literature review with construct a conceptual map, health and medicine homework help

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For this assignment please write a 2 pages literature review on the articles uploaded to related to the information provided in highlight. Please follow these rubric for literature review.

Literature reviewed represents a comprehensive review of the research topic.

5

Review of the literature is a critical, analytical summary. 

5

Review of the literature illustrates a synthesis of the current knowledge of research topic.

10

Followed APA guidelines for writing style, spelling and grammar, and citation of sources.

5

Include a introductions that tides the information provided with the conceptual map in 2-3 paragraph. Then construct a conceptual map Use Microsoft Word or Microsoft PowerPoint defined the concepts and included relational statements in a separate attachment, based on the information provided below.

Based on the articles of evidences collected for the proposed study of management of exacerbation of COPD via Nonpharmacologic treatments such as pneumococcal/ influenza vaccine/ or smoking cessation counseling. Which theories have others cited? Please use Health promotion theories by Bonnie Raingruber and the Grand theory as the common theme of self- management to reduce acute COPD exacerbations. Are you seeing a common theme? Self-management along with severity of disease is the common theme for success in prevention of reoccurrences of exacerbations with the outcome of better quality of life and decrease admission into hospital for acute exacerbations. Next construct a conceptual map (see p. 133 in your textbook). Provided below.  Use Microsoft Word or Microsoft PowerPoint and include this as an attachment. Be sure you have defined the concepts and included relational statements.

This is example of what the conceptual map should be and have..

Constructing a Conceptual Map

A conceptual map is a visual representation of a research framework. With the concepts defined and the relational statements diagrammed, you are ready to visually represent the framework for your study. The framework may be limited to only the concepts that you are studying or may be inclusive of other related concepts that are not going to be studied or measured. When the framework includes concepts that

are not included in the specific study being proposed, you must clearly identify the portion of the framework being used.

From a practical standpoint, first arrange the relational statements you have diagrammed from left to right with outcomes located at the far right. Concepts that are elements of a more abstract construct can be placed in a frame or box. Sets of closely interrelated concepts can be linked by enclosing them in a frame or circle. Second, using arrows, link the concepts in a way that is consistent with the statement diagrams you previously developed. Every concept should be linked to at least one other concept. Third, examine the framework diagram for completeness by asking yourself the following questions:

  1Are all of the concepts in the study also included on the map?

  2Are all the concepts on the map defined?

  3Does the map clearly portray the phenomenon?

  4Does the map accurately reflect all the statements?

  5Is there a statement for each of the links portrayed by the map?

  6Is the sequence of links in the map accurate?

Developing a well-constructed conceptual map requires repeated tries, but persistence pays off. You

Figure 7-13 Conceptual model of the effects of heart failure on quality of life whereby symptoms depend on pathology and mediate the effects on quality of life.

(From Rector, T. S., Anand, I. S., & Cohn, J. H. (2006). Relationships between clinical assessments and patients’ perceptions of the effects of heart failure on their quality of life. Journal of Cardiac Failure, 12(2), 88.

The picture uploaded is example of conceptual map.

