(1)
As technology products such as Ipad, Facebook and Tweeter become
global commodities and phenomenon, people everywhere aspire for and
better life and basic rights.
The Internet technology seem to have brought us closer by linking
people from different places.
Ques 1: What does this map tell us about the intricate Facebook
relationships and the impact or influence of globalization?
a. Does this mean there is no social media in places like China and
Russia?
b. Is it really a small world?
Ques 2: Refer to pages 18 – 20 in chapter 1 and review these links:
Seed to Shirt with Planet Money - updated (Overview)
Planet Money Makes A T-Shirt (Parts I - IV) – YouTube videos
i.
ii.
Do our actions/choices influence the lives of people in other
parts of the world? Why or why not?
the world? Why or why not? ii. How will you relate your
response to b(i) above to the “America First” doctrine of the
current US president, and recent US “Tariffs showdown with
China”.
(2a)
Have you ever followed the Brexit (UK leaving the EU) and
the Refugee/Migrant crisis in Europe?
2020 has ushered in a uncertain future for the European quest for unity
since WWII.
1. Review at least 3 of the articles in the web-links below:
•
Europe - A borderless society? (Required)
•
How Brexit is changing the EU | The Economist
•
Brexit day: end of an era as United Kingdom leaves EU – as it
happened
•
Anti-migrant mood boosts far-right party in Swedish election
•
EU court dismisses complaints by Hungary and Slovakia over
refugee quotas (The Guardian)
2. Now, compare and contrast the responses of countries like Slovakia,
Greece and Hungary to the refugee’s vs the more changes to the
previously welcoming tone of countries like Sweden, Denmark and
Germany.
•
Are these responses driven by nationalism & population issues (see
Fig. 2.21; page 47 of your textbook) or proximity of countries to
the refugees country of origin (remember Tobler’s law)? Briefly
explain.
3. Also, how will Britain’s departure affect the concept
of "Schengen Area" or borderless Europe?
4. Finally, recall to the 2018 “zero-tolerance family separation, and
executive order” from the US president over what is described as
“migrant crisis on the United States southern border”.
•
Are there any differences in the background/origin of the migrant
(or asylum seekers) and responses by European Union vs USA?
Why/why not?
(2b)
Knowledge Quest II
1. List 3 words that describe Europe
2. Choose an issue/topic about Europe that you think should be of
interest to the class. Locate a website that describes your topic of
interest, such as economic issues, social issues, cultural issues, and
environmental issues.
3. Summarize the issue (min. of 250 words) as follows:
a. Describe the Nature of the issue
b. Your reflections/thoughts on how the topic relates to the
Point/Counterpoint
on pages 88-89 (Chapter 3; Textbook, Hardcopy)
c. Website address
4. Identify and submit a YouTube video that focuses on the issue(s) you
described
in questions 2 & 3. What are the highlights of the video?
(3a)
If you paid attention to the US media last Fall 2019 and through
early part of 2020, it may seem as if all the talk is about the Current US
president and Russia, be it 2016 Election Interference, Ukraine "Whistle
blower" saga, or Facebook/Twitter warnings about Russian meddling in
the 2020 election (Sept 1). But do you know the root cause or the link
between ongoing US-Ukraine-Russian crisis?
Since Russia's actions in 2014 leading to the annexation of the Crimea
region of Ukraine, there have been sanctions on Russia for its ongoing
actions in Eastern Ukraine and these have featured prominently in
Geopolitical events in Europe including the 2017 French
Elections and recent meddling in Germany.
Still many NATO, European and former CIS countries have been
concerned about denials of Russia’s continued involvement in Eastern
Ukraine. For example, Canada's mission at NATO tweeted a Map
aimed at a humorous way to say we know "Russian Soldiers are in
Ukraine". Russian response was a map that shows Crimea as part of
Russia. See maps below:
1. Canada is usually not known to be confrontational in international
diplomacy.
Question: What do you think prompted Canada’s mission at NATO to
twit Geography related message ('Geography Can Be Tough': Canada
Trolls Russia For Ukraine Action to Russia?
2. Review the following article:
Putin's Plan To Restore Russia: The Disruptive Power Of Moscow
Question: Do you agree that Russia’s international reputation is
enhanced as a “disruptive power in the 21st century”? Why or why not?
(3b)
1. List 3 words that describe Russia and the Commonwealth of
Independent
States (CIS)
2. Choose an issue/topic about Russia and the CIS that you think should
be of interest to the class. Locate a website that describes your topic of
interest, such as economic issues, social issues, cultural issues, and
environmental issues.
