GEO 100 BMCC Globalization and World Regions Questions

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GEO 100

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(1) As technology products such as Ipad, Facebook and Tweeter become global commodities and phenomenon, people everywhere aspire for and better life and basic rights. The Internet technology seem to have brought us closer by linking people from different places. Ques 1: What does this map tell us about the intricate Facebook relationships and the impact or influence of globalization? a. Does this mean there is no social media in places like China and Russia? b. Is it really a small world? Ques 2: Refer to pages 18 – 20 in chapter 1 and review these links: Seed to Shirt with Planet Money - updated (Overview) Planet Money Makes A T-Shirt (Parts I - IV) – YouTube videos i. ii. Do our actions/choices influence the lives of people in other parts of the world? Why or why not? the world? Why or why not? ii. How will you relate your response to b(i) above to the “America First” doctrine of the current US president, and recent US “Tariffs showdown with China”. (2a) Have you ever followed the Brexit (UK leaving the EU) and the Refugee/Migrant crisis in Europe? 2020 has ushered in a uncertain future for the European quest for unity since WWII. 1. Review at least 3 of the articles in the web-links below: • Europe - A borderless society? (Required) • How Brexit is changing the EU | The Economist • Brexit day: end of an era as United Kingdom leaves EU – as it happened • Anti-migrant mood boosts far-right party in Swedish election • EU court dismisses complaints by Hungary and Slovakia over refugee quotas (The Guardian) 2. Now, compare and contrast the responses of countries like Slovakia, Greece and Hungary to the refugee’s vs the more changes to the previously welcoming tone of countries like Sweden, Denmark and Germany. • Are these responses driven by nationalism & population issues (see Fig. 2.21; page 47 of your textbook) or proximity of countries to the refugees country of origin (remember Tobler’s law)? Briefly explain. 3. Also, how will Britain’s departure affect the concept of "Schengen Area" or borderless Europe? 4. Finally, recall to the 2018 “zero-tolerance family separation, and executive order” from the US president over what is described as “migrant crisis on the United States southern border”. • Are there any differences in the background/origin of the migrant (or asylum seekers) and responses by European Union vs USA? Why/why not? (2b) Knowledge Quest II 1. List 3 words that describe Europe 2. Choose an issue/topic about Europe that you think should be of interest to the class. Locate a website that describes your topic of interest, such as economic issues, social issues, cultural issues, and environmental issues. 3. Summarize the issue (min. of 250 words) as follows: a. Describe the Nature of the issue b. Your reflections/thoughts on how the topic relates to the Point/Counterpoint on pages 88-89 (Chapter 3; Textbook, Hardcopy) c. Website address 4. Identify and submit a YouTube video that focuses on the issue(s) you described in questions 2 & 3. What are the highlights of the video? (3a) If you paid attention to the US media last Fall 2019 and through early part of 2020, it may seem as if all the talk is about the Current US president and Russia, be it 2016 Election Interference, Ukraine "Whistle blower" saga, or Facebook/Twitter warnings about Russian meddling in the 2020 election (Sept 1). But do you know the root cause or the link between ongoing US-Ukraine-Russian crisis? Since Russia's actions in 2014 leading to the annexation of the Crimea region of Ukraine, there have been sanctions on Russia for its ongoing actions in Eastern Ukraine and these have featured prominently in Geopolitical events in Europe including the 2017 French Elections and recent meddling in Germany. Still many NATO, European and former CIS countries have been concerned about denials of Russia’s continued involvement in Eastern Ukraine. For example, Canada's mission at NATO tweeted a Map aimed at a humorous way to say we know "Russian Soldiers are in Ukraine". Russian response was a map that shows Crimea as part of Russia. See maps below: 1. Canada is usually not known to be confrontational in international diplomacy. Question: What do you think prompted Canada’s mission at NATO to twit Geography related message ('Geography Can Be Tough': Canada Trolls Russia For Ukraine Action to Russia? 2. Review the following article: Putin's Plan To Restore Russia: The Disruptive Power Of Moscow Question: Do you agree that Russia’s international reputation is enhanced as a “disruptive power in the 21st century”? Why or why not? (3b) 1. List 3 words that describe Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 2. Choose an issue/topic about Russia and the CIS that you think should be of interest to the class. Locate a website that describes your topic of interest, such as economic issues, social issues, cultural issues, and environmental issues. 3. Summarize the issue (min. of one paragraph) as follows: a. Describe the Nature of the issue b. Your reflections/thoughts on how the topic relates to the Point/Counterpoint (Russia: Still a World Power) on pages 156-157 (Chapter 4; Textbook, Hardcopy) c. Website address 4. Identify and submit a YouTube video that focuses on the issue(s) you described in questions 2 & 3. What are the highlights of the video? (3c) 1. What do you usually think of Russians? 