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Test 2 Short Answer Test Options
1. Compare the synthesis, storage, transport, and location of receptors and cellular
mechanism of action catecholamine, thyroid, peptide, and steroid hormones.
I.

Catecholamine hormone- Adrenal glands

II.

Thyroid hormone- Thyroid glands

III.

Peptide hormone- Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi

IV.

Steroid hormone- Steroid glands

2. Discuss the six anterior pituitary hormones, their primary targets, and the hormone which
control their release.
I.

Growth Hormone (GH)

II.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

III.

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)

IV.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

V.

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

VI.

Prolactin Hormone (PRL)

3. Compare the long-loop negative feedback for the anterior pituitary hormones to the
negative feedback loops for insulin and parathyroid hormone.
I.

Long-loop negative feedback for the anterior pituitary hormones
-

Growth Hormone (GH)

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II.

-

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

-

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)

-

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

-

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

-

Prolactin Hormone (PRL)

Negative feedback loops for insulin and parathyroid hormone
-

Insulin hormone- Blood sugar regulation

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Parathyroid hormone- Calcium level regulation

4. Explain the three most common types of endocrine pathologies.
I.

Diabetes

II.

Cushing disease

III.

Hyperthyroidism

5. Discuss how the concept of cell-to-cell communication as it applies to the endocrine
system.
-

Cell versus neighboring cell.

-

Helps in homeostasis, metabolism, and development.

6. Discuss how the concept of cell-to-cell communication as it applies to the nervous
system.
-

Communication through nerve impulses.

-

Conveyance of information electrically.

7. Discuss the role of the Na+ K+ pump in maintaining the membrane potential of a cell.
I.

Transmission of electric impulses.

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II.

Kidneys utilize the pump to maintain a stable concentration of sodium and
potassium ions.

III.

Blood pressure regulation.

IV.

Regulation of cardiac contractions.

8. Explain how Ohm’s law relates to our Core Concept of flow-down gradients.
I.

Ohm’s Law: Current flows as a result of a potential difference.

II.

Flow-down gradient: Impulses travel or flow when there is a potential difference.

9. Compare graded and action potentials.
I.

II.

Graded Potentials
-

They can be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing.

-

They are associated with refractory periods.

-

Transmitted through passive spread.

Action Potentials
-

They are created by depolarizing impulses.

-

They are not associated with refractory periods.

-

Transmitted through recreation of new potentials.

10. Discuss the role that Na+ and K+ channels in generating an action potential.
I.

II.

Na+ Channels
-

Their opening cause membrane potential to be more positive.

-

If a threshold is attained, an action potential is generated.

K+ Channels
-

They open due to high positive charge inside neurons.

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-

As the K+ flow out of the cell, the membrane potential drops (resting
potential).

11. Explain how antagonistic control is a hallmark of the autonomic nervous system.
I.

It mediates the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

II.

It sustains living and survival.

12. Compare nicotinic cholinergic, muscarinic cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors.
I.

II.

Nicotinic and Muscarinic Receptors
-

They bind to the acetylecholine neurotransmitters.

-

The impact “digestion and rest” responses.

-

The play essential roles in the dopamine reward pathway.

Adrenergic Receptors
-

They bind to the catecholamine neurotransmitters.

-

They are crucial for the fight or flight responses.

-

They are involved in the stimulation of organs.

13. Compare the two main types of alpha receptors and the three main types of beta
receptors.
I.

Alpha Receptors
(a) Alpha-1 Receptors
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Locates in the vascular smooth muscle.

-

They regulate blood pressure by altering venous capacitance and anteriolar
resistance.

(b) Alpha-2 Receptors
-

They reduce insulin release.

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II.

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They decrease central vasodilation.

-

They improve the release of glucagon from the pancreas.

Beta Receptors
(a) Beta-1 Receptors
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Located in the heart.

-

They control heart rate.

(b) Beta-2 Receptors
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Located in arteries.

-

They regulate the diameter of the bronchioles.

-

They cause the blood vessels of skeletal muscles to dilate.

(c) Beta-3 Receptors
-

Improve thermogenesis in skeletal muscles.

14. Compare the anatomy and chemical communication of the somatic motor,
parasympathetic, and sympathetic divisions.
I.

Somatic Nervous System
-

II.

Regulates the contraction of skeletal muscles.

Autonomic Nervous System
-

Regulates smooth muscles, cardiac, and glandular tissue.

A. The sympathetic division
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Responsible for fight or flight responses.

B. The parasympathetic division
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Responsible for rest and digestion responses.


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1. Compare the synthesis, storage, transport, ...