Checklist to Complete Literature Search Paper #2- Vertebrate Paper Biological Sciences 102 – Animal Biology Student’s Last Name: Complete your paper entirely, then double check to be sure you have completed all paper requirements using this checklist: (only check a task if you have ACTUALLY finished it) All pages of paper are on white paper All wording in paper is printed in black ink only All wording on the References Cited page is printed in black ink only including website URL addresses Paper is stapled in the upper left corner One inch margins on all sides of every page Body of paper is double spaced. Title page and references should be singled spaced. References page should have double spaces between references Page numbers on each page except the title page Paper has an appropriate title on the title page Paper has a complete title page as per paper guideline requirements Paper has a minimum of 6 references used in body of paper References page lists all references (minimum of 6) used in paper Paper has sufficient citations in body of the paper for each reference listed. There should be a citation for every main idea/concept in paper. Typically there is a minimum of a least a citation at the end of each paragraph. Paper has a complete references cited page as per paper guidelines References on references page are listed alphabetically The full taxonomy of the species/species group is included in paper Every time a scientific name (Genus species) is written it is italicized All specific (and specific only) taxa names except species are capitalized Go to page 2 Checklist to Complete Literature Search Paper #2- Vertebrate Paper Biological Sciences 102 – Animal Biology – Fall 2009 Paper has a minimum of 2500 words excluding title and reference pages Any illustrations or diagrams are appropriately cited The paper is not submitted in any form of report/paper cover Verified that paper has been correctly submitted to Turnitin.com Do not submit this checklist with your paper Literature Review Paper Guidelines/Style Guide Paper Research Assignment - Biological Sciences 102 – Animal Biology 1 It’s time to be working on your Literature Review Paper. The process of writing your Literature Review paper will provide you with two things: 1. deeper biological insight into an INVERTEBRATE (no backbone animals) animal. 2. Experience finding, reading and evaluating sources of scientific information. You will discuss the function of the structure and the importance of the structure to the evolution of an invertebrate species (or higher taxa) of your choice. This information will be gathered by you from a variety of scientific sources. The progress of any science, including zoology and biology, is dependent on the ability of researchers to communicate their ideas and research results amongst themselves and to the public at large. All scientists do this by publishing their research data and their interpretation of the results of their experiments and observations in scientific journals. These journals conduct thorough peer reviews before publishing any article. Peer review is the evaluation of work by several people with similar competencies as the producers of the work (peers). It functions as a form of self-regulation by qualified members of a profession within the relevant field. As a scientist, if you want to know more about previous research that has been performed on a particular topic then you would do what is called a "literature search". That is, you would go to the library and the internet and look up journal articles from scientific publications and books which discuss work done by other individuals in your field on the topic of interest. This is an extremely important process in science as it prevents researchers from duplicating work unnecessarily, allows other scientists to replicate experiments in order to further validate or extend those findings (remember, science must be repeatable), and allows for the formulation of integrated and more generalized hypotheses and theories based on a body of established research findings. This assignment is designed to give you the opportunity to do your own literature review on a specific topic of your choice within guidelines outlined below. I RECOMMEND YOU COMPLETE THIS ASSIGNMENT EARLY. YOU WILL NOT PERFORM YOUR BEST WORK WAITING TO THE LAST MINUTE TO WORK ON THE PAPER – JUST DO IT! I WILL ACCEPT THIS PAPER ANYTIME BEFORE THE FINAL DUE DATE. GUIDELINES: 1. POINTS: This paper is worth 100 points toward the final course grade. 2. LATE PAPERS: DO NOT PLAN TO TURN YOUR PAPER IN LATE! IN ONLY SOME INSTANCES, LATE PAPERS ARE ACCEPTED BUT KNOW THAT YOU CANNOT EARN MORE THAN 85 POINTS MAXIMUM (ASSUMING IT WAS PERFECT) FOR A LATE RESEARCH PAPER – MOST LATE PAPERS WILL SCORE LESS. 3. LENGTH: A minimum of 2500 words NOT INCLUDING ANY OF THE FOLLOWING:  Title Page  References Page  Photos/Diagrams/Illustrations  Any Appendices 4. REFERENCES: A minimum of at least SIX DIFFERENT references (see reference specifics below). You may use more than six references and the expectation is that you will have more than six different sources. Literature Review Paper Guidelines/Style Guide Paper Research Assignment - Biological Sciences 102 – Animal Biology 5. 