2. With all the fuss in the news about Russian and 2016/2020 elections problems, it is may be refreshing to see another side of Russians (…. or really?). Now let’s check out: Russian Police Choir Covers Daft Punk’s Get Lucky 3. Question: i. Does the Russian Police rendition of "Get Lucky" change your view of Russians or do you think it was just a show off? ii. Do you see any general difference in how each Police member enjoyed “or disliked” the performance? 1 obalization and World Regions _=ar n ing Objectives --:; :he chapter, you should be able to: e-::: nbe the study of world regional geography, and its ::,:: i an ce in a changing world. = :: =.In how geographers study places on the Earth's "':z:~e, =,~ . a), using terms such as place, location (absolute and direction, distance, and scale. ~ars i and the concept of region, and describe how _=:n s change over time. ~. -e gl obalization in the context of flows, and explain glob alization might be measured. e localization and list factors that enhance local 18S. • Identify the 10 major world regions and locate these on a world map. Compare and contrast the geographic characteristics which define these regions. • Trace the history of world region creation and expansion , from prehistory to the establishment of classical civilizations. • Link industrialization and colonization to international competition and modern globalization. Describe how these concepts help to define the 10 world regions. 4 Chapter 1 Globalization and World Regions ID PLANET EARTH: A WORLD OF VARIETY, CHANGE, AND CONNECTIVITY World regional geography examines how places on the Ea rth 's surface differ from each other (Figure I.l), how people live in different parts of the world , and how they connect with one another. Equally important is world regional geography 's contribution to understanding the relationship between the Earth's human inhabitants and its diverse ecosystems and natural environments (Figure 1.2). The media, telecommunications, the Internet, and the global travel industry enable increasing connections among peoples and places. We receive instant news of current events as tbey unfold across Earth 's surface. Millions gathered around the world in June 20 I 0 to watch and cheer the men 's World Cup finals, and people in the United States were glued to their televisions that same summer as oil spread across the northeastern Gulf of Mexico and washed ashore at popular beach resorts. Rapidly increasing access to the Internet exposes people from different parts of the world to one another's ideas and actions. Each year, greater numbers of business and tourist travelers make global connections by reaching more parts of the world (Figure 1.3). As travelers increasingly interact with Earth's varied human and natural environments, the positive benefits from the exchange such as cross-cultural appreciation or the introduction of new technologies may be offset at times by the resulting changes to the host culture's traditions or through degradation of the travel destination's natural environment. The modern world is constantly changing. The same events that may end oppression or cure a deadly disease can create a newly disenfranchised popul ation or degrade the environment. Global connections may enhance our aware­ ness of the fine balance between the potential for success and the production of tragedy. The contemporary study of world regional geography helps us make sense of our world. another, and having impacts on their urban em If Disciplines such as history , sociology, econo mi '_ :-' and environmental science increasingly vie\\' u .. ~r. among places as a crucial feature of under) \,1fl0 '1 ; human condition. They find utility in the rese:lr ;., __ out by geographers. Geography is a unique discipline encom p ,,... :; the physical and social sciences. Physical geograp h~ -_ natural environmental processes across Earth's . - _ ! result in the distribution of climate varieties. plant_ soil types, mountain formation , and river ael i.. n . .lID other pa Iterns. [n addition, physical geograph ~ lr.~ ~:'_ examines the impacts of human actions on Ean:- ', ru" environments. Human geography is the study o · t ~ ~ (a) ID GEOGRAPHY IN rODAY'S WORLD What Is Geography? Geographic Subject Matter Geography is a discipline that studies spatial patterns in the human and physical world. Geographers examine where and how the human and natural features of Earth's surface are distributed, how they relate to each other, and how they change over time . The distribution of languages or types of vegetation cover are among the nearly infinite array of phenomena studied by geographers. Many jobs require a geographic understanding. For example, urban planners need to be aware tllat cities contain people with varied preferences, traditions, fears, and desires; these city dwellers are constantly mobile, interacting with one (b) FIGURE 1.2 Poverty and Hazards. (a) Slum area in New Oelhl II (b) Hurricane Katrina hits New Orleans. Flooding on Canal Street on ~~;_ 2005, the day after the hurricane struck and water broke through :: ~-~ levees. Water levels rose to 4 meters (13 feet) in places. The Dod;-; 3 • : as destruction by winds and waves, caused the evacuation of e (r, :.- _- : of the waters, and at least 1,800 deaths. Photos: (a) © Pa. mder Se Graythen/Getty Images 1.2 Geography in Today's World 5 (b) s of Tourist Interest. (a) Historical significance. Visitors crowd the balconies and ramparts of the Pena Palace, west of Lisbon, Portugal. (b) Exciting on the steps leading up into Antoni Gaudi's famous park GOell in Barcelona, Spain. Photos: © Joseph P Dymond -;:~-? r !,Ie and their activities (economies, cu ltures, J rba n changes). World regional geography is ~ :tlla lysi s of the relation ship between human ;,h.:'ll omena. _,- ..