3. Summarize the issue (min. of one paragraph) as follows:
a. Describe the Nature of the issue
b. Your reflections/thoughts on how the topic relates to the
Point/Counterpoint (Russia: Still a World Power) on pages 156-157
(Chapter 4; Textbook, Hardcopy)
c. Website address
4. Identify and submit a YouTube video that focuses on the issue(s) you
described in questions 2 & 3. What are the highlights of the video?
(3c)
1. What do you usually think of Russians?
2. With all the fuss in the news about Russian and 2016/2020 elections
problems, it is may be refreshing to see another side of Russians (…. or
really?). Now let’s check out:
Russian Police Choir Covers Daft Punk’s Get Lucky
3. Question:
i. Does the Russian Police rendition of "Get Lucky" change your view of
Russians or do you think it was just a show off?
ii. Do you see any general difference in how each Police member
enjoyed “or disliked” the performance?
1
obalization and World Regions
_=ar n ing Objectives
--:; :he chapter, you should be able to:
e-::: nbe the study of world regional geography, and its
::,:: i an ce in a changing world.
= :: =.In how geographers study places on the Earth's
"':z:~e,
=,~ . a),
using terms such as place, location (absolute and
direction, distance, and scale.
~ars i and
the concept of region, and describe how
_=:n s change over time.
~.
-e gl obalization in the context of flows, and explain
glob alization might be measured.
e localization and list factors that enhance local
18S.
• Identify the 10 major world regions and locate these
on a world map. Compare and contrast the geographic
characteristics which define these regions.
• Trace the history of world region creation and expansion ,
from prehistory to the establishment of classical
civilizations.
• Link industrialization and colonization to international
competition and modern globalization. Describe how these
concepts help to define the 10 world regions.
4
Chapter 1 Globalization and World Regions
ID PLANET EARTH: A WORLD OF
VARIETY, CHANGE, AND CONNECTIVITY
World regional geography examines how places on the
Ea rth 's surface differ from each other (Figure I.l), how
people live in different parts of the world , and how they
connect with one another. Equally important is world
regional geography 's contribution to understanding the
relationship between the Earth's human inhabitants and its
diverse ecosystems and natural environments (Figure 1.2).
The media, telecommunications, the Internet, and the
global travel industry enable increasing connections among
peoples and places. We receive instant news of current events
as tbey unfold across Earth 's surface. Millions gathered
around the world in June 20 I 0 to watch and cheer the men 's
World Cup finals, and people in the United States were
glued to their televisions that same summer as oil spread
across the northeastern Gulf of Mexico and washed ashore
at popular beach resorts. Rapidly increasing access to the
Internet exposes people from different parts of the world to
one another's ideas and actions. Each year, greater numbers
of business and tourist travelers make global connections by
reaching more parts of the world (Figure 1.3). As travelers
increasingly interact with Earth's varied human and natural
environments, the positive benefits from the exchange such
as cross-cultural appreciation or the introduction of new
technologies may be offset at times by the resulting changes
to the host culture's traditions or through degradation of the
travel destination's natural environment.
The modern world is constantly changing. The same
events that may end oppression or cure a deadly disease can
create a newly disenfranchised popul ation or degrade the
environment. Global connections may enhance our aware
ness of the fine balance between the potential for success
and the production of tragedy. The contemporary study of
world regional geography helps us make sense of our world.
another, and having impacts on their urban em If
Disciplines such as history , sociology, econo mi '_ :-'
and environmental science increasingly vie\\' u .. ~r.
among places as a crucial feature of under) \,1fl0 '1 ;
human condition. They find utility in the rese:lr ;., __
out by geographers.
Geography is a unique discipline encom p ,,... :;
the physical and social sciences. Physical geograp h~ -_
natural environmental processes across Earth's . - _ !
result in the distribution of climate varieties. plant_
soil types, mountain formation , and river ael i.. n . .lID
other pa Iterns. [n addition, physical geograph ~ lr.~ ~:'_
examines the impacts of human actions on Ean:- ', ru"
environments. Human geography is the study o · t ~ ~
(a)
ID GEOGRAPHY IN rODAY'S WORLD
What Is Geography?
