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Introduction to Epidemiology
Part I is case assignment
Part II is SLP assignment, included with excel file.
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Epidemiology on Heart Disease, Cancer and Stroke Among American Adults
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Course number and name
Instructor’s name
Date
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Epidemiology on Heart Disease, Cancer and Stroke Among American Adults
There is a need to embrace and apply clinical epidemiology in establishing patient health
because the analytical designs and trials used in epidemiologic research allow smooth progress in
management, treatment, and defining the quality of health care delivery. Epidemiology gives a
descriptive approach to health situations with a keen evaluation of epidemic outbreaks to provide
suitable solutions and interventions. It also allows for integral epidemic management both at
individual and communal levels, thus making it possible to identify risk factors to diseases
(Díaz-Vélez, Soto-Cáceres, Peña-Sánchez, Segura, & Galán-Rodas, 2013). The evidence-based
health data from epidemiology maintains the cause-effect logic and allows for the addition of
health determinants such as culture and lifestyle. This information is a critical, inefficient
decision-making process on health matters both at the hospital and state levels. This paper will
endeavor to explicitly explain the prevalence of cancer among American adults, its trend, and the
importance of epidemiology.
The data gathered is about cancer, heart disease, and stroke among Americans in the
United States from 1997-2017. For most of the best part of the two decades, heart disease has
been the leading epidemic in the United States trailed by cancer and stroke. The disease
dominance among the population increases with age, with younger adults suffering fewer risks.
Adults aged 65 years and above are at higher chances of suffering from the three diseases
attributed to immobility and less physical activities, which leads to the accumulation of fats in
their bodies due to the inability to burn calories. More males suffer from the three diseases as
compared to females. First, this can be attributed to the lifestyle whereby men consume alcohol
and smoke at a higher rate than women, making it responsible for more men being at risk of
contracting cancer and heart diseases than women (Peate, 2011). Secondly, the male psyche
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whereby men tend to keep psychological problems to themselves and rarely open up on health
matters, but women quickly open up to health professionals throughout their lifecycle.
Economically the diseases are more dominant among the rich than the poor, which can be related
to financial stability to afford hazardous lifestyles such as fast foods, soft beverages, and alcohol.
According to race, Indian Americans are most affected, followed by African Americans (Deen,
Adams, Fretts, Jolly, Navas‐Acien, Devereux, & Howard, 2017). The prevalence of the diseases
among the two races can be attributed to poverty since most of them reside in rural areas with
limited access to healthy retail foods.
Based on the observed trends, heart disease was the leading killer disease followed by
cancer, although cancer overturned the direction from 2000 and became the top killer. Heart
disease and stroke are on the declining trend, while cancer is rising sharply. If the trend remains
constant, cancer will, by no doubt, be the leading killer disease beyond 2020. The disease
prevalence also increases with age, which means older people are at higher risk of suffering from
cancer, heart disease, and stroke than young adults. The aging population causes this trend
because of the large cohort born around World War II when there were fewer family planning
methods is entering the 65-75 year age bracket (Weir, Anderson, King, Soman, Thompson,
Hong, & Leadbetter, 2016).
Recommendations to Future Researchers
To facilitate accuracy in future research and studies, this paper recommends using more
extensive cohorts in health care research. Although the cohorts seem to be sophisticated and
expensive, they provide a basis for obtaining detailed knowledge on a wide variety of diseases
beyond cancer, heart disease, and stroke. To reduce scientific dead-ends in future researches and
maximize cohort values, it is also essential to embed experimental methods such as randomized
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trials in the cohorts by relying on economies of scale to test hypotheses in the observations.
Future researchers should emphasize themes such as data sharing, evaluation of new
technologies, approaches, and new methods of measuring susceptibility, exposures, and
outcomes (Khoury, & Wei, 2015). Improvement in data collection methods at the macro-level
and personal data is also crucial to advancing future epidemiological research. Coordination and
Collaboration among agencies are also recommended to facilitate the sharing of data and
resources such as genome sequencing of participants to help easy epidemiologic studies across
all disease spectra and population ages.
Importance of Epidemiological Information to the Healthcare
Such information is of good importance to health care because it helps public health
practitioners in disease surveillance and investigating epidemic outbreaks. The data is also
critical in identifying risk factors of human and animal zoonotic infections and direct
investigations and research in implementing control measures to contain the diseases (DíazVélez et al., 2013). Such information is also useful in describing the population health status in
proportions of age by showing the disease's distribution among different age groups, gender, and
trends over time. By studying the information carefully, medics gain insights such as the
relationship between the disease and the cause plus the age bracket at risk enabling adequate
preventive measures such as isolation.
Epidemiology is crucial in the study of disease trends, effects, and dominance among
individuals. Therefore, it is essential to embrace epidemiology in healthcare research to
effectively establish disease risk factors and come up with significant inventions to curb
epidemics. Cancer is expected to be the next killer epidemic in America, and therefore adequate
awareness needs to be created.
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References
Deen, J. F., Adams, A. K., Fretts, A., Jolly, S., Navas‐Acien, A., Devereux, R. B., & Howard, B.
V. (2017). Cardiovascular disease in American Indian and Alaska Native youth: unique
risk factors and areas of scholarly need. Journal of the American Heart
Association, 6(10), e007576.
Khoury, M. J., & Wei, G. (2015). The future of epidemiology in the age of precision medicine:
cancer, cardiovascular disease, and beyond. Cancer Epidemiology Matters Blog.
Peate, I. (2011). Men and cancer: the gender dimension. British Journal of Nursing, 20(6), 340343.
Díaz-Vélez, C., Soto-Cáceres, V., Peña-Sánchez, R. E., Segura, M. A. A., & Galán-Rodas, E.
(2013). Clinical epidemiology and its relevance for public health in developing countries.
In Current Topics in Public Health. IntechOpen.
Weir, H. K., Anderson, R. N., King, S. M. C., Soman, A., Thompson, T. D., Hong, Y., ... &
Leadbetter, S. (2016). Peer-reviewed: heart disease and cancer deaths—trends and
projections in the United States, 1969–2020. Preventing chronic disease, 13.
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1
Epidemiology on Heart Disease, Cancer and Stroke Among American Adults
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Course number and name
Instructor’s name
Date
2
Epidemiology on Heart Disease, Cancer and Stroke Among American Adults
There is a need to embrace and apply clin...