\ ha l it would be like if you grew up in a .: :r ~ . How might that affect the language you • ' _m tl y' s religious preference, the food you eat, . u ii ~ lc n to , or the sc hool s you attend? How ~Jl h c r and other environmental conditions ,\ 1',..I! might be different abo ut you? Might your vIews of world issues and possible solutions differ from what they are now') What might be th e same (Figure 1A)') These are the sorts of questions geographers as k about people and the places where they live. Geographic lit­ eracy is incre asingly becom ing essential because people are connected and are interacting at unprecedented and still increasing levels . In this text we use varied data sources . The data tables are based on collections published and updated annual ly by the Population Reference BureaU, World Bank, and t Jnited Nations. The sections on the natural en vironment report scientific studies of such phenomena as weather. surface landforms, and soils. The statements made about popu­ lation, eco nomic events. politics, and cultural traditions derive from current researc h and media coverage and from indi vidual stories of people living in specific countries. Location, Direction, and Representation Geographers study places on Earth's surface as the environ­ ments or spaces where people live and through which th ey make life meaningful. Geography thus provides a place and space-related spatial view of the human experience. When we vis it a place, it might be an individual build­ ing (convenience store), small town (Freeport. Maine). large city (New York) , rural area (western Iowa) , another FIGURE 1.4 Outdoor Concert in Istanbul, Turkey. Young reSidents of met­ ropolitan Istanbul enjoy an outdoor concert on a warm August evening. This concert experience was very similar to attending an outdoor concert in the United States. Photo: © Joseph P Dymond. =cc: ~~~ ______________ ______________________________________________________....____......__....________.J ~ 6 Chapter 1 Globalization and World Regions state, or another country. Places may be perceived as points on a map or as large areas. Places are often id entified by their position, or location, on the globe. Places have differ­ ent relationships to each other in term s of location, direc­ tion, di stance, and scale of size. Geographers draw maps to represe nt the features of places on Earth's surface. Latitude and Longitude Absolute location is the precise position of places on Earth 's surface . The accepted mean s of determining absolute loca­ tion is by specifying latitude and longitud e. Latitude and longitude form the framework of an interna tionally accepted, coordinate-based refe ren ce system that can pinpoint abso lute location (Figure 1.5). Latitude describes how far north or sou th of the eq uat or place is, measured in degrees. The North Pole is at 90 0 N and the South Pole at 90 0 S. Although the equator is an imaginary line, its position indicates a direct phys ical relationship between Earth and the sun as the line along which the most direct radi at ion from th e sun reaches Earth . The equator encircles the globe midway between the North and South Poles and is the 0° (zero degree) line of latitude. The almost spherical Earth 's circumference is around 40,000 km (25,000 mi .) at the equator. A circle that joins places of the same latitude a t Earth 's surface is called a parallel of lati­ tude. The ground distance from one deg ree of latitud e to th e next is approximately 110 km (69 mi.) on Earth 's surface. For a long time, latitude wa s found by mea suring the angle of the sun above the horizon at noon. Longitude measures position eas t or west of an imaginary line drawn fr om th e North Pole to the South Pole- a half circle-that passes through the former Royal Observatory at Greenwich, London, United Kingdom. Lines joining places of the same longitude are called meridians of longitude. The position of the prime meridian passing through Greenwich (0°) was chosen by an international conference in 1884, when Lond on was the world 's most powerful decision-making city. Methods of determining lon­ gi tude , especially when charting the posi tion of a ship, were more complex and took longer to evolve than latitude meas urement s. Longitude lines are not parallel like th eir latitude counterparts, and thus they do not provide equal mea surements of ground dis­ tance. Longitud e lines are farther apart at the equator and closer together a t the poles. In the late 1900s, radio beacons and satellites provided stand a rd reference points by emitting rad io puls es th a t could be timed and interpreted rapidly in computerized na vigation systems to give accurate posi tion fi xes in global positioning system devices. Air travel , ocea n transport. and increasingly automobiles all rely on latitude and longitude through global positioning systems (GPS). Engineers on construction sites, real estate developers , and city planners also depend on GPS technology. ,I Direction and Distance Latitud e and longitud e make the cardinal r "ic di ~ tions of north, so uth , east , and west useful in \ .' ~u ' Direction and distance help to define th e relati\ I c.I i. of one place with reference to another. Ob [,\c' _ ~ ' _ as mountains or a la ck of tran sportation in ora ' - _ _ .... which significantly impede our mobility and '. r:- _ tivity, create greater relative distance betll ""!". Conversely, faster and well-linked transp ort ,I·. co mmunication s systems bring places relatil ch cI e~ each other. The absolute distance between places is u' L~I . sured in kilometers or miles. The actual tinh.' i . .! tra ve l or the travel costs required for a partic ulcH ' r;- _ often substituted for mea sured distance in ~ ' .