Define the following terms: Cellular respiration (aerobic respiration) (2 points)- This is the aerobic process of how cells are able to transform energy that is contained in sugar molecules into chemical energy. This chemical energy is stored in the form of ATP. The 3 steps of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and Electron Transport Chain are what Cellular Respiration is made of. Fermentation (anaerobic respiration) (2 points)- This is an anaerobic respiration process where the pyruvate formed in glycolysis is into ethanol or lactate. If you compare fermentation to cellular respiration, this process is a little bit less efficient for the production of energy. Fermentation is however, useful as it enables cells to replace NAD+ and FAD+. This also will allow the glycolysis process to continue when a cell doesn’t have enough oxygen. Summarize what occurs during the three steps of cellular respiration and indicate where each process takes place in the cell. (6 points) Glycolysis- This happens in the cytoplasm of all living cells. This occurs when the glucose is reduced into 2 molecules of pyruvate and releases 2 molecules of ATP. Krebs cycle-This takes places in the Mitochondria of an aerobic cell. This is where the pyruvate is reduced into carbon dioxide. When the pyruvate is reduced, this causes 2 molecules of ATP to be released. Oxidative phosphorylation- This take place in the Mitochondria In aerobic conditions, NADH and FADH2 created in the glycolysis and krebs cycle are restored by limiting the oxygen to water. What is the primary energy molecule in cells? (5 points)- The primary energy molecule in cells is Adenosine Triphosphate. It sores energy that is released through the cellular respiration process. ATP is released when a cell requires energy to perform another metabolic function. List the equation in word and chemical form for each of the following processes: (6 points) Does glycolysis require the presence of oxygen? Please explain your answer. (5 points)- No, glycolysis doesn’t require the presence of oxygen. All cells have the capacity to continue the glycolysis process and use alternative methods for NAD+ and FAD+. The regeneration process for these specific molecules via oxidative phosphorylation as well as the krebs cycle and more efficient than without the presence of oxygen (fermentation) Why was phenol red used as an indicator of cellular respiration? (5 points)-The phenol red was used to observe and monitor carbon dioxide that was released during the lab. The carbon dioxide in this case was mildly acid and the phenol red changed colors from red to yellow showing that carbon dioxide was produced. How did exercise affect the rate of cellular respiration? (Hint: Review the time it took for the solution to change with and without exercise). (5 points)- This exercise increased the rate of cellular respiration. The phenol red took minimal time to change its color from red to yellow when applying air at an almost equal rate. After performing this exercise, there was a higher concentration of carbon dioxide. This was due to there was a larger amount of carbon dioxide released by a quicker cellular respiration. What color was the phenol red solution for each tube after 4 hours elapsed? (8 points) Control- This control remained red. This indicated that there was no carbon dioxide Dried peas- The dried peas remained red. This indicated that any formation of carbon dioxide minimal Germinating peas- The phenol red changed colors from red to yellow. This indicated a large amount of carbon dioxide Boiled peas-The phenol red didn’t seem to change colors. This indicated that any formation of carbon dioxide was minimal Compare cellular respiration in the dried, germinating, and boiled peas. Explain why some peas in the experiment produced carbon dioxide (CO2) while other peas did not. (5 points)- The germinated peas were the only item capable of cellular respiration.When testing the dried peas and the boiled peas, there was no change to the phenol red that would indicate any concentration of carbon dioxide.  