Description
Summary:
In this assignment, you will use an article database (such as EBSCO, JSTOR, etc.) to select an article (published in 2010 or later) from a peer-reviewed sociological journal (such as the American Sociological Review). You will then respond to a series of questions to extract information from the article you choose.
The maximum length for this assignment is 3 pages, double spaced. You should have no problem filling three pages if you adequately complete each part of the assignment. At the same time, you should write your responses clearly and concisely, which is why there is a maximum page limit instead of a minimum. You will need to submit your responses to the questions through this page, as well as a PDF copy of your article on a separate page in this module.
Prompt Questions:
Address each of the following questions specifically and in order. You will need to be familiar with the textbook chapters we have covered to complete this assignment successfully: https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/princ...
- In your own words, describe the primary questions(s) presented in the article.
- Describe the primary theory or theories discussed in the literature review. How are
the authors of this article expanding upon this theory or theories? - Does this article have a hypothesis (or multiple hypotheses)? If so, what it is? If not,
what do you think it would be? - What research method do the authors use to address their research question?
- What is/are the independent variable(s)? Why does this make sense?
- What is/are the dependent variable(s)? Why does this make sense?
- In your own words, what are the primary findings made by the authors?
- What are three of the most challenging aspects of reading this article? Why?
Tips On Finding An Article:
The LAVC Library's website has many helpful resources including a series of pages to help you search academic databases (Արտաքին կայքին հղումներ) and even specifically to find a peer-reviewed journal article (Արտաքին կայքին հղումներ). You can even chat with a librarian to help you search for an article!
I've created a quick video to help you navigate the Library website's resources (Արտաքին կայքին հղումներ). To help narrow down your search for this assignment, I've also created a video on how to use an advanced search to find a peer-reviewed article on a topic (Արտաքին կայքին հղումներ). Here is the example of an acceptable article
that I found in the video.There are many peer-reviewed journals, many of which have been in publication for decades, so you have a lot of content to choose from. Here are a few examples of the better known peer-reviewed sociological journals:
- American Sociological Review
- American Journal of Sociology
- Social Forces
- Social Problems
- Sociological Perspectives
- Social Science Journal
- Ethnic and Racial Studies
- Gender and Society
Explanation & Answer
Ok, attached you will find the PDF for the article as well as all the question answers. In case of anything, I am here to help! Revisions and edits or even just questions are all free of charge ^_^Wish you all the best!
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Student’s Name
Professor’s Name
Course
Date
Prompt Questions
1.
Perception and realism are two different ideas. Although Artificial Intelligence (AI)
algorithms are modeled to predict crowd behavior, rarely do such developments signify the crowd's
situation. Thus, AI implementation within a crowd requires an analysis of different factors, and
social forces are considered mandatory. Therefore, the article answers whether human participants
perceive crowd behavior and how social forces influence the crowd in a given direction. The
development of crowd-based systems results from advanced technology; hence, the article does
help inform developers on the intricate issues to be included.
2.
The primary theory presented in the article is that psychophysics could be used as a novel
perspective in analyzing crowd evaluation systems. According to researchers, psychophysics is a
psychology-based experiment that is broad-based responsible for evaluating human perception by
relying on various stimuli levels and response measurements. The theory holds that, by relying on
psychophysics methods and combining them with perceived mind realism, it could be adapted to
make them effective in the perceptual evaluation of crowd behavior. The agents of stimulation in
a given crowd can be identified, with the varying elements used to form a base for future results.
The authors of the theory expand upon the theory by highlighting different scenarios and
incidences and experiments. The results do point to a complementary view of the theory.
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3.
Often, articles have a clear-cut hypothesis; however, O'Connor, Fotis, and Chrisina’s
article lack a hypothesis. However, based on the article’s objective, one can derive the article’s
perspective. As such, the hypothesis for the article is:
H1: Crowd behavior and social forces are realistic to participants.
The research findings held that participants considered social forces and crowd behavior
to be a reality, explaining the above hypothesis. The research, therefore, negates the null
hypothesis and, instead, concurs with the stipulated theory. Although more hypotheses could be
developed, the central hypothesis has to answer the above question.