= "_-­ studies . Th e increasing cost and time needed It) !' .. ; , distance between places gives rise to the CO lle friction of distance. There is lik ely to be les~ inL _. ' Axis of rOlqlion la ' _:E \ • Greenwich ' ....-;;... 30"W 60 0 W ~ 3(1) 3 :~ n: pj EQUa.\OI 1:::J Oc­ 60 0 W / \ 300 E \ 39: W 9~30oS ­ J / / FIGURE 1.5 Location: Latitude and Longitude. The coordinate ssk- 0 used for locating places on Earth's surface through the network of pa ra. ~ =:­ latitude and meridians of longitude. The degrees of latitude and long! 'c; --';. from angles focused at Earth's center. Source: From Human and Cultural :;e..: Shelley and Clarke , © 1994 McGraw-HIli Company 1.3 Geography of Regions \ ec n people across a distance where travel costs are l ~r or journey time is longer. For example, the friction Ij 'ta nce between New York and Chicago was reduced . e 1800s, when time for the journey was cut from to days , first by the Erie Canal and then by rail­ j:>_ Today air travel between these places takes a couple lO ur S. The increasing availability of rapid transporta­ f3 cilities and the "global information highway" (the 'rn et ) bring people into easier contact with each other, .mg them relatively- but not physically--closer. 7 world regional, and global. As connections among locations increase, places at different scales relate more closely to each other. Neighborhoods and metro areas connect to each other and to worldwide networks. Maps and Geographic Information Systems Geographers use maps to present information about location, distance, direction, and other characteristics of places. Maps are human-created representations of areas of Earth's surface. These scales imply a mathematical relationship between actual distance on the ground and its lie representation on the map. Map scales vary with the size of , dllTcrences among the places of the world are related the area to be mapped and the purpose of the map. SmaJl­ eh other by a size ratio or scale. Some examples of scale maps usually show areas at fractions of 1:250,000 .11 scales are neighborhood, metropolitan area, country, or smaller (such as III million or a ratio of 1:1 million). They provide much less detail about larger surface areas (Figure 1.6). The world maps used in this text (see, for example, Figure J .9) are small­ scale maps in which the scale along the eq ua tor is approximately I: 120 million. Large-scale maps usually have map-to-ground ratios ranging from I: I 0,000 to I :250,000. For the same size of map, they cover smaller areas of the Earth's surface, as in town maps , and thus include more details. Not everything can be drawn to scale on maps (the features would be too small to be seen), so roads , rivers , buildings, and other features Omi (b) 1 :100,000 are represented by symbols. Ll 1 _E:'ge scale rTTT1 Geographic information systems 0.6 OA Okm (GIS) combine maps and aerial and satellite images with data relevant to the area (Figure 1.7 , and see Geography at Work: Mapmakers and GIS Analysts, page 8). GIS has been a huge area of development since 1970, and most maps now are derived from satellite images. GIS systems aid geographers in spatial analysis studies that examine links among places. , III GEOGRAPHY :250 ,000 O mi L...J-L.....j rTTTTl Okm 2 (d) 1:1,000,000 Small scale Om' ~ rrT'"'TII okm '0 20 '0 L-J 1 I 1 20 30 =tE 1.6 The Effect of Map Scale on Area and Detail. Central Boston and the greater Boston area. Small­ ""-.aps show a larger portion of the Earth 's surface, which restricts the amount of detail possible on the maps. -s.:ale maps show smaller or more localized portions of the Earth 's surface, which enables us to include ~;-;.llli on the maps. The scale differences for the four maps are indicated by a scale ratio and a graphic scale . From Human Geography, 8th edition by Fellman , Getis and Getis. © 2005 McGraw-Hili Company. OF REGIONS A region is an area of Earth's surface with physical and human character­ istics that distinguish it from other places. Regions vary in geographic scaJe from major divisions of the Chapter 1 Globalization and World Regions 8 Elio Spinello and Steve Lackow are Californians who have been involved with the distribution and management of AtlasGIS, a software package that com­ bines mapping with a geographic infor­ mation systems approach, In the 1990s, the huge GIS software company ESRI took over AtlasGIS, but it has recently placed marketing and distribution back with Elio and Steve's company, RPM Consulting, As an example of their work, Elio completed a project that was an epide­ miological assessment of river blindness (onchocerciasis) in Mozambique, He was commissioned by Aircare International, which wanted to know the most impor­ tant areas for delivering medical care, The disease does not kill, but it is chronic and widespread and affects the lives of many people, The African blackfly inhabits areas with fast-flowing streams, and the female carries the microscopic worm (micro­ filariae) that causes the disease to spread from an infected person to an uninfected one, Fibrous nodules are produced in the infected persons with microfilariae that attack skin pigmentation, causing skin atrophy and eventually blindness , Surgery is sometimes needed to remove the nod­ ules, but new medicines make it possible to treat many more people and prevent blindness without adverse side effects, Elio's study began by mapping the factors that encourage a concentration of African blackflies: the density of popula­ tion, the concentration of rivers, and the presence of steep slopes that produce faster river flow. He came p :: composite index of these lac gave greater weight to the po and waterway density than steepness (see map), This as ~"., ~ to govern men t contro ls d etermined in Beij in g. The world's remotest regions , such a s Ir Amazon Ri ve r basin of Brazil, a re affec ted b~ ~ demands such as the search for mineral reSO\lITe,. -.