What is the advantage of cellular respiration? (5 points)- The advantage of cellular respiration is that is produces a large amount of energy. Cellular respiration strengthens energy production longer than glycolysis or fermentation. Cellular Respiration produces ATP that can also be used in other chemical reactions within a cell. Other processes such as fermentation for example are not as efficient to producing energy. The balloons were sealed in this procedure. What is the name for the energy conversion process that occurs in the absence of oxygen? (2 points)- Alcohol Fermentation What is the advantage of this process? (2 points)- It allows yeast to recharge NAD+ and FAD+ and allow glycolysis to continue. This allows for the continual synthesis of ATP What type of gas is produced by yeast under anaerobic conditions? (2 points)- Ethanol and Carbon Dioxide What was the final volume of each balloon after 120 minutes? (6 points) 4.187 x 4.13 = 288 cm3 4.187 x 2.53 = 65 cm3 4.187 x 2.83 = 92 cm3 4.187 x 3.93 = 248 cm3 4.187 x 3.63 = 194 cm3 4.187 x 3.53 = 180 cm3 Based on the results, what was the best source of energy (e.g., food) for the yeast? (3 points)- Sugar was the best energy source Based on the results, what was the worst source of energy (e.g., food) for the yeast? (3 points)- The combination of salt and sugar was the worst energy source What factors (ingredients) negatively affected the growth of yeast? (3 points)- The sugar and lemon juice both negatively effected the yeast. The volume after the fermentation reduced when sugar was used and then when either the salt or lemon juice with added with the sugar. What is the name for the type of fermentation that yeast use? (3 points)- Alcoholic Fermentation.  List two commercial uses of fermentation. (2 points) (Application) How might the information gained from this lab pertaining to cellular respiration and fermentation be useful to you as a healthcare professional? (20 points) Cellular respiration- C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 38ADP + 38Pi ? 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP- This is where a molecule of glucose is oxidized by 6 oxygen molecules. It is then transformed into 6 carbon dioxide molecules as well as 6 molecules of water. The energy is released and stored as ATP Alcoholic fermentation- C6H12O6 + 2ADP + 2Pi ? 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 2ATP- This is where a molecule of glucose is oxidized into 2 molecules of ethanol and also 2 molecules of carbon dioxide. During this fermentation, the energy that is released is stored into the form of ATP Lactic acid fermentation- C6H12O6 + 2ADP + 2Pi ? 2CH3CHOHCOOH + 2ATP-This is where a molecule of glucose is oxidized into 2 molecules of lactic acid. During this fermentation, the energy that is released is stored into the form of ATP. Review the results from the Rate of Cellular Respiration and Exercise procedure of the lab (Part I) to answer the following questions. Review the results from the Cellular Respiration in Peas procedure of the lab (Part II) to answer the following questions. Review the results from the Fermentation procedure of the lab (Part III) to answer the following questions. a. Making alcoholic beverages such as beer or wine b. Making yogurt APPLICATION QUESTION  (Application) How might the information gained from this lab pertaining to cellular respiration and fermentation be useful to you as a healthcare professional? (20 points)

Quick OverviewQuick OverviewThe portfolio project is where you get to show off what you can do with physics. So far we've learned Forces & Vectors so that's the focus of this portfolio.At home, you'll set up one or two scenarios (details in instructions). You'll measure everything you can about those scenarios and use those measurements to do calculations and show off your physics skills. A scorecard gives you a list of measurements, calculations and skills that you can choose from. Finally, you'll present all those measurements, calculations and skills in a presentation. This can be a video, a powerpoint, a word document, a sway, a webpage, a padlet...you get to choose your favorite platform.Read all of these tips before getting started and read them several times again as you work. :)Video Intros and Instructions for the Portfolio ProjectFirst here is a video in which I explain my philosophy of assessments and why I picked a portfolio project.Now, here are the instructions for doing the 1st Portfolio.Who and What Are You Allowed To Work With?Who and What Are You Allowed To Work With?You are expected to finish the portfolio by yourself. Do not do the scenarios with other people and do not share your own results. This is the equivalent of a take-home test where your work is your own.You are allowed to use all our notes and videos on Blackboard to help you as you go. You can also use the textbook and your old Connect work. Do not use other students in the class.If you are stuck, reach out to the professor, she is so happy to helpProfessor Graessle's ScorecardYour scorecards will be different - this is one from late in the semester. Also the point levels will be new each semester, depending on what the class votes for the category percentages.When You Turn Things In...When You Turn Things In...Turn in your project and turn in your