PSY 2204 California State University Design an Experiment Discussion

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zyhan21

Humanities

PSY 2204

California State Polytechnic University - Pomona

PSY

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Hello! This is an assignment for my Research Methods in Psychology course, the assignment is to design an experiment based off the top "Why Do/Don't People Wear a Mask during the COVID-19 Pandemic". I have multiple completed continuation assignments that all lead up to this last assignment (I will attach them all to this post that way you can refer to and include all sources of this assignment). To give better detail, the first assignment was a literature review, the second was a hypothesis generation & variable operationalization, the third was to design a case study, the fourth was to design a survey and now I'm at my last final assignment of designing an experiment. So its basically bringing and referring all the assignments together to form an experiment! I have also posted a sample of another experiment design that you can look at and refer to that way you can have a better idea of what I'm expecting. Lastly, it needs to be in APA format. Let me know if you have any questions! šŸ˜Š

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1 EXPERIMENT PROPOSAL Education and Voter Turnout Experiment Proposal [SAMPLE PAPER] Institution Date 2 EXPERIMENT PROPOSAL Education and Voter Turnout Experiment Proposal Literature Review Research conducted over a half-century ago determined that the more education someone had, the more likely they were going to vote (Burden, 2009). At the time high school was usually the highest level of education attained by most people. In 1952, almost 85% of participants surveyed reported that high school was where they stopped their formal education. In that same year, less than 10% reported that their highest level of education attained was college. Around fifty years later, in 2004, that percentage dropped from 40% to almost one-third reporting a college education (Burden, 2009). Much of the research done in the 90ā€™s and 00ā€™s established a strong and direct relationship between higher education and higher voter turnout. In the 2004 presidential election, 92% of college educated people reported that they had voted compared to the 51% of high school educated individuals that voted (Burden, 2009). These studies and surveys showed that there was a strong affiliation between greater education levels and political participation. Relative education has a larger effect on voter turnout than absolute education (Persson, 2013). For half a century, it was believed that education helped shaped oneā€™s knowledge and skills. This meant that the more education one had, the more knowledge and skills that they had, and the more likely they were going to be politically involved. (Tenn, 2007). This idea was known as civic education theory, which stated that more education would lead someone to be as politically active as possible. Otherā€™s argued that the effect of education was not causal at all, but rather spurious (Burden, 2009). This hypothesis stated that it wasnā€™t the actual value of the education a person was receiving, but rather the type of person and their background that determined how likely they were to vote. For example, if a college student came from a background with a family with high political involvement or high socioeconomic status, that person is more likely to vote. This leads to selection bias as it is easier for that person to obtain education than it is for another person. Many previous studies did not take this factor into account. Research has focused on trying to establish the relationship between oneā€™s education level and overall voter turnout. The focus has been on the amount of education someone attained, but missed the importance of the types of teachers encountered, which can be an important factor that should be included when talking about a studentā€™s education. This current study will focus not on a high school studentā€™s amount of education, but rather the type of learning they are receiving and the teachers that are teaching them. It is necessary to explore this pathway that has not yet been explored. Methodology This study would primarily focus on high school students in their last year. The reason for this is because these students are typically at least 17 years old already, if not 18. They have taken all of the classes in their high schools that are necessary, specifically political classes. The high school students will come from five different countries, including the United States, Canada, Japan, United Kingdom, and Korea. There will be four high schools observed in each EXPERIMENT PROPOSAL 3 country, two from a high income area and two from a lower income area. The reason for this is that income plays an important factor in a cityā€™s ability to hire teachers. The more money a city has, the more options and freedom they have when it comes to the type of teachers they want to hire, but the same cannot be said for a low-income city. The hypothesis is that high school students with more involved administration (specifically teachers) will be more interested in what they are learning about (specifically political class) and therefore be more inclined to vote. Teachers that are more devoted to teaching their students about politics will have more students that will become more involved in politics and vote in the future while teachers that are disinterested in teaching the subject will discourage students from wanting to get involved with politics. The overall experimental design will happen in all five countries at separate times. The experiment will last for two months at the four high schools in each country. The students will be in a classroom setting, learning about their countryā€™s politics and current events for those two months. They will have ā€œclassā€ for one hour afterschool all five days of the school week. They will also have a test on what they are learning after every month totaling for two tests. The way to recruit students for this study will be through paying each student for their time. Each student will receive $250 as a check after every week they attend. Although it may seem more difficult to use this method in an higher-income area, it will still work