue green algae which can obtain energy by oxidizing
inorganic compounds like sulfur.
B.
Heterotrophs: Organisms which are dependent on organic matter from other organisms for their
energy.
Trophic Level
Description
1. Macroconsumers: (Macro = large)
Herbivore
An organism which feeds on plant
tissue.
First Level
An animal which feeds primarily
Carnivore
on herbivores.
Second Level
An animal which feeds primarily
Carnivore
on first level carnivores.
Third Level
An animal which feeds primarily
Carnivore
on second level carnivores.
Fourth Level
An animal which feeds primarily
Carnivore
on third level carnivores.
Scavengers
Organisms which feed on dead
organisms.
Examples
A mouse or insect which eats
grass or seeds.
A snake or fox which eats
mice and other rodents.
A roadrunner (bird) which
eats snakes and lizards.
A coyote which eats a
roadrunner or hawk.
A mountain lion which eats a
coyote or a hawk.
Animals like flesh flies or
crayfish which eat dead
organisms.
Parasites (can be a
Organisms which live with a larger A flea, mite, tick on a mouse,
carnivore at any
organism and from which it draws bird, or mountain lion.
level)
nourishment.
2. Microconsumers The decomposer organisms which Bacteria or fungus organisms
(micro=small, often feed on organic matter and reduce "eating" organic matter in the
microscopic)
it to inorganic compounds.
soil.
21
Exercise 3 - Kingdom Animalia
TABLE 2
Ecological Classification Compared with Evolutionary Classification:
Ten Common Chaparral Animals
Procedure:
On the table marked “Chaparral Animals” you will find ten numbered animal specimens. Identify each animal to
Phylum and Class (if applicable) and record your findings in the table below. Next, read the natural history card that
goes with each animal and complete the table using your knowledge about ecological classification which you
learned on the previous page.
Phylum and other
classification (if
Specimen
applicable)
Common name
1
Fence lizard
2
Ground squirrel
3
Darkling beetle
4
Scrub jay
5
Earthworm
6
Termite
7
Slug or snail
8
Bat
9
Gopher snake
10
Tick
Habitat
requirements:
where does it
live?
What does this
animal eat?
Ecological
classification
Clean up.
1. Return all specimens to their original location. Be sure to place them in numerical order.
2. Please turn off the microscopes with the living specimens in order to prevent them from
overheating and drying.
3. Wipe down your lab bench with the yellow cleaner.
4. Push in your chair.
22
Exercise 3 - Kingdom Animalia
IV. Review Exercise
Learn to recognize the names of animal taxonomic groups and also their common names. The
following exercises will help you:
1.
List the names of the 9 animal phyla you have observed today, along with common names
of animals you observed:
Phylum Name:
2.
Common Name:
You were asked to learn 5 major groups (Classes) in the Phylum Arthropoda. List these 5
groups and describe the unique characteristics of each.
Your instructor may ask you to identify these groups on a quiz, so you must be able to
distinguish one group from another.
Class name
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
5.)
Identifying characteristics
23
Exercise 3 - Kingdom Animalia
3. You were asked to learn 7 major groups (6 Classes and 1 Superclass) in the Phylum
Chordata.
List these 7 groups below and describe the unique characteristics of each.
Your instructor may ask you to identify these groups on a quiz so you must be able to
distinguish one group from another.
Class name
1.)
Superclass
2.)
Class
3.)
Class
4.)
Class
5.)
Class
6.)
Class
7.)
Class
Identifying characteristics
4. The various limb forms of the Superclass Tetrapoda are a good example of adaptive
radiation.
a. Define adaptive radiation:
Replace this text with your answer.
b. List 4 examples of tetrapods with different limb shapes and decide whether these limbs
are homologous or analogous. Explain why.
Replace this text with your answer.
c. Assuming that adaptive radiation is the result of natural selection, suggest a selective
agent which may have been responsible for the different limb shapes.
Replace this text with your answer.
24
Exercise 3 - Kingdom Animalia
5. Complete the following “Evolutionary tree” (cladogram) for the 9 most common animal
phyla you were asked to learn. Be able to place the phyla names in their proper locations.
See Figure 1 for help.
25
Exercise 3 - Kingdom Animalia
Figure 3. A practice version of Figure 1: Evolutionary Tree Diagram with the
names of the phyla removed. Double click on the diagram and it will open in
a drawing window where you should be able to write in the boxes.
Purchase answer to see full
attachment