STYLE CORNER READING ANDEXERCISE Expository Writing CITING SOURCES Read the following discussion of citing sources and complete the exercises. Using Citations in Multiple Styles There are many different style guides writers use when incorporating research into their own work. This reading will acquaint you with some of the major ways to format a research paper and explain some of their key differences. APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. This module offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page. For more information, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, (6th ed., 2nd printing). APA style is most easily recognized by its abbreviation of the author’s first name. For example, in APA, you would write Bennington, S.T. as opposed to Bennington, Spencer Todd. MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to cite sources within the language arts, cultural studies, and other humanities disciplines. Most researchers in the English department publish using this format, but this class will have you practice APA since it’s more common for non-English majors. Depending on your major, you may encounter other citation styles like Chicago/Turabian (history), IEEE (engineering), AMA (medical), or ASA (sociology), but APA and MLA are the most common. So what’s the difference between APA and MLA? The easiest way to answer that is to simply look at the way each organization cites the same book. Let’s use Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse Five as an example. APA Citation Vonnegut, K. (1991). Slaughterhouse-Five: Or The children’s crusade. New York, NY: Laurel. MLA Citation Vonnegut, Kurt. Slaughterhouse-five: Or the Children’s Crusade. New York, NY: Laurel, 1991. Print. 1 What do you notice as the major differences? As previously mentioned, APA abbreviates the author’s first name whereas MLA does not. You might also notice that the year oft he publication (1991) comes second in APA whereas it’s almost at the end of the MLA citation. The last big difference is what words are supposed to be capitalized. APA usually only capitalizes titles, proper nouns (like New York) and the first word after a period or colon. MLA capitalizes almost every major noun as well as words following periods and colons. Each of these organizations has very clear reasons for making these choices. For example, scholars citing sources in APA are frequently more interested in the year of publication (because social scientists need the most recent data) than they are the full name of the author. Scholars using MLA are frequently more concerned with the author themself and are more likely to cite older sources or original works of art (novels, poetry, plays, etc). The examples above are the kinds of citations you would find on a References (APA) page or a Works Cited (MLA) page. But we can see some clear differences in the ways you would use these citation styles in-text as well. MLA In-Text Citation In administrative practice, assignments often are viewed as an endpoint in program design--the last link in a programmatic chain that ends with the activities of students in classrooms, and serves as a means to the end of assessing whether these students are achieving programmatic outcomes (Zarlengo, 8) Again, the year is emphasized in APA because of the disciplinary need to locate recent scholarship. Being able to distinguish between different citation styles can help you in your own research as it will clue you into the value systems present in the work of scholars whose work you might encounter. Before moving on to the exercises, take a look at these quick tips for doing APA correctly: • Authors’ names are inverted (last name first); give the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work for up to and including seven authors. • For in-text citations, you must include author’s last name, year of publication, and page number. If any of this information is included in your sentence, you can omit it from the citation (see examples in exercise 2). • For your references page, all lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented onehalf inch from the left margin. • Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work. • Capitalize all major words in journal titles. When referring to the titles of books, chapters, articles, or webpages, capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. 2 EXERCISE 1: APA OR SOMETHING ELSE? Look at the following citations and decide if they are in APA style or some other style. If it’s not written in APA, please write why. If you are unsure, consult the APA style guide online. 1. Greenfield, A. (2018). Radical technologies: The design of everyday life. London: Verso. APA Not APA; Why? Type your answer in the box below. 2. Hanks, Tom, Robin Wright, Gary Sinise, Robert Zemeckis, Eric Carter, and Winston Groom. Forrest Gump. , 2019. APA Not APA; Why? Type your answer in the box below. 3. Phung, Janice N., and Wendy A. Goldberg. “Promoting Executive Functioning in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder through Mixed Martial Arts Training.” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, vol. 49, no. 9, Sept. 2019, pp. 3669–3684. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04072-3. APA Not APA; Why? Type your answer in the box below. 4. Phung, J. N., & Goldberg, W. A. (2019). Promoting executive functioning in children with autism spectrum disorder through mixed martial arts training. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(9), 3669–3684. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04072-3 APA Not APA; Why? Type your answer in the box below. 5. Wikipedia contributors, “Halloween,” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https:// en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halloween&oldid=921563092 (accessed October 16, 2019). APA Not APA; Why? Type your answer in the box below. 3 EXERCISE 2: PRACTICING WITH IN-TEXT CITATIONS Add the necessary in-text citation to the end of each sentence. Remember, if the author’s last name, year of publication, or page number have already been referenced, you don’t need to include it. For example: Zarlengo contends that assignments are not simply an endpoint in her 2019 dissertation (p. 8) OR Zarlengo contends that assignments are not simply an endpoint (2019, p. 8) OR It’s worth considering that assignments might not simply be an endpoint (Zarlengo, 2019, p. 8) Add the correct in-text citation to the following sentences about Stephen King’s 2000 memoir On Writing. Feel free to guess at page numbers if need be. Page 91 describes the need for writer’s to employ strong nouns and verbs by famously stating “the road to hell is paved with adverbs” ( ) King tells a terrifying story of his own encounter with a hit-and-run driver in the dangerous northeast US ( ) It’s important to remember that success comes from hard work and dedication to your craft ( ) 4 EXERCISE 3: PRACTICING WRITING APA CITATIONS Locate the following sources in the USF Library database or on Google and create a mini reference page. For help, consult the APA style guide. Remember to organize these alphabetically. Martial Arts and Philosophy: Beating and Nothingness, by Graham Priest 2010 “Public Pedagogy in Composition Studies: Studies in Writing and Rhetoric” by Erin Cromer Twal 2019 “Deep-sea expedition crew visits ‘octopus garden’” USA today video, 2019 MINI-REFERENCE PAGE 5 
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