as usually all high school students donā€™t have a job where they can earn money on their own. $250 a week and $2,000 overall for the entire duration of the experiment is an attractive offer to the students and can certainly garner the amount of students needed for the experiment. The students will be told that it is a study monitoring the teacherā€™s performances, so that the students involved will not adjust their behavior and skew the results. In each country, there will one control group and one experimental group. Each group will consist of thirty students and the students will be randomized and put into the respective groups using a coin flip. It will be a blind study, meaning students do not know which group they are in with only the researchers knowing. The control group will consist of a teacher that will seem like they are not necessarily interested in teaching. They will do the basics, such as assigning homework and lecturing, but they will not be involved with helping the students understand the material better. The experimental group will consist of a teacher that is more devoted to their students and their experience in learning about politics. Besides the basics aforementioned, the teacher in the experimental group will hosts class discussion to involve as many students as possible, always ask if the students ever need clarification on anything they were confused on, and also help each of their students individually. What the experiment hopes to investigate is the effect of teachers and the way they teach and how it directly affects the studentsā€™ overall interest in the subject of politics and whether or not it will influence them to vote. Therefore, the independent variable that is manipulated are the students in the study. The dependent variable that is being measured are the overall grades on the tests the students take and their interest in politics throughout the two months. After the study is over, the students will be asked questions that focus on their teachers, how well they thought they taught, whether they are now more interested in politics than before they took the class, and lastly, whether they are more inclined to vote now that they have a better understanding of their countryā€™s politics. By analyzing the studentsā€™ grades, their response to their teachers, and their 4 EXPERIMENT PROPOSAL answers to the final questions, it can determine the difference between the control groups and the experimental groups. It is expected that the students in the experimental group will have overall higher test scores and have a positive response to their teachers than the ones in the control group. Importance This experiment will be the key stepping stone for explaining the long debated relationship between oneā€™s education level and their likeliness to vote. Through this experiment, psychologists will be able to better analyze whether someone votes or not. Many past studies have focused on the amount of oneā€™s education, such as Burdenā€™s research. It is more important to focus on oneā€™s relative education. Teachers are one of the biggest influences in a studentā€™s education, and studying that relationship between them is necessary in order to determine the need for more interested and devoted teachers. A politics teacher that is dedicated to their students and their learning can have a huge impact on whether they vote or not. If the relationship being tested in this experiment proves right, it will come to show that teachers that are hired should be devoted to their students for the subject they are teaching, not just in a politics class. Even if the results donā€™t exactly show it, the type of teacher being hired is still the most important factor on the studentā€™s learning environment. When students are in an environment where they are engaged and feel welcome, they will thrive themselves. This matters because students learning about politics will learn the importance of their vote. 5 EXPERIMENT PROPOSAL References Burden, B. C. (2009). The dynamic effects of education on voter turnout. Electoral Studies, 28(4), 540ā€“549. doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2009.05.027 Persson, M. (2013). Is the Effect of Education on Voter Turnout Absolute or Relative? A Multilevel Analysis of 37 Countries. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties, 23(2), 111ā€“133. doi: 10.1080/17457289.2012.747530 Tenn, S. (2007). The Effect of Education on Voter Turnout. Political Analysis, 15(4), 446ā€“464. doi: 10.1093/pan/mpm012 Running head: MASK WEARING AND SPREAD OF COVID 19 The Relationship Between Mask-Wearing and The Prevention in The Spread of COVID 19 NAME PSY 2204 INSTITUTION October 27th, 2020 1 MASK WEARING AND THE SPREAD OF COVID 19 2 The relationship between mask-wearing and the prevention in the spread of COVID 19 The primary goal for this research is to find out the effectiveness of mask wearing in the control and prevention of the spread of COVID 19. This research will equip researchers with ample knowledge regarding how the wearing of masks is tied to the prevention of COVID 19. Methods A sample size of 150 people is enough for this study since we shall be taken precautions due to the spread of COVID 19. Two different organizations will be selected, whereby employees will be asked to take part in the research. The study will be carried between October and December. Researchers will ask employees from the selected organizations about mask wearing and if they find it useful. A sample of 75 participants will be from each organization, although there will be no limitation on gender and age. Based on the research, the number of participants selected will be convenient in ensuring the study is comprehensive. Researchers will conduct the survey via digital technology. This is where they will send a link to the e-mails of the participants which, when clicked will redirect them to a set of questions. Participants will be informed that the data is being recorded, and they should not mind about their privacy. Assurance of privacy is one of the factors that will encourage people to participate and give their responses. Once the data is retrieved, it will be analyzed carefully, whereby it will be presented in quantitative form. Graphs and charts will also be used to present the results. There will be ten questions that will provide multiple choices and as well have a rating scale. A yes/ no question will not give enough response to the research. The questions will provide the researchers with an appropriate platform for knowing the personality and behavioral aspects influencing the wearing of masks. On top of this, the researcher will have enough reasons as to MASK WEARING AND THE SPREAD OF COVID 19 3 why people are wearing, and others are not wearing masks. Nonetheless, given the nature of the questions, some responses will reveal what we already know about the topic. The following questions will be part of the survey. 