Geographic Subject Matter
Geography is a discipline that studies spatial patterns in
the human and physical world. Geographers examine
where and how the human and natural features of Earth's
surface are distributed, how they relate to each other, and
how they change over time . The distribution of languages
or types of vegetation cover are among the nearly infinite
array of phenomena studied by geographers. Many jobs
require a geographic understanding. For example, urban
planners need to be aware tllat cities contain people with
varied preferences, traditions, fears, and desires; these
city dwellers are constantly mobile, interacting with one
(b)
FIGURE 1.2 Poverty and Hazards. (a) Slum area in New Oelhl II
(b) Hurricane Katrina hits New Orleans. Flooding on Canal Street on ~~;_
2005, the day after the hurricane struck and water broke through :: ~-~
levees. Water levels rose to 4 meters (13 feet) in places. The Dod;-; 3 • :
as destruction by winds and waves, caused the evacuation of e (r, :.- _- :
of the waters, and at least 1,800 deaths. Photos: (a) © Pa. mder Se
Graythen/Getty Images
1.2 Geography in Today's World
5
(b)
s of Tourist Interest. (a) Historical significance. Visitors crowd the balconies and ramparts of the Pena Palace, west of Lisbon, Portugal. (b) Exciting
on the steps leading up into Antoni Gaudi's famous park GOell in Barcelona, Spain. Photos: © Joseph P Dymond
-;:~-? r
!,Ie and their activities (economies, cu ltures,
J rba n changes). World regional geography is
~ :tlla lysi s of the relation ship between human
;,h.:'ll omena.
_,- ..\ ha l it would be like if you grew up in a
.: :r ~ . How might that affect the language you
• ' _m tl y' s religious preference, the food you eat,
. u ii ~ lc n to , or the sc hool s you attend? How
~Jl h c r and other environmental conditions
,\ 1',..I! might be different abo ut you? Might your
vIews of world issues and possible solutions differ from
what they are now') What might be th e same (Figure 1A)')
These are the sorts of questions geographers as k about
people and the places where they live. Geographic lit
eracy is incre asingly becom ing essential because people are
connected and are interacting at unprecedented and still
increasing levels .
In this text we use varied data sources . The data tables
are based on collections published and updated annual ly by
the Population Reference BureaU, World Bank, and t Jnited
Nations. The sections on the natural en vironment report
scientific studies of such phenomena as weather. surface
landforms, and soils. The statements made about popu
lation, eco nomic events. politics, and cultural traditions
derive from current researc h and media coverage and from
indi vidual stories of people living in specific countries.
Location, Direction, and Representation
Geographers study places on Earth's surface as the environ
ments or spaces where people live and through which th ey
make life meaningful. Geography thus provides a place and
space-related spatial view of the human experience.
When we vis it a place, it might be an individual build
ing (convenience store), small town (Freeport. Maine).
large city (New York) , rural area (western Iowa) , another
FIGURE 1.4 Outdoor Concert in Istanbul, Turkey. Young reSidents of met
ropolitan Istanbul enjoy an outdoor concert on a warm August evening. This
concert experience was very similar to attending an outdoor concert in the
United States. Photo: © Joseph P Dymond.
=cc:
~~~
______________ ______________________________________________________....____......__....________.J
~
6
Chapter 1 Globalization and World Regions
state, or another country. Places may be perceived as points
on a map or as large areas. Places are often id entified by
their position, or location, on the globe. Places have differ
ent relationships to each other in term s of location, direc
tion, di stance, and scale of size. Geographers draw maps to
represe nt the features of places on Earth's surface.
Latitude and Longitude
Absolute location is the precise position of places on Earth 's
surface . The accepted mean s of determining absolute loca
tion is by specifying latitude and longitud e.
Latitude and longitude form the framework of an
interna tionally accepted, coordinate-based refe ren ce system
that can pinpoint abso lute location (Figure 1.5). Latitude
describes how far north or sou th of the eq uat or place is,
measured in degrees. The North Pole is at 90 0 N and the
South Pole at 90 0 S. Although the equator is an imaginary
line, its position indicates a direct phys ical relationship
between Earth and the sun as the line along which the
most direct radi at ion from th e sun reaches Earth . The
equator encircles the globe midway between the North and
South Poles and is the 0° (zero degree) line of latitude. The
almost spherical Earth 's circumference is around 40,000 km
(25,000 mi .) at the equator. A circle that joins places of the
same latitude a t Earth 's surface is called a parallel of lati
tude. The ground distance from one deg ree of latitud e to th e
next is approximately 110 km (69 mi.) on Earth 's surface.
For a long time, latitude wa s found by mea suring the angle
of the sun above the horizon at noon.