2 TOPIC: In detail, describe an INVERTEBRATE (no backbone animals) anatomical structure, organ or organ system in a single species or group of related species. You are allowed to compare the structure across various species in a larger group such as a genus, family or order. Your paper must discuss the function of the structure and the importance of the structure to the evolution of the species (or higher taxa). What is the significance of the structure/organ to the survival of the individual animal? Your paper must address the evolution of the structure as it is known or hypothesized to have evolved (if known). You may include any related information you see fit from the molecular to ecological levels including relationships such as symbiosis if it is relevant to the topic (this is not required, only if it is important to your particular paper topic). The paper may NOT be on a vertebrate animal. That is, you CANNOT write the paper about a structure in any fish, amphibian, reptile, bird or mammal. This is NOT simply a general summary review of an invertebrate animal, read the above carefully – it is focused on a key structure SOURCES /REFERENCES: Most books, journals or periodicals related to zoology or biology (or physics or chemistry) are acceptable. Feel free to ask me if you are unsure whether or not a reference would be acceptable as a resource for your paper. Most of your references should come from the last ten years, but some subjects will require referencing older resources. In fact, some of the best anatomical work was done in the early 1900s. Most of you will have MORE than the required six references. If you only have six references, then no more than two of your references can come from the World Wide Web (that is, straight from a RELIABLE internet source (such as the website for an academic or research lab) and usually on more basic parts of the paper). The other four need to be books or journal articles. These books and journal papers can be digital or hardcopy (eg. via the SBCC Library Databases). If you have more than six references then you still need the minimum of four books or journal articles, but you can have more internet sources, if needed. There is NO LIMIT on the total number of sources you use for the paper. Identifying, Finding & Reading Peer-reviewed Scientific Articles 1. What is a peer-reviewed article? In academic publishing, the goal of peer review is to assess the quality of articles submitted for publication in a scholarly journal. This process—called peer-review—helps ensure that published results are scientifically valid and grounded in evidence, not just reflecting someone’s political agenda or wishful thinking. Before an article is deemed appropriate to be published in a peer-reviewed journal, it must undergo the following process: • The author(s) of the article submit it to a journal editor who decides whether it is suitable for that journal and worthy of peer review. The editor forwards the article to usually 2-5 experts in the topic of the paper. Because the reviewers specialize in the same scholarly area as the author, they are considered the author’s peers (hence “peer review”). Literature Review Paper Guidelines/Style Guide Paper Research Assignment - Biological Sciences 102 – Animal Biology • • • 3 These impartial reviewers are charged with carefully evaluating the quality of the submitted manuscript. The peer reviewers check the manuscript for accuracy, assess the validity of the research methodology and ensure that the conclusions are reasonable based upon the results. If they find the article lacking in scholarly validity and rigor, they reject it. If accepted, there are usually revisions required until all reviewers agree that it is acceptable for publication. Because a peer-reviewed journal will not publish articles that fail to meet the standards established for a given discipline, peer-reviewed articles that are accepted for publication exemplify the best research practices in a field. 