Dalhousie University Organizational Behaviour Motivation Research Paper

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Many of the concepts in this class (decisions, motivation and performance) are easily be linked to experiences you have lived. Working with a partner, you will interview each other about a lived experience involving motivation, and then describe (briefly) and analyse the experience (s) using relevant concepts from class. The paper should be ~10 pages double spaced, plus all the appropriate references and appendices (i.e. notes from the interviews).

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3rd Canadian Edition Chapter 7 Motivation Ian Gellatly, University of Alberta © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education Limited Learning Outcomes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 3 What is motivation? What three beliefs help determine work effort, according to expectancy theory? What two qualities make goals strong predictors of task performance, according to goal setting theory? What does it mean to be equitably treated according to equity theory, and how do employees respond to inequity? What is psychological empowerment, and what four beliefs determine empowerment levels? How does motivation affect job performance and organizational commitment? How do organizations use compensation practices to increase employee motivation? Why Are Some Employees More Motivated than Others? Learning Outcome #1 Motivation Defined • A set of energetic forces that originate within and outside an employee that initiates work-related effort and determines its direction, intensity, and persistence ๏What do you do? ๏How hard do you do it? ๏How long do you do it? Learning Outcome #1 Motivation Defined •OB on Screen: The Dark Knight Rises ๏How motivated is Bruce to reclaim his identity as the Batman? What is holding him back? Learning Outcome #1 Engagement 24 Learning Outcome #1 Theories of Motivation • Several theories attempt to summarize the key factors that foster high motivation: ๏Expectancy theory ๏Goal setting theory ๏Equity theory ๏Psychological empowerment Learning Outcome #2 Expectancy Theory • Motivation is fostered when the employee believes three things: ๏That effort will result in performance ๏That performance will result in outcomes ๏That those outcomes will be valuable Learning Outcome #2 Expectancy Theory 10 Learning Outcome #2 Expectancy  Effort → Performance  Can be hindered by:  Lack of necessary resources  Lack of supportive leadership  Low self-efficacy Learning Outcome #2 Expectancy (Self-Efficacy) Learning Outcome #2 Self-Efficacy Learning Outcome #2 Instrumentality  Performance → Outcomes  Can be hindered by:  Poor methods for measuring performance, as Instrumentality could actually be rewritten to be Performance → Evaluation → Outcomes  Inadequate budget to provide outcomes, even when performance is high  Use of policies that reward things besides performance, such as attendance or seniority  Time delays in doling out rewards Learning Outcome #2 Valence • Anticipated value of outcomes ๏Extrinsic ๏Intrinsic Learning Outcome #2 Extrinsic and Intrinsic Outcomes Learning Outcome #2 Valence ๏Why are some outcomes more attractive than others? ๏Needs (see Need Theories) Learning Outcome #2 Commonly Studied Needs 18 Learning Outcome #2 Valence • Why does pay have such a high valence? ๏The meaning of money ๏ Achievement ๏ Respect ๏ Freedom Learning Outcome #2 OB Assessments: Meaning of Money 20 Learning Outcome #2 Expectancy Theory  Motivation = (E→P) x Σ[(P→O) x V]  Key aspect: multiplicative effects  Motivation is zero if either expectancy, instrumentality, or valence is zero Learning Outcome #3 Goal Setting Theory  Motivation is fostered when employees are given specific and difficult goals  Rather than no goals, easy goals, or “do your best” goals Learning Outcome #3 Goal Setting Theory Learning Outcome #3 Goal Setting Theory Learning Outcome #4 Equity Theory  Motivation is maximized when an employee’s ratio of “outcomes” to “inputs” matches those of some “comparison other”  Thus motivation also depends on the outcomes received by other employees Learning Outcome #4 Equity Theory • Are these really equal? Learning Outcome #4 Equity Theory • • What emotion do you feel in this case? What methods can be used to restore equity? Learning Outcome #4 Equity Theory • • What emotion do you feel in this case? What methods can be used to restore equity? Learning Outcome #5 Psychological Empowerment  An intrinsic form of motivation derived from the belief that one’s work tasks are contributing to some larger purpose  Fostered by four beliefs:  Meaningfulness  Self-Determination  Competence  Impact Why Are Some Employees More Motivated than Others? Why Are Some Employees More Motivated than Others? Learning Outcome #1 Learning Outcome #6 How Important is Motivation? Learning Outcome #7 Application Takeaways 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 35 What is motivation? What three beliefs help determine work effort, according to expectancy theory? What two qualities make goals strong predictors of task performance, according to goal setting theory? What does it mean to be equitably treated according to equity theory, and how do employees respond to inequity? What is psychological empowerment, and what four beliefs determine empowerment levels? How does motivation affect job performance and organizational commitment? How do organizations use compensation practices to increase employee motivation? Potential questions • How did the experience make you feel? Can you explain the things that made you work hard? . Can you expand on that? • Tell me about an experience where you were highly motivated Why was it motivating • Were there particular things that enhanced your motivation? Were there particular things that decreased your motivation? • Were there changes that impacted your motivation? Purpose . To reflect upon an experience and develop a deeper understanding of motivation Doing so should facilitate your ability to evaluate situations and assess factors that contribute to or hinder motivation in yourself and others As it is done in pairs, it will also develop your ability to interview and interpret the stories of others Like pairs figure skating, 2 people I performance (in this case paper) You choose your partner on brightspace, if you don't choose one will be assigned by October 9th You will need to choose at least one experience in your life where motivation was a factor, though you may also contrast a positive and negative experience The paper can focus on one, or contrast multiple experiences . stuff 4:30 P . Snooze for 5 minutes Deliverable 10-15 page paper in APA style and at least 2 Appendices One is the questions you asked your partner today on the experience they chose and a summary of their answers This provides the rough cut and research for your paper Two is the questions that you develop for clarification at another time as you begin analysing tophat exercise will available from October 12-19th to facilitate this You do not have to use both experiences in your paper, you can focus on one or compare a positive and a negative experience It should incorporate some form of a needs theory and some form of a process theory You can rely on textbook, but I encourage you to look at the original sources . stuff 4:30 PM Snooze for 5 minutes
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OB Motivation Research Paper
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Table of Contents
Introduction and Overview of Motivation .................................................................................. 3
Experiences Influenced by Motivation........................................................................................ 5
Impact of Motivation on Academic Performance ...................................................................... 7
Changes that Enhanced My Motivation ..................................................................................... 9
Changes that Decreased my Motivation ................................................................................... 10
Impact of the Experiences .......................................................................................................... 11
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 12
References ..................................................................................................................................... 13
Appendices ................................................................................................................................... 14