Longitude measures position eas t or west of an
imaginary line drawn fr om th e North Pole to the South
Pole- a half circle-that passes through the former
Royal Observatory at Greenwich, London, United
Kingdom. Lines joining places of the same longitude
are called meridians of longitude. The position of
the prime meridian passing through Greenwich
(0°) was chosen by an international conference in
1884, when Lond on was the world 's most powerful
decision-making city. Methods of determining lon
gi tude , especially when charting the posi tion of a
ship, were more complex and took longer to evolve
than latitude meas urement s. Longitude lines are not
parallel like th eir latitude counterparts, and thus they
do not provide equal mea surements of ground dis
tance. Longitud e lines are farther apart at the equator
and closer together a t the poles.
In the late 1900s, radio beacons and satellites provided
stand a rd reference points by emitting rad io puls es th a t
could be timed and interpreted rapidly in computerized
na vigation systems to give accurate posi tion fi xes in global
positioning system devices. Air travel , ocea n transport. and
increasingly automobiles all rely on latitude and longitude
through global positioning systems (GPS). Engineers on
construction sites, real estate developers , and city planners
also depend on GPS technology.
,I
Direction and Distance
Latitud e and longitud e make the cardinal r "ic di ~
tions of north, so uth , east , and west useful in \ .' ~u '
Direction and distance help to define th e relati\ I c.I i.
of one place with reference to another. Ob [,\c' _ ~ ' _
as mountains or a la ck of tran sportation in ora ' - _ _ ....
which significantly impede our mobility and '. r:- _
tivity, create greater relative distance betll ""!".
Conversely, faster and well-linked transp ort ,I·.
co mmunication s systems bring places relatil ch cI e~
each other.
The absolute distance between places is u' L~I .
sured in kilometers or miles. The actual tinh.' i . .!
tra ve l or the travel costs required for a partic ulcH ' r;- _
often substituted for mea sured distance in ~ ' .= "_-
studies . Th e increasing cost and time needed It) !' .. ; ,
distance between places gives rise to the CO lle
friction of distance. There is lik ely to be les~ inL _. '
Axis of
rOlqlion
la ' _:E
\
• Greenwich '
....-;;... 30"W
60 0 W
~
3(1)
3
:~
n:
pj
EQUa.\OI
1:::J
Oc
60 0 W
/
\
300 E
\
39: W
9~30oS
J
/
/
FIGURE 1.5 Location: Latitude and Longitude. The coordinate ssk- 0
used for locating places on Earth's surface through the network of pa ra. ~ =:
latitude and meridians of longitude. The degrees of latitude and long! 'c; --';.
from angles focused at Earth's center. Source: From Human and Cultural :;e..:
Shelley and Clarke , © 1994 McGraw-HIli Company
1.3 Geography of Regions
\ ec n people across a distance where travel costs are
l ~r or journey time is longer. For example, the friction
Ij 'ta nce between New York and Chicago was reduced
. e 1800s, when time for the journey was cut from
to days , first by the Erie Canal and then by rail
j:>_ Today air travel between these places takes a couple
lO ur S. The increasing availability of rapid transporta
f3 cilities and the "global information highway" (the
'rn et ) bring people into easier contact with each other,
.mg them relatively- but not physically--closer.
7
world regional, and global. As connections among locations
increase, places at different scales relate more closely to each
other. Neighborhoods and metro areas connect to each other
and to worldwide networks.
Maps and Geographic Information Systems
Geographers use maps to present information about
location, distance, direction, and other characteristics of
places. Maps are human-created representations of areas
of Earth's surface. These scales imply a mathematical
relationship between actual distance on the ground and its
lie
representation on the map. Map scales vary with the size of
, dllTcrences among the places of the world are related
the area to be mapped and the purpose of the map. SmaJl
eh other by a size ratio or scale. Some examples of
scale maps usually show areas at fractions of 1:250,000
.11 scales are neighborhood, metropolitan area, country,
or smaller (such as III million or a ratio of 1:1 million).
They provide much less detail about
larger surface areas (Figure 1.6). The
world maps used in this text (see,
for example, Figure J .9) are small
scale maps in which the scale along
the eq ua tor is approximately I: 120
million. Large-scale maps usually
have map-to-ground ratios ranging
from I: I 0,000 to I :250,000. For the
same size of map, they cover smaller
areas of the Earth's surface, as in
town maps , and thus include more
details. Not everything can be drawn
to scale on maps (the features would
be too small to be seen), so roads ,
rivers , buildings, and other features
Omi
(b) 1 :100,000
are represented by symbols.
Ll
1
_E:'ge scale
rTTT1
Geographic information systems
0.6
OA
Okm
(GIS) combine maps and aerial and
satellite images with data relevant
to the area (Figure 1.7 , and see
Geography at Work: Mapmakers
and GIS Analysts, page 8). GIS has
been a huge area of development
since 1970, and most maps now are
derived from satellite images. GIS
systems aid geographers in spatial
analysis studies that examine links
among places.