2. How do I know if it is a peer-reviewed article? Scientific journals publish a few types of pieces. The two most common are the research article and the review article. A research article (which can also appear in a shorter form called a “letter” or a “research note”) is peer-reviewed and presents a complete description of a new research finding, and typically follows a standard format (read more about this format on the next page). A review compiles the results of many different studies on a topic into an overview of that field. Some journals are dedicated exclusively to publishing review articles (examples include the Current Opinion series, the Nature Reviews series and the Trends series), but review articles can appear in almost any research journal. Review articles tend to be long and very detailed whereas research articles are usually short and specific. When you are determining whether the article you found is a peer-reviewed article, consider the following questions: • Is the journal in which you found the article published or sponsored by a professional scholarly society, professional association, or university academic department? Does it describe itself as a peer-reviewed publication? (To know that, check the journal's website). • Did you find a citation for it in one of the databases that includes scholarly publications? (e.g., EBSCOhost, Academic Search)? Read the database description to see if it includes scholarly publications. • Did you limit your search to scholarly or peer-reviewed publications? • Is the article based on either original research or authorities in the field (as opposed to opinion)? • Is the article written for readers with some prior knowledge of the subject? • A peer-reviewed article in natural & social science will be divided into labeled sections. There can be some variation in the order of these sections, but in general, you should see each of the following. If you don’t, it’s not a peer-reviewed article. a. Title b. Authors. Names & employers of all authors will always be listed c. Abstract (or Summary) An overview of the paper. Briefly describes the research done, how it was done, and most important results. Abstracts often accompany article titles in databases such as ProQuest and Web of Science. Read the abstract to determine whether the paper is relevant to your research. If you can’t understand the abstract, look for a different paper. d. Introduction Summarizes relevant background information, provides motivation for the study. Literature Review Paper Guidelines/Style Guide Paper Research Assignment - Biological Sciences 102 – Animal Biology 4 e. Materials and Methods Provides details on the experiments done in enough detail for readers to repeat the experiments. f. Results Provides authors’ data (graphs, tables) and results of statistical analyses. Describes what the data show objectively. g. Discussion Explains what the data mean. Indicates what the authors believe the data show, summarizes the important results, and relates these findings to others in the field and to the bigger picture. h. Bibliography Details about every article cited within the paper. A great source for other papers on the subject 3. How do I find a peer-reviewed paper? In class, we will go over how to search our school library databases for scientific articles. Periodicals are available in our library both electronically and in print- new ones are in the mezzanine and older ones are in the stacks (often bound in volumes). Many journals are now on-line only. Some excellent, on-line scientific journals which provide free on-line access to some or all articles include: Marine Ecology Progress Series, Journal of Marine Biology, Current Biology, Bioscience, Ca. Fish & Game Bulletin, Science, Nature, PLoSONE and PLoSBiology. If you have trouble finding or understanding an article, see your instructor or ask our fabulous librarians to help you. NEVER pay for an article – our school has limited subscriptions but can get articles if needed. If you find one that you cannot access, request a copy from the library. 4. Tips for reading a scientific paper: a. First, read the Title and Abstract. These should give you a good idea of what to expect from the paper. b. Skim the entire paper. Look at section headings and the figures. c. Carefully read the Introduction, Results, and Discussion sections. Skim or skip the Materials and Methods section. You can come back to parts of the Materials and Methods section later if you need clarification on certain points or have difficulty interpreting figures. Don’t let yourself get bogged down in the details found in the Materials and Methods section. d. Pay close attention to the paper’s figures and tables. These provide a compact and often very helpful visual summary of the data. 5. Questions to ask when evaluating a paper: 1. What are the questions addressed? 2. What are the main conclusions? 3. What evidence is given in the support of the conclusions? 4. Is this evidence sound? Do the data convincingly support the conclusions? 5. What is the major contribution of this paper? Literature Review Paper Guidelines/Style Guide Paper Research Assignment - Biological Sciences 102 – Animal Biology 5 Resources: Biology Research Tutorial. 2005. University of North Carolina University Libraries. 28 Aug. 2007. http://www.lib.unc.edu/instruct/biology/biolit/ Fosmire, Michael. “Quick Tutorial on Reading Scientific Papers.” 2005. http://www.lib.purdue.edu/phys/inst/scipaper.html Purdue University. Little, John W. and Parker, Roy. “How to Read a Scientific Paper.” Biochemistry MCB/568 web page. 2006. University of Arizona. 