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www.nature.com/npjpcrm All rights reserved 2055-1010/15 PERSPECTIVE OPEN Four patients with a history of acute exacerbations of COPD: implementing the CHEST/Canadian Thoracic Society guidelines for preventing exacerbations Ioanna Tsiligianni1,2, Donna Goodridge3, Darcy Marciniuk4, Sally Hull5 and Jean Bourbeau6 The American College of Chest Physicians and Canadian Thoracic Society have jointly produced evidence-based guidelines for the prevention of exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This educational article gives four perspectives on how these guidelines apply to the practical management of people with COPD. A current smoker with frequent exacerbations will benefit from support to quit, and from optimisation of his inhaled treatment. For a man with very severe COPD and multiple co-morbidities living in a remote community, tele-health care may enable provision of multidisciplinary care. A woman who is admitted for the third time in a year needs a structured assessment of her care with a view to stepping up pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment as required. The overlap between asthma and COPD challenges both diagnostic and management strategies for a lady smoker with a history of asthma since childhood. Common threads in all these cases are the importance of advising on smoking cessation, offering (and encouraging people to attend) pulmonary rehabilitation, and the importance of self-management, including an action plan supported by multidisciplinary teams. npj Primary Care Respiratory Medicine (2015) 25, 15023; doi:10.1038/npjpcrm.2015.23; published online 7 May 2015 CASE STUDY 1: A 63-YEAR-OLD MAN WITH MODERATE/ SEVERE COPD AND A CHEST INFECTION A 63-year-old self-employed plumber makes a same-day appointment for another ‘chest infection’. He caught an upper respiratory tract infection from his grandchildren 10 days ago, and he now has a productive cough with green sputum, and his breathlessness and fatigue has forced him to take time off work. He has visited his general practitioner with similar symptoms two or three times every year in the last decade. A diagnosis of COPD was confirmed 6 years ago, and he was started on a shortacting β2-agonist. This helped with his day-to-day symptoms, although recently the symptoms of breathlessness have been interfering with his work and he has to pace himself to get through the day. Recovering from exacerbations takes longer than it used to—it is often 2 weeks before he is able to get back to work—and he feels bad about letting down customers. He cannot afford to retire, but is thinking about reducing his workload. He last attended a COPD review 6 months ago when his FEV1 was 52% predicted. He was advised to stop smoking and given a prescription for varenicline, but he relapsed after a few days and did not return for the follow-up appointment. He attends each year for his ‘flu vaccination’. His only other medication is an ACE inhibitor for hypertension. Managing the presenting problem. Is it a COPD exacerbation? A COPD exacerbation is defined as ‘an acute event characterised by a worsening of the patient’s respiratory symptoms that is beyond normal day-to-day variation and leads to change in 1 medications’.1,2 The worsening symptoms are usually increased dyspnoea, increased sputum volume and increased sputum purulence.1,2 All these symptoms are present in our patient who experiences an exacerbation triggered by a viral upper respiratory tract infection—the most common cause of COPD exacerbations. Apart from the management of the acute exacerbation that could include antibiotics, oral steroids and increased use of short-acting bronchodilators, special attention should be given to his on-going treatment to prevent future exacerbations.2 Short-term use of systemic corticosteroids and a course of antibiotics can shorten recovery time, improve lung function (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)) and arterial hypoxaemia and reduce the risk of early relapse, treatment failure and length of hospital stay.1,2 Short-acting inhaled β2-agonists with or without short-acting antimuscarinics are usually the preferred bronchodilators for the treatment of an acute exacerbation.1 Reviewing his routine treatment One of the concerns about this patient is that his COPD is inadequately treated. The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) suggests that COPD management be based on a combined assessment of symptoms, GOLD classification of airflow limitation, and exacerbation rate.1 The modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnoea score3 or the COPD Assessment Tool (CAT)4 could be used to evaluate the symptoms/health status. History suggests that his breathlessness has begun to interfere with his lifestyle, but this has not been formally asssessed since the diagnosis 6 years ago. Therefore, one would like to be certain that these elements are taken into consideration in future Agia Barbara Health Care Center, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; 2Department of Thoracic Medicine, Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; 4Division of Respirology, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; 5Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK and 6Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada. Correspondence: J Bourbeau (jean.bourbeau@mcgill.ca) Received 22 February 2015; accepted 24 February 2015 3 © 2015 Primary Care Respiratory Society UK/Macmillan Publishers Limited Patients with history of acute exacerbations of COPD I Tsiligianni et al 2 their relative effectiveness and the order in which they should be prescribed. The choice of prescription should be guided by the risk/benefit for a given individual, and drug availability and/or cost within the health care system. Patient category C Patient category D High risk few symptoms High risk many symptoms GOLD 3–4 Exacerbations ≥2/year or ≥ 1 admission
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Running head: COPD MANAGEMENT LITERATURE REVIEW

COPD Management Literature Review
Name
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Tutor
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COPD MANAGEMENT LITERATURE REVIEW

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Exacerbation of chronic obstructive disease is a condition of sudden worsening of the COPD
symptoms that tend to last for some days. This condition is triggered by various factors including
bacterial and virus infections. It is estimated that at least 75 % of exacerbations are caused by
bacterial infections. The prevalence of exacerbations increases with increasing level of COPD.
Exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease plays a significant role in the increasing
mortality rate that is associated with the disease. Exacerbations in most cases result into worsening
of gas exchange and the prevalence of pulmonary hemodynamics. Therefore, the management of
the chronic obstructive chronic pulmonary disease is the most important step that should be
considered. Therefore this paper provides analysis into various past literature that focused on
management of the chr...


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