,
III GEOGRAPHY
:250 ,000
O mi
L...J-L.....j
rTTTTl
Okm
2
(d) 1:1,000,000
Small scale
Om'
~
rrT'"'TII
okm
'0
20
'0
L-J
1
I
1
20
30
=tE 1.6 The Effect of Map Scale on Area and Detail. Central Boston and the greater Boston area. Small
""-.aps show a larger portion of the Earth 's surface, which restricts the amount of detail possible on the maps.
-s.:ale maps show smaller or more localized portions of the Earth 's surface, which enables us to include
~;-;.llli on the maps. The scale differences for the four maps are indicated by a scale ratio and a graphic scale
. From Human Geography, 8th edition by Fellman , Getis and Getis. © 2005 McGraw-Hili Company.
OF REGIONS
A region is an area of Earth's surface
with physical and human character
istics that distinguish it from other
places. Regions vary in geographic
scaJe from major divisions of the
Chapter 1 Globalization and World Regions
8
Elio Spinello and Steve Lackow are
Californians who have been involved
with the distribution and management of
AtlasGIS, a software package that com
bines mapping with a geographic infor
mation systems approach, In the 1990s,
the huge GIS software company ESRI
took over AtlasGIS, but it has recently
placed marketing and distribution back
with Elio and Steve's company, RPM
Consulting,
As an example of their work, Elio
completed a project that was an epide
miological assessment of river blindness
(onchocerciasis) in Mozambique, He was
commissioned by Aircare International,
which wanted to know the most impor
tant areas for delivering medical care, The
disease does not kill, but it is chronic and
widespread and affects the lives of many
people, The African blackfly inhabits areas
with fast-flowing streams, and the female
carries the microscopic worm (micro
filariae) that causes the disease to spread
from an infected person to an uninfected
one, Fibrous nodules are produced in the
infected persons with microfilariae that
attack skin pigmentation, causing skin
atrophy and eventually blindness , Surgery
is sometimes needed to remove the nod
ules, but new medicines make it possible
to treat many more people and prevent
blindness without adverse side effects,
Elio's study began by mapping the
factors that encourage a concentration of
African blackflies: the density of popula
tion, the concentration of rivers, and the
presence of steep slopes that produce
faster river flow. He came p
::
composite index of these lac
gave greater weight to the po
and waterway density than
steepness (see map), This as ~"., ~
to govern men t contro ls d etermined in Beij in g.
The world's remotest regions , such a s Ir
Amazon Ri ve r basin of Brazil, a re affec ted b~ ~
demands such as the search for mineral reSO\lITe,. -.- _ ~
of se ttlers looking for land , and visi ts by ente rp n ::: .=' . _
ists . Changes in one region a ffect o ther regions: for '\_
wh en wor ld markets for peanuts and cotton co iL r ,
drought struck northern Nigeria , many people a~ IiI..:
their farms a nd moved in to urban areas in oth er r~ ,
country.
Some places affect s urroundin g regions b~ Ihelr r ~
funneling trade through narrow oce an-rou te (l1 w .•,,;
For exampl e, the materially wealthier c o untr i e~ d:" _-_
passage of their ships throu g h global choke poinh
as th e Strait of Gibraltar , the Sue z (Egy pt) ane P
Canals, th e Straits of Hormuz (entrance to I h~ P. -,
Gulf) , Dardanell es , and Bos poru s (entra nce 11."1 . -~ B J
Sea in Turkey) , and the Malacca Strait (near Sir s,!.. . -_ t
maintain access to their m arket s and ra w mater i.h ~ __ - __
Regions Are Used by Those in Power
C o untries such as the United States and th e "BR Ie' _
tries o f Braz il , Ru ss ia , Indi a, and China all e\e r! Pt." _.
influence on th e other countries within their \\'\.: r1J "',:- Russia, for examp le, co ntrol s much of the flow
several former Soviet bloc co untri es throu gh its ' ~. _ . - ...
oi l and gas company, Gazprom. If Russia is un ha r.
the politics of o ne of its neighbors, G azp rom m el \ r _l . ~
price of cr ude oil, or limit the supply to that c ou nt~. · _
dramatically affec tin g its energy sup pJ y.