1. How often do you wear a mask? ā€¢ All the time ā€¢ Rarely ā€¢ Often 2. On a scale of 1 to 5, do you believe that masks aid in the prevention of the spread of COVID 19? ā€¢ Strongly Agree ā€¢ Agree ā€¢ Strongly Disagree ā€¢ Disagree ā€¢ Undecided 3. Do people's beliefs and ideologies play an important role in wearing mask? ā€¢ Strongly Agree ā€¢ Agree ā€¢ Strongly Disagree ā€¢ Disagree ā€¢ Undecided 4. Is the wearing of masks influenced by peopleā€™s behavior? ā€¢ Strongly Agree ā€¢ Agree MASK WEARING AND THE SPREAD OF COVID 19 ā€¢ Strongly Disagree ā€¢ Disagree ā€¢ Undecided 5. Do you feel intimidated by wearing a mask? ā€¢ Strongly Agree ā€¢ Agree ā€¢ Strongly Disagree ā€¢ Disagree ā€¢ Undecided 6. Does a mask limit facial attractiveness? ā€¢ Strongly Agree ā€¢ Agree ā€¢ Strongly Disagree ā€¢ Disagree ā€¢ Undecided 7. Are people using masks to hide other things, such as their emotions? ā€¢ Strongly Agree ā€¢ Agree ā€¢ Strongly Disagree ā€¢ Disagree ā€¢ Undecided 8. Should people who fail to wear mask be subjected to legal repercussions? ā€¢ Strongly Agree 4 MASK WEARING AND THE SPREAD OF COVID 19 ā€¢ Agree ā€¢ Strongly Disagree ā€¢ Disagree ā€¢ Undecided 9. Do you think the government is doing enough to ensure that face masks are in plenty? ā€¢ Strongly Agree ā€¢ Agree ā€¢ Strongly Disagree ā€¢ Disagree ā€¢ Undecided 10. Do you think masks are preventing other communicable diseases? ā€¢ Strongly Agree ā€¢ Agree ā€¢ Strongly Disagree ā€¢ Disagree ā€¢ Undecided 5 Running head: WHY DO/DONā€™T PEOPLE WEAR MASKS DURING A PANDEMIC Why Do/Donā€™t People Wear Masks During a Pandemic? Mariah Campos California State Polytechnic University, Pomona PSY 2204 October 12th, 2020 1 WHY DO/DONā€™T PEOPLE WEAR MASKS DURING A PANDEMIC 2 ! Why do/donā€™t people wear masks during a pandemic? The COVID 19 pandemic has changed how people live in contemporary society. This is because people are now wearing masks as a way of curbing the spread of the virus. Nonetheless, some people do not see the essence of wearing it, thus eliciting mixed reactions from different quarters. Those who wear masks say that they prevent them from spreading the virus to other people and, at the same time, offer them protection. Notably, (Bahl et al., 2020) revealed that masks might have droplets expelled from the people wearing them. The transmission of the virus is usually escalated by these droplets. Another reason as to why people wear masks is because some people may not exhibit symptoms of the virus or any other disease during a pandemic. For example, in the case of COVID 19, approximately 40% of the people are asymptomatic, thus implying that they can spread the virus to other people unknowingly (Oran et al., 2020). It is also difficult to trace people who are spreading the virus silently; therefore, wearing a mask will prevent the situation from escalating. Mask wearing prevents community transmission of the COVID 19 virus. In addition, wearing masks during a pandemic coupled with other options helps in reducing the number of infections at a significant margin. Also, people do not wear masks due to varied reasons. Some people do not see the essence of wearing a mask. Others also believe that the virus is a hoax and does not exist. In addition, leaders play a pivotal role in influencing their people not to wear masks. If they wear masks while in public, then their supporters will also follow suit. Therefore, the results of the qualitative study will provide in-depth reasons and answers as to why people wear and do not wear masks during a pandemic. WHY DO/DONā€™T PEOPLE WEAR MASKS DURING A PANDEMIC 3 ! Methodology A group of 15 participants will be selected for the exercise, whereby they will attend interviews. An invitation to participate in the interview will be sent to them via email. The first fifteen will be selected and invited to a suitable venue. The targeted participants will be people of different ages, careers, and areas of residence. This implies there will be no limitations. Questions asked will be from different sources, such as peer-reviewed articles related to the topic, newspapers, websites, and blogs. This will be essential since the emergence of COVID 19, a lot has been written and published on the aforementioned platforms. The interview session will be conducted once per week basis, and they will be limited to a maximum of 45 minutes. As mentioned earlier, participants will be invited via email. The target participants will be based on people from eateries, bars, sports, and religious setups. Once they agree to be part of the research study, contacts such as phone numbers and emails will be taken and an invitation sent to them informing them about the place of the interview. I preferred using interviews since I will receive firsthand information from participants. In addition, they minimize room for making errors, and at the same time, I will be in a position to judge the non-verbal cues from the respondents. Using interviews also helps in increasing flexibility. They also give me the power to control the order of questions. I hope to receive information that is accurate and reliable, as this will make it easy to carry out even future research. WHY DO/DONā€™T PEOPLE WEAR MASKS DURING A PANDEMIC ! References Bahl, P., Doolan, C., de Silva, C., Chughtai, A. A., Bourouiba, L., & MacIntyre, C. R. (2020). Airborne or droplet precautions for health workers treating COVID-19?. The Journal of infectious diseases. Oran, D. P., & Topol, E. J. (2020). Prevalence of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Narrative Review. Annals of Internal Medicine. 4
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Running head: EXPERIMENT PROPOSAL

Experiment Proposal
Studentā€™s Name:
Institutional Affiliation:

1

EXPERIMENT PROPOSAL

2

Why do/ donā€™t