4.
In an assessment of the perceived realism, the researchers relied on experimental
methodology. According to O'Connor, Fotis, and Chrisina, psychophysics is quantitative and
aimed at studying perception, examining relationships between responses and stimuli, and the
reasons for such relations. Furthermore, the methodology had to be a three-stage. First, the analysis
stage, which focused on analyzing the real-world instances of behavior by the crowd. Secondly,
the synthesis stage focused on synthesizing updated stimulation by combining the identified
behavior to a refined current build. Lastly, the perception stage entails conducting a
psychophysical experiment that focuses on assessing the perceived realism in relation to the new
behavioral feature.
5.
Independent variables are the variables that are open to change or control by the
experimenter. Such variables have a direct impact on the dependent variables. The independent
variables in the research are social forces. They remain constant depending on the experimenter’s
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perception; however, their influence dictates the research process's direction. My understanding of
the independent variable is that they are manipulatable by the experimenter; however, the
manipulation should only point to assessing a given topic or determining a given hypothesis.
6.
Dependent variables are those variables being tested or measured by the experiment. Such
variables are inefficient on their own; however, the independent variables' presence gives them a
reason to exist. The crowd behavior symbolizes the dependent variables. Regardless of how one
perceives the situation, the crowd behavior depends on the prevailing stimuli. In cases where the
stimuli do not influence the crowd, no reaction is witnessed. In case the stimuli are sufficient to
move the crowd, the experiment records a positive perspective. Having crowd behavior as the
independent variable makes the article’s priority focus on behavior outcome due to social forces
influencing. The stimuli thus push the crowd to a specific direction allowing the experimenter to
gauge the crowd’s reactions. From the above perception, I understand that crowd behavior is
tested; hence, the results should hinge in that direction.
7.
The primary finding is that social forces' behavior influences crowd behavior faster than
when the social forces are absent. The research plotting the psychometric function identified a
narrow stimuli range. Although the range could be expanded in later research, one cannot deny
such results' validity. A possibility exists that the final results could have been affected by the
pedestrian’s basic shape, which made changes to the velocity of the agent and intensity direction.
The disparities made some intensities appear more excellent than the others, which also explains
the existing gap.
8.
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Three challenges exist in reading the article. First, the absence of a hypothesis leaves the reader to
speculate on the potential themes. Although I am sure about my developed hypothesis, I cannot
help but wonder if the author had a different view. Secondly, the experiment results' explanation
does seem to be molded to the experimenter’s perception and thoughts. As a reader, I could
recognize a few gaps and questions; however, based on the experimenter’s discussion and analysis,
they seem to be sure about everything. The inability to verify some research elements makes it
difficult to ascertain the reliability of the experiment. Lastly, the article’s organization, especially
the background, does push the reader to develop their understanding by going forth and backward.
Verification of different background elements can only be achieved after one reads the results;
hence, it is cumbersome moving forth and back.
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Work Cited
O'Connor, Stuart, Fotis Liarokapis, and Chrisina Jayne. "Perceived realism of crowd behavior with
social forces." 2015 19th International Conference on Information Visualisation. IEEE,
2015.
2015 19th International Conference on Information Visualisation
Perceived Realism of Crowd Behaviour with Social Forces
Stuart O'Connor, Fotis Liarokapis, Chrisina Jayne
Coventry University, Masaryk University, Coventry University
{oconno13@uni.coventry.ac.uk, liarokap@fi.muni.cz, ab1527@coventry.ac.uk}
Abstract
In light of this some form of quantification is needed
in order to assess the behaviour of agents within crowd
simulations. Realism, in the context of a crowd
simulation, is the degree of plausibility of the crowd
behaviour. Perceived realism in particular is a type of
realism that is centered on the perception of humans.
This type of realism is highly important for crowd
simulations with a purpose geared towards interaction
with humans, e.g. video games, and as such can be
utilised to determine the degree of success...