III REGIONS AND GLOBALIZATION
Th e growth of global connectivity throu gh techrh.. .
changes in communications a nd transporta ti on ' :":-- "
the anal ysi s of regi ona l geography in the conte.\1 oJ' ,; ~
tren d s a nd " spaces of f1ows. " Two geographic Ire? L ' _
us unde rs tand w hat makes regions uniqu e a s ...
of the increasing flows a m ong them: globaliz rld
of variety, connectivity, and change, where geo
---,a.. _ Jerstanding is increaSingly vita\. Geogra phers study
,:,a,e' ns in the human and physical world and attempt to
-,.;: sIgnificance of such patterns, comparing places and
9 them. Geographers use a variety of approaches
~ ~ ::nd how and why people live in th e places they do.
: olaces is defined by latitude and longitude (absolute
02"' :: oy direction and distance (relative location).
- -- : ;-3 geography studies the diversity of geographic phe
~~ .j r1uman activities. People create regions, which then
es of their inhabitants; people re -crea te reg ions in
• :range: regions interact wi th each other and are used
on s to Think About
:-. s regional geography so relevan t to understanding our
o .j today?
..a' reatures make regional geography a study of dynamic
~"""an situations?
,;at human and physical characteristics help us to define
: " d regions? What might we consider in differentiating
=- '.een one world reg ion and another?
j
1 .1 D How do we use direction, distance, and location to help us
better understand the great variety of physical and human
environmental conditions present on Earth's surface?
Key Terms
geography
physical geography
human geography
spatial view
place
location
absolute location
latitude
parallel of latitude
longitude
meridian of longitude
direction
relative location
relative distance
absolute distance
friction of distan ce
scale
map
geographic information system
(GIS)
spatial analysis
region
regional geography
node
global choke pOint
~~________~__________~~~~1
12
Chapter 1 Globalization and World Regions
began to change in the 1990s as economic act i\ ili , ~
from the coun try (place) basis to rea lms of wid r in , .r...t
(flows). For example, multinational corporatioJl' 1'--_ ; r
locate their producti on facilities in impoveris hL'J ~ ;
with very low-cost labor and lim ited regulation. Su ,,/ 11
to inequ ality work again st any trends toward " Ol ' .'" ~
Features of loca liza ti on include:
• FloH'S ofgoods and services. Trade in raw materials, food
products, manufactured goods, and services increased rap
idly in the late 1900s and co ntinue to advance in the early
2000s. Space- time com pression in transportation and
communica tions enhanced the central control of economic
acti vities in both go od s and services. Supermarket foods,
clothing, electronic products, an d vehicles come from an
increasing number of countries, often marketed by multi
national co rporations of U.S., Asian , or European origin.
• Political IUltiollalism th a t seeks to preserve the ur. I
ness of countries, groups of count ries, and smuller r ::- .
with in countries. Within the countries of the El,[
Union , national identities slow political integr;! f
cuss ion , and we will assess the outcomes in Ch apt er I:
3
Facets of Localization
In many parts of the world, local voices and identities have
become more confident and significant in reacting to global
iza tion forces in the last 30 years . Many fa cets of localiza
tion , including polarization between globalized activities and
rural marginalization and exclu sion, maintain an d enhan ce
differences among places. Even within materially wealthy
countries, significan t contrasts remain between richer and
poorer people, males and females , and ethnic and racial
co mmunities. Democracy, welfare programs, and decolon i
zation , togethe r with pressure from workers and consumers
fo r much of the 1900s, made the world more equal, but thi s
t
_.
-
-
-
- , I J - - ....--:.,.......
--_---:.....-_-,...
~.:--/
~asuring
1.5 Major World Regions
Globalization
!lo balization inde x provides
meJsure of the degree to
J n J . Singapore, and Jordan . Hong Kong, which
__,.!i .lll tonomous region of the People' s Republic
- ' . I ~ .lIso ranked in the top 20. The United States '
~ J i ~ ed by its dominance of technology, but was
_'. b: a low level of trade proportiona l to overall
'~ ' .~ remittances from abroad, and poor imple
~'.A'n ;)f Il1ternational treaties. The top ra nkings of
~~ a nd Hong Kong highlight the absence of any
----..; fro m Africa, East and South Asia , or Latin
'1 Ihe top 20. The top 20 countries have majo r
'~,:",nr in the economic, persona l contact, and tech-.\.-iCa to rs as well as the political indi cator, while
• -:I nking 10 countries have little outside of politi
~ m c nt This study also indicated strong links
globa lization rank, longer life expectanc ies. and
~" ro r women.
_ i~ !
mMAJOR WORLD REGIONS
In this text, the world is divided into 10 major world regions
(Figure 19) that are the su bjects of Chapters 3 through 12.