- _ ~ of se ttlers looking for land , and visi ts by ente rp n ::: .=' . _ ists . Changes in one region a ffect o ther regions: for '\_­ wh en wor ld markets for peanuts and cotton co iL r , drought struck northern Nigeria , many people a~ IiI..: their farms a nd moved in to urban areas in oth er r~ , country. Some places affect s urroundin g regions b~ Ihelr r ~ funneling trade through narrow oce an-rou te (l1 w .•,,; For exampl e, the materially wealthier c o untr i e~ d:" _-_ passage of their ships throu g h global choke poinh as th e Strait of Gibraltar , the Sue z (Egy pt) ane P ­ Canals, th e Straits of Hormuz (entrance to I h~ P. -, Gulf) , Dardanell es , and Bos poru s (entra nce 11."1 . -~ B J Sea in Turkey) , and the Malacca Strait (near Sir s,!.. . -_ t maintain access to their m arket s and ra w mater i.h ~ __ - __ Regions Are Used by Those in Power C o untries such as the United States and th e "BR Ie' _ tries o f Braz il , Ru ss ia , Indi a, and China all e\e r! Pt." _. influence on th e other countries within their \\'\.: r1J "',:- Russia, for examp le, co ntrol s much of the flow several former Soviet bloc co untri es throu gh its ' ~. _ . - ... oi l and gas company, Gazprom. If Russia is un ha r. the politics of o ne of its neighbors, G azp rom m el \ r _l . ~ price of cr ude oil, or limit the supply to that c ou nt~. · _ dramatically affec tin g its energy sup pJ y. III REGIONS AND GLOBALIZATION Th e growth of global connectivity throu gh techrh.. . changes in communications a nd transporta ti on ' :":-- " the anal ysi s of regi ona l geography in the conte.\1 oJ' ,; ~ tren d s a nd " spaces of f1ows. " Two geographic Ire? L ' _ us unde rs tand w hat makes regions uniqu e a s ... of the increasing flows a m ong them: globaliz rld of variety, connectivity, and change, where geo­ ---,a.. _ Jerstanding is increaSingly vita\. Geogra phers study ,:,a,e' ns in the human and physical world and attempt to -,.;: sIgnificance of such patterns, comparing places and 9 them. Geographers use a variety of approaches ~ ~ ::nd how and why people live in th e places they do. : olaces is defined by latitude and longitude (absolute 02"' :: oy direction and distance (relative location). - -- : ;-3 geography studies the diversity of geographic phe­ ~~ .j r1uman activities. People create regions, which then es of their inhabitants; people re -crea te reg ions in • :range: regions interact wi th each other and are used on s to Think About :-. s regional geography so relevan t to understanding our o .j today? ..a' reatures make regional geography a study of dynamic ~"""an situations? ,;at human and physical characteristics help us to define : " d regions? What might we consider in differentiating =- '.een one world reg ion and another? j 1 .1 D How do we use direction, distance, and location to help us better understand the great variety of physical and human environmental conditions present on Earth's surface? Key Terms geography physical geography human geography spatial view place location absolute location latitude parallel of latitude longitude meridian of longitude direction relative location relative distance absolute distance friction of distan ce scale map geographic information system (GIS) spatial analysis region regional geography node global choke pOint ~~________~__________~~~~1 12 Chapter 1 Globalization and World Regions began to change in the 1990s as economic act i\ ili , ~ from the coun try (place) basis to rea lms of wid r in , .r...t (flows). For example, multinational corporatioJl' 1'--_ ; r locate their producti on facilities in impoveris hL'J ~ ; with very low-cost labor and lim ited regulation. Su ,,/ 11 to inequ ality work again st any trends toward " Ol ' .'" ~ Features of loca liza ti on include: • FloH'S ofgoods and services. Trade in raw materials, food products, manufactured goods, and services increased rap­ idly in the late 1900s and co ntinue to advance in the early 2000s. Space- time com pression in transportation and communica tions enhanced the central control of economic acti vities in both go od s and services. Supermarket foods, clothing, electronic products, an d vehicles come from an increasing number of countries, often marketed by multi­ national co rporations of U.S., Asian , or European origin. • Political IUltiollalism th a t seeks to preserve the ur. I ness of countries, groups of count ries, and smuller r ::- . with in countries. Within the countries of the El,[ ­ Union , national identities slow political integr;! f cuss ion , and we will assess the outcomes in Ch apt er I: 3 Facets of Localization In many parts of the world, local voices and identities have become more confident and significant in reacting to global­ iza tion forces in the last 30 years . Many fa cets of localiza­ tion , including polarization between globalized activities and rural marginalization and exclu sion, maintain an d enhan ce differences among places. Even within materially wealthy countries, significan t contrasts remain between richer and poorer people, males and females , and ethnic and racial co mmunities. Democracy, welfare programs, and decolon i­ zation , togethe r with pressure from workers and consumers fo r much of the 1900s, made the world more equal, but thi s t _. - - - - , I J - - ....