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OB Motivation Research Paper
Introduction and Overview of Motivation
In the modern world, motivation has been considered a key element in determining how
one approaches different life situations. Motivation can be defined as a set of energetic forces
used to create the desired effort and attitudes when approaching different situations (Butenko,
2020). In most cases, most decisions' actions reached by different individuals are dependent on
their intentions. A set of goals and desires has been found to influence different approaches and
techniques to address different issues. The word motivation has been derived from the word
motive, which implies the desire to do certain things or commit to actions (Turturean, 2014).
Some human needs and desires require motivation to ensure adherence to certain requirements
and desires. A person's direction towards a specific behavior is defined and determined by
different motivations (Butenko, 2020). Therefore, developing an understanding of different
factors influencing motivation is essential in ensuring we can adequately address key obstacles
we are likely to encounter in our daily activities.
There are two main types of motivation, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic
motivation refers to one's desire to accomplish different tasks that come from within. Through
intrinsic motivation, it becomes easier to define the course of actions and activities; one is likely
to take part in the course of their daily activities. For instance, extrinsic motivation may push
somebody towards pursuing a particular career path (Butenko, 2020). On the other hand,
extrinsic motivation is where one is influenced by external forces, such as events and other
individuals. Through extrinsic motivation, it becomes easier to develop the right attitude to
address a particular challenge (Thornley et al., 2017). For example, students may be motivated to
study and work smarter in class based on counseling events that highlight the benefits of working

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hard. Motivation speeches by successful entrepreneurs of career people develop a strong basis to
develop and nurture extrinsic motivation.
The development of motivation is based on a combination of both the unconscious and
conscious factors. Being able to master motivation plays a crucial role in developing the right
attitude needed to address key challenges and obstacles we are bound to experience in our daily
activities. Mastering motivation is essential as it facilitates the development of a deliberate
practice that serves as a guide in addressing key obstacles we are bound to face in the course of
our daily activities (Butenko, 2020). A majority of the successful individuals have been governed
by motivation, which serves as a strong basis for developing the right attitude and approach to
address key issues we are l...


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