28 Aug. 2007. http://www.biochem.arizona.edu/classes/bioc568/papers.htm Lloyd Sealy Library http://guides.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/c.php?g=288333&p=1922599 PAPER FORMAT: COVID – VIRTUAL/ONLINE BIO 102: FOR THIS SEMESTER, YOU WILL NOT BE TURNING IN A HARD/PAPER COPY OF YOUR PAPER AND YOU WILL NOT EMAIL IT TO ME. YOU WILL ONLY NEED TO SUBMIT THE PROPERLY FORMATTED PAPER TO TURNITIN.COM AS PER OUR DISCUSSIONS IN CLASS. However, you should write and format your paper as below as if you were going to turn in a hard/paper copy of your final paper. Following is a general description of how the overall paper should be organized: 1. Your paper should NOT be submitted in any type of report cover. 2. The paper should be stapled (not paper clipped) in the upper left-hand corner. All pages MUST be on plain white standard bond paper (e.g., regular paper) with one inch margins on all sides. 3. 4. There MUST be page numbers somewhere on the bottom of the page. 5. The body of the paper MUST be double spaced. TITLE PAGE (cover page) including: (the precise format is up to you)  A creative title for your paper  Your name  Biological Science 102  The semester and year (This page does not count as part of the required 2500 words) 6. Start the body of the paper on the next page and this begins the 2500 word count. You may start the paper with an introduction, but it is not required. No abstract is required, but you are welcome to include one and it would count toward the 2500 words. 7. 8. The body of the paper must be at least 2500 words, but feel free to write more. Note that pictures or graphics may be included in the paper, but the text must total 2500 words. If you copy, scan or use any picture, graphic or figure from any source (including your own) it must be cited near the picture, graphic or figure. Literature Review Paper Guidelines/Style Guide Paper Research Assignment - Biological Sciences 102 – Animal Biology 9. 6 A conclusion is not required, but you may want to sum up the major ideas presented. 10. REFERENCES PAGE (last page of the document) including all of the following for each reference cited: (This page does not count as part of the required 2500 words) For each reference you must include:  the complete title of each article  the name of the author(s) of each article  the name of the journal/magazine, date, volume number, and page numbers of the article  the specific internet address, name of organization and date which you accessed the site if it is on the World Wide Web. Specific information on how to correctly present the references cited page can be found at: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/02/ MORE ON CITATIONS…. REVIEW YOUR NOTES FROM WHEN WE DISCUSSED CITATIONSIN LECTURE ALSO Go to this website for questions regarding the references cited page and in-text citations: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/02/ You must have citations WITHIN the body of your paper WITH AUTHOR’S LAST NAME AND YEAR OF PUBLICATION (APA style or modified APA style) 1. 2. You should have a MINIMUM of one citation per paragraph, usually more. 3. You must cite each information source when it is used in the paper body. Citations should be done with the PRIMARY AUTHOR’S LAST NAME AND YEAR OF PUBLICATION ONLY – NO PAGE NUMBERS ARE REQUIRED IN THE CITATIONS FOR THIS PAPER. – eg. (Cummings, 2011). 4. If there are two authors only on the paper then include BOTH author names in the citation (Cummings and Meyer, 2011). 5. If there are three or more authors on the paper then use the PRIMARY AUTHOR’S NAME ONLY and et al. – eg. (Cummings et al., 2011). 6. If you have multiple papers from the same primary author in the same year then use year of publication and a, b, c. – eg. (Cummings, 2012a), (Cummings, 2012b), etc. 7. All relevant information MUST appear on the references cited page including ALL of the paper authors and the relevant page numbers – see examples on the web link above. 8. Literature Review Paper Guidelines/Style Guide Paper Research Assignment - Biological Sciences 102 – Animal Biology 7 You should SINGLE SPACE each reference and have ONE SINGLE SPACE BETWEEN REFERENCES on the references cited page. Each reference should be reversed indented as shown below: 9. Mazan MR, Hoffman AM. 2001. Effects of aerosolized albuterol on physiologic responses to exercise in standardbreds. Am J Vet Res. 62(11):1812–1817. (note the 5 space indent on the second and any subsequent lines after the first line) References Cited page must be alphabetical by primary author’s last name and reverse indented. 10. If there is no author for an internet source (website) then use a KEYWORD for the citation in the paper body. 11. 12. If there is no year or publication date on the internet source (website) then use the current year (the assumption is that the page is regularly updated). Feel free to email your instructor with any questions you have about the Biology 102 paper. 
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