--:.,....... --_---:.....-_-,... ~.:--/ ~asuring 1.5 Major World Regions Globalization !lo balization inde x provides meJsure of the degree to J n J . Singapore, and Jordan . Hong Kong, which __,.!i .lll tonomous region of the People' s Republic - ' . I ~ .lIso ranked in the top 20. The United States ' ~ J i ~ ed by its dominance of technology, but was _'. b: a low level of trade proportiona l to overall '~ ' .~ remittances from abroad, and poor imple­ ~'.A'n ;)f Il1ternational treaties. The top ra nkings of ~~ a nd Hong Kong highlight the absence of any ----..; fro m Africa, East and South Asia , or Latin '1 Ihe top 20. The top 20 countries have majo r '~,:",nr in the economic, persona l contact, and tech-.\.-iCa to rs as well as the political indi cator, while • -:I nking 10 countries have little outside of politi­ ~ m c nt This study also indicated strong links globa lization rank, longer life expectanc ies. and ~" ro r women. _ i~ ! mMAJOR WORLD REGIONS In this text, the world is divided into 10 major world regions (Figure 19) that are the su bjects of Chapters 3 through 12. Each world region contains a group of countries linked by cultural , political, eco nomic, and natural criteria. Global a nd local linkages help to define the major regions. Our world regional journey begins in Europe, then moves east through Russia and Neighboring Countries into East Asia and Sou/iJeas/ Asia. Returning westward , South Asia lead s to Nor/hem Africa and Sou/hH'eslern Asia, limited southward by the Sahara Desert. Aji-ica Soulh of /he Sahara is the next des­ tination before a hop across the Indian Ocean to Auslralia, Oceania, and An/arClica. Next is the broad region of Latin America, which includes Central America , South America, and the Caribbean islands. We finish in Nor/h America, tak­ ing on board the many influences brought to it from a round the world and the many ways in which the United States and Canada impact other world regions. Europe Europe (Chapter 3) is the source of many Western political, cultural, and economic trends. The region is defined as those countries that are members of the European Union or are likely to be in the next few years. It is marked by maritime­ influenced midlatitude environments and advanced J ~~::~----------------------------------------------------------------------............................~ 14 Chapter 1 Globalization and World Regions .r. '-­ t )A,"'>cClfde / ?­ . EUFfQPE;.,. '--", \ I .... r "'; - ~~ ATL AN TIC OCEAN 120 -' t--J.( _, . 90 " OCEANIA , AND ANTARCTICA .­ FIGURE 1.9 Major World Regions Based Mainly on Cultural Characteristics. These reg ions form the subjects of Chapters 3 through 12. World are divided on this basis so that comparisons may be made. industrial economies. Its cultures contin ue to be affected by the past dominance of Roman Catholic, Protestant, or Orthodox Christian groups, but they are increasingly influ­ enced by secu lar beliefs and the religious cultures of immi­ grants. Europe is marked by the variety of languages spoken, while increased immigration in recent decades makes it home to a grow in g number of people from di verse world regions. Russia and Neighboring Countries Russia and N cighhoring Coun/rics (Chapter 4) includes all the countries that emerged from the breakup of the former Soviet Union except for the three small Baltic countries of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania (now part of Europe, Chapter 3). The region extends from eas ternmost Europe across northern Asia, a huge area that was brought toget her by the expansion of the Russian Empire over the last 400 years. This empire ex tend ed European cultures into central and northern Asia, incorporating a wide range of people, cul­ t ures, and lan guages. Through much of the 1900s, the cen­ tralizing Communist govern ment of the former Soviet Union subdued the long-term clashes between those of Orthodox Christian and Muslim faiths and be tween the Russian and other peoples. These conflicts re-emerged after the Soviet Union's breakup as part of the difficult transition from com­ munist to free-market econom ies. The region is marked by former Soviet Republics trying to find their po litica l bearings as sovereign states in a region dominated by the growing wealth and global influence of Ru ssia. mc ~ ~ -­ East Asia Eas / Asia (Chapter 5) includes Ja pan. lh Mon go lia, and a resurgent China. The C \llt u;~. _ of the Chinese kingdoms was less affected b\ E:..~ ~ __ colonization than were th e le gacies of 0th ' r =1 empires . China, Japan, and South Korea are .1" .:' = world' s most su ccessfu l cou ntries in reC' nt gro wth , chall enging th e dominance of the -ni ' ct ~ ' .. and Europe. In economic terms, China nOI\' ha ~ : , _ ond high est tota l output by value in the 1\'o rIJ _:;-:: f 1 United States , and Japan is third. Rapidily illll u -~ern Africa and Southwestern Asia and SOu/h l\ies /ern Asia (Chapter 8) is its position at the junction of Europe, nJ .