Each world region contains a group of countries linked by
cultural , political, eco nomic, and natural criteria. Global
a nd local linkages help to define the major regions.
Our world regional journey begins in Europe, then moves
east through Russia and Neighboring Countries into East Asia
and Sou/iJeas/ Asia. Returning westward , South Asia lead s to
Nor/hem Africa and Sou/hH'eslern Asia, limited southward by
the Sahara Desert. Aji-ica Soulh of /he Sahara is the next des
tination before a hop across the Indian Ocean to Auslralia,
Oceania, and An/arClica. Next is the broad region of Latin
America, which includes Central America , South America,
and the Caribbean islands. We finish in Nor/h America, tak
ing on board the many influences brought to it from a round
the world and the many ways in which the United States and
Canada impact other world regions.
Europe
Europe (Chapter 3) is the source of many Western political,
cultural, and economic trends. The region is defined as those
countries that are members of the European Union or are
likely to be in the next few years. It is marked by maritime
influenced midlatitude environments and advanced
J
~~::~----------------------------------------------------------------------............................~
14
Chapter 1 Globalization and World Regions
.r.
'-
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EUFfQPE;.,. '--",
\
I
....
r
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ATL AN TIC
OCEAN
120
-'
t--J.( _,
.
90
"
OCEANIA , AND
ANTARCTICA
.
FIGURE 1.9 Major World Regions Based Mainly on Cultural Characteristics. These reg ions form the subjects of Chapters 3 through 12. World
are divided on this basis so that comparisons may be made.
industrial economies. Its cultures contin ue to be affected
by the past dominance of Roman Catholic, Protestant, or
Orthodox Christian groups, but they are increasingly influ
enced by secu lar beliefs and the religious cultures of immi
grants. Europe is marked by the variety of languages spoken,
while increased immigration in recent decades makes it home
to a grow in g number of people from di verse world regions.
Russia and Neighboring Countries
Russia and N cighhoring Coun/rics (Chapter 4) includes all
the countries that emerged from the breakup of the former
Soviet Union except for the three small Baltic countries of
Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania (now part of Europe, Chapter
3). The region extends from eas ternmost Europe across
northern Asia, a huge area that was brought toget her by the
expansion of the Russian Empire over the last 400 years.
This empire ex tend ed European cultures into central and
northern Asia, incorporating a wide range of people, cul
t ures, and lan guages. Through much of the 1900s, the cen
tralizing Communist govern ment of the former Soviet Union
subdued the long-term clashes between those of Orthodox
Christian and Muslim faiths and be tween the Russian and
other peoples. These conflicts re-emerged after the Soviet
Union's breakup as part of the difficult transition from com
munist to free-market econom ies. The region is marked by
former Soviet Republics trying to find their po litica l bearings
as sovereign states in a region dominated by the growing
wealth and global influence of Ru ssia.
mc ~ ~
-
East Asia
Eas / Asia (Chapter 5) includes Ja pan. lh
Mon go lia, and a resurgent China. The C \llt u;~. _
of the Chinese kingdoms was less affected b\ E:..~ ~ __
colonization than were th e le gacies of 0th ' r =1
empires . China, Japan, and South Korea are .1" .:' =
world' s most su ccessfu l cou ntries in reC' nt
gro wth , chall enging th e dominance of the -ni ' ct ~ ' ..
and Europe. In economic terms, China nOI\' ha ~ : , _
ond high est tota l output by value in the 1\'o rIJ _:;-:: f 1
United States , and Japan is third. Rapidily illll u
-~ern
Africa and Southwestern Asia
and SOu/h l\ies /ern Asia (Chapter 8) is
its position at the junction of Europe,
nJ .~sia. It includes the birthplaces of three of the
JJ o r religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
- -,. m ~ of the population practices Islam and many
- ! bic- a lthough the two Muslim countries with the
- oJ:' ula tions in this region, Iran and Turkey , have
r
hln guages and ethnicities. The presence of Jewish
1h" predominantly Muslim region raises cultural ,
~~. _ a nd political tensions that result in almost con
a~ "h, ~ t ili ties. The existence of the world 's largest oil
~ ~, .>nd the acute water shortages in the largely arid
cn \ ironment of much of this region pose internal
_ill ' 0f uneven resource availability.
: a South of the Sahara
- II tlI of the Sahara (Chapter 9) was the cradle of the
- -",ce . and its current population includes many eth
:="_ ~j:' ~ .