Scorecard each time. This will help me grade it - if you tell me what points you are going for, then I know what to look for. Makes sense, right? Thanks!If you do a video or Padlet, please post a link to your video in YouTube or your Padlet along with your scorecard. Please do a new Padlet for each portfolio (but within one portfolio, you can do more than one scenario). Do not edit your padlets or videos after the due date! To be safe - don't even load up your Padlet after the due date until you see a grade for it in Blackboard. If you are making a Powerpoint, please use just black and white background - don't get fancy. Fancy = large filesize = may not upload = MONSTER AMOUNTS OF STRESS. Thanks!Upload your portfolio with plenty of time for possible technology glitches. I recommend finishing a day or two early just in case you can't get the files to upload and you need Professor's assistance!FAQ SectionFAQ SectionHello! Here's a helpful FAQ section for you! Right now it's based on questions from past sections but I will add new FAQs from you as needed. Check back here often :)1) I found coefficient of friction by...(doing something different than what was done in the sliding book video). Is that ok?No, that is not ok. The way the scenarios are set up, if you are finding coefficient of friction by methods other than outlined in the sliding book video, something is going wrong.2) What do I measure?Right now, the only official measurements we are doing are angle, coefficient of friction and mass. That's all you need, believe me!3) How do I start?Check out our physics problem-solving strategy! It's really great for portfolio help. First explore your scenario and make measurements. Second, set up a diagram. Third, set up your equations that go with the diagram. Fourth, solve for everything you can from those equations. Fifth, maybe there's other things you can figure out (see the scorecard for things you haven't found yet and maybe you can figure out those, too!).4) Is it ok if I tilt the table in scenario 1? May I make the masses the same in scenario 1? May I make the table flat in scenario 2? Can I change the scenarios from how they are written?No - this is a really bad idea. You won't get any points for a scenario that isn't what was presented. See the instructions video for setup ideas. Again, if you tweak a scenario you will not get any points for that work.5) Is there an applied force from the hand in scenario 2? Yes.6) Can I do both scenarios? Or...do I have to do both scenarios?Sure! You can do both - solve for everything you can! If there's doubles, there's doubles - you get credit only once but think of it as insurance. If you've found that one scenario doesn't give you enough points, then for sure hop over and add the other one in. 7) Can I get more than 150 points?There are a lot more than 150 points possible on this portfolio. If you get more than 150 points, your score will stay at 150. I do recommend that you try for 160 or more points, though, just in case you make a mistake! It's physics, mistakes happen a lot. :)Still Nervous About Coefficient of Friction? Read This!Still Nervous About Coefficient of Friction? Read This!Hello, scientists! A lot of people are emailing me, nervous about figuring out coefficient of static friction. Mainly that, to find it, you need to tilt a surface - but the first scenario is not tilted. I totally validate your confusion - you've never measured coefficients of friction before and you want to get it right! Okeedokee, so here's my hint: To find coefficient of friction, you will have to take the object on the table and the "table" itself and run a quick side-experiment. Then, whatever coefficient you get from that side experiment, use it for that scenario. Because there's only one coefficient of friction between 2 objects. It doesn't depend on tilt. Yup!The coefficient of friction you get from running that side experiment IS the coefficient of friction for that scenario! :) :) :)Keep letting me know how else I can help. Great work!Portfolio 1 - Upload Here!If your portfolio is a powerpoint, a pdf, a word document or jpg images:Upload your portfolio and scorecard here, just like you've uploaded any other file before. If your portfolio is a Padlet:Upload your scorecard here and also write the link to the Padlet in the comment box.Do not log into your Padlet again until I've graded it - Padlet will tell me you've edited your work after the due date and you do NOT want that, because I'll be marking your Portfolio Late and taking away points.This is set up with infinite uploads in case you want to upload multiple files or find a mistake and want to upload fresh. I’ll grade the latest copy of each document.