~sia. It includes the birthplaces of three of the JJ o r religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. - -,. m ~ of the population practices Islam and many - ! bic- a lthough the two Muslim countries with the - oJ:' ula tions in this region, Iran and Turkey , have r hln guages and ethnicities. The presence of Jewish 1h" predominantly Muslim region raises cultural , ~~. _ a nd political tensions that result in almost con­ a~ "h, ~ t ili ties. The existence of the world 's largest oil ~ ~, .>nd the acute water shortages in the largely arid cn \ ironment of much of this region pose internal _ill ' 0f uneven resource availability. : a South of the Sahara - II tlI of the Sahara (Chapter 9) was the cradle of the - -",ce . and its current population includes many eth­ :="_ ~j:' ~ . The region contains great mineral riches but has economic potential. Colonial settlement a ns occurred much later and on a smaller scale - ~h e Americas or India. The Europeans introduced . -da l farming and mining. Decoloni zation began in ~ " but it was often followed by poorly run dictator­ .:0 ' '. ern me nts. The people of this region are among the ~' .. "TIt'st materially deprived today. -L-. "'io p~d _[{alia, Oceania, and Antarctica - . ;i- ~ n Alls/mlia, Oceonio , and An/arc/iea (Chapter 10) '" \ a orted by the UNCLOS continental shelf ..-,:; UN rules should stand. - -"':'''' j not sign on to UNCLOS. The waters of the Arctic are a global commons and should not be controlled by any individual country . The Uniled Stales needs to sign on to UNCLOS in order to assert its Claims to strategic waters and resources north of Alaska, 21 The ports and markets of Europe, Russia, and North America are much closer to one another across the Arctic Sea than they are across the Atlantic or Pac ific Oceans. In addition, transport across the Arctic Sea eliminates reliance on the financially costly Panama and Suez Canals. Transnational corporations pay $50,000 to $100,000, on average, per transit to the Panama Canal Authority to use the canal. Ships carrying consumer goods may have to wait in line to pass through the canals, and currently many ships are too large to pass through the Panama Canal and must invest in a longer sea route, or unload goods and transport them via truck or train across continental lands Initially the most significant ice loss is alon g E .... _~= countries bordering the Arctic Ocean. Canada alld the largest Arctic coastlines and thus would gair economic control of the waters used for trans port -- - ::: region. Billions of dollars in oil and natural gas and otre' ':;~ coupled with shortened transportation and miittar". position the Arctic region as a very high priority agendas of the countries bordering the Arct ic a c: _- _ countries that assert common rights for such resources a: ~" __,=, As the ice c ontinues to melt, the dialogue, debate. arc ~ • conflict may heat up. -- {, :"'. j''''-''~! ~- .' _J Median minimum extent of ice cove r 1982 (a) Rapidly Diminishing Arctic Ice. The maps show changes in the Arctic ice cover over time. The red line indicates the median minimum extent of the ice cover for the period of 1979-2000. This figure compares the Arctic sea ice extent in September for the years 1982 (the record maximum since 1979), 2005, and 2007 (the record minimum). The retreat was so pronounced at the end of the summers of 2005 and 2007 that the Northern Sea Route across the top of Eurasia was completely ice-free. Source: Data from Sea Ice Index, National Snow and Ice Data Center, ftp:/lsidads.coloradoedu/DATASETSINOAAlG02135. (b) Arctic Ice Melt Opens Sea Routes. Increased summer melting of Arctic ice, brought on by anthropogenic climate change, make strategic sea routes, such as the Northwest Passage and the Northern Sea Route, much more accessible for military and commercial traffic. Source: Redrawn from Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal, hftp:llmaps.grida.no/go/graphic/artic-sea-routes-northern-sea-route-aod -northwest-passage. 22 2007 _ ."a r2 epts in World Regional Geography 9 Objectives - 2:: ";:" lOU should be able to . ;; : -oad physical geographic concepts of =- =-- 0 w ater interactions, lithosphere movement ---:;:f"f;;;- =-: :sJstems and biomes, and natural hazards - -"-: ;;s Ex plain how these phenomena contribute to • Define nationalism, and explain how the concept of the nation-state contributes to the modern world map. List different types of governance and describe the scale at which these operate, .:. - :: -egion s. • -- - m pacts on natural environments, both :=... ;,aography and explain how culture defines -..----, '~" :!" examples of divisions based on language, .:. rv. class, and gender. .:::ZS:::::-,_ : : 3ulation change in terms of birth and death - --a:es, the demographic transition, and =:::::::;o~., e. : ': --. =r=r::", : ·4 ation pyramid, consumer goods chart, =s:rib ution chart, Explain how each of these -.........o..=- .- --':;;-ences among and within world regions. Explain how economic development is measured, and connect wealth , economic development, and type of economic system to differences among and within world regions. • Discuss what is meant by the global economy, and identify important elements that make up the global economy. • Explain what is meant by human development and recognize the difference between the HOI and the GOP. Describe modern theories of development. • Trace the evolution of the concept of human rights , and explain how recognition of th ese rights can vary from region to region, 23
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Explanation & Answer

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(1)
As technology products such as Ipad, Facebook and Tweeter become
global commodities and phenomenon, people everywhere aspire for and
better life and basic rights.
The Internet technology seem to have brought us closer by linking
people from different places.

Ques 1: What does this map tell us about the intricate Facebook
relationships and the impact or influence of globalization? That
globalization has led to interconnectivity between countries. Technology
has made areas that were once remote now connected. This is seen with
social media like Facebook.
a. Does this mean there is no social media in places like China and
Russia? There is social media present in these areas. They have other
platforms including tik tok, snap chat, and more. This map only shows
the connections using Facebook. It provides an incomplete picture.
b. Is it really a small world? While the world is physically still the same
size due to advancing technology, globalization and interconnectivity,

the world is much more interdependent. Thus the actions in one place
can impact another place.
Ques 2: Refer to pages 18 – 20 in chapter 1 and review these links:
Seed to Shirt with Planet Money - updated (Overview)
Planet Money Makes A T-Shirt (Parts I - IV) – YouTube videos
i.

ii.

Do our actions/choices influence the lives of people in other
parts of the world? Why or why not? Our actions do influence
the lives of others.
In the video “Planet Money Makes a T-Shirt” we see how
globalized the world currently is. For example, cotton is
predominantly grown in the USA. Further, the US has its own
rating system for cotton. This has led to US cotton being
utilized worldwide since people need to know the exact quality
of the cotton to make t-shirts. Further, as the demand for cotton
t0shirts increases in the USA, this has resulted in workers in
developing countries moving from farms to the fields. Again,
we see inter connectivity, globalization, and how events in one
area lead to change in another area of the world. Further, one
important point in the article is that if wage prices increase too
much, then companies find another factory to manufacture their
products. Thus if prices increase in country A, country B may
benefit if their prices are lower by companies moving. In all,
things that happen in one place do impact other areas in a
globalized world.
ii. How will you relate your response to b(i) above to the
“America First” doctrine of the current US president, and recent
US “Tariffs showdown with China”.
Trump started using the phrase “America First” in march. This
phrase this has roots in white supremacy, isolationist tendencies,
anti-Semitism, and economic populist ideals. With the growing
impacts of the world being interconnected Trump’s America

First ideals led him to start a trade way with China. Trump’s
tariffs are to encourage the consumption of American goods.
Thus $360 billion tariffs on Chinese goods have occurred.
China retaliated with $110 billion tariffs on American goods.
According to the article, the US-China Trade war has resulted in
1 billion dollars of Tariffs on each other’s goods. This has come
about because President Trump continues to accuse China of
intellectual theft, and being unfair. China perceives this the US
trying to curb its rise to being a super power. Hence, the actions
of the US, impacgted China which then carried out similar
tariffs. This lead to a lack of market for America products and
increased prices on goods in America. We again see that actions
in one place can impact another area.

(2a)
Have you ever followed the Brexit (UK leaving the EU) and
the Refugee/Migrant crisis in Europe? The Brexit article discusses how
the Uk still has more steps before it can officially leave the EU. The next
round centers on trade agreements. The first deal set out a few things,
checks in Ireland, citizen rights, and Britain’s finical settlement.
2020 has ushered in a uncertain future for the European quest for unity
since WWII.
1. Review at least 3 of the articles in the web-links below:


Europe - A borderless society? (Required)
This article discuss that Europe started integrating after world war
II. They started to embark on cross border activities especially
with their economies. An example of this is the Euro currency.
Many countries saw the benefits of reducing barriers leading to
increased ...


Anonymous
Excellent! Definitely coming back for more study materials.

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