The region contains great mineral riches but has
economic potential. Colonial settlement
a ns occurred much later and on a smaller scale
- ~h e Americas or India. The Europeans introduced
. -da l farming and mining. Decoloni zation began in
~ " but it was often followed by poorly run dictator
.:0 ' '. ern me nts. The people of this region are among the
~' .. "TIt'st materially deprived today.
-L-. "'io p~d
_[{alia, Oceania, and Antarctica
- . ;i- ~ n
Alls/mlia, Oceonio , and An/arc/iea (Chapter 10)
'" \ a orted by the UNCLOS continental shelf
..-,:; UN rules should stand.
- -"':'''' j
not sign on to UNCLOS.
The waters of the Arctic are a global commons and should not be
controlled by any individual country .
The Uniled Stales needs to sign on to UNCLOS in order to assert
its Claims to strategic waters and resources north of Alaska,
21
The ports and markets of Europe, Russia, and North America are
much closer to one another across the Arctic Sea than they are
across the Atlantic or Pac ific Oceans. In addition, transport across
the Arctic Sea eliminates reliance on the financially costly Panama
and Suez Canals. Transnational corporations pay $50,000 to
$100,000, on average, per transit to the Panama Canal Authority to
use the canal. Ships carrying consumer goods may have to wait in
line to pass through the canals, and currently many ships are too
large to pass through the Panama Canal and must invest in a longer
sea route, or unload goods and transport them via truck or train
across continental lands
Initially the most significant ice loss is alon g
E .... _~=
countries bordering the Arctic Ocean. Canada alld
the largest Arctic coastlines and thus would gair
economic control of the waters used for trans port -- - :::
region. Billions of dollars in oil and natural gas and otre' ':;~ coupled with shortened transportation and miittar".
position the Arctic region as a very high priority
agendas of the countries bordering the Arct ic a c: _- _
countries that assert common rights for such resources a: ~" __,=,
As the ice c ontinues to melt, the dialogue, debate. arc ~ •
conflict may heat up.
--
{,
:"'.
j''''-''~!
~-
.' _J
Median minimum extent of ice cove r
1982
(a) Rapidly Diminishing Arctic Ice. The maps show changes in the Arctic
ice cover over time. The red line indicates the median minimum extent of the
ice cover for the period of 1979-2000. This figure compares the Arctic sea
ice extent in September for the years 1982 (the record maximum since 1979),
2005, and 2007 (the record minimum). The retreat was so pronounced at the
end of the summers of 2005 and 2007 that the Northern Sea Route across the
top of Eurasia was completely ice-free. Source: Data from Sea Ice Index, National Snow
and Ice Data Center, ftp:/lsidads.coloradoedu/DATASETSINOAAlG02135.
(b) Arctic Ice Melt Opens Sea Routes. Increased summer melting of Arctic
ice, brought on by anthropogenic climate change, make strategic sea routes,
such as the Northwest Passage and the Northern Sea Route, much more
accessible for military and commercial traffic. Source: Redrawn from Hugo Ahlenius,
UNEP/GRID-Arendal, hftp:llmaps.grida.no/go/graphic/artic-sea-routes-northern-sea-route-aod
-northwest-passage.
22
2007
_
."a
r2
epts in World Regional Geography
9 Objectives
- 2:: ";:"
lOU
should be able to .
;; : -oad physical geographic concepts of
=- =-- 0 w ater interactions, lithosphere movement
---:;:f"f;;;-
=-: :sJstems and biomes, and natural hazards
- -"-: ;;s Ex plain how these phenomena contribute to
• Define nationalism, and explain how the concept of the
nation-state contributes to the modern world map. List
different types of governance and describe the scale at
which these operate,
.:. - :: -egion s.
•
-- - m pacts on natural environments, both
:=... ;,aography and explain how culture defines
-..----, '~" :!" examples of divisions based on language,
.:. rv. class, and gender.
.:::ZS:::::-,_ : : 3ulation change in terms of birth and death
- --a:es, the demographic transition, and
=:::::::;o~., e. : ':
--. =r=r::",
: ·4 ation pyramid, consumer goods chart,
=s:rib ution chart, Explain how each of these
-.........o..=- .- --':;;-ences among and within world regions.
Explain how economic development is measured, and
connect wealth , economic development, and type of
economic system to differences among and within world
regions.
• Discuss what is meant by the global economy, and identify
important elements that make up the global economy.
• Explain what is meant by human development and
recognize the difference between the HOI and the GOP.
Describe modern theories of development.
• Trace the evolution of the concept of human rights , and
explain how recognition of th ese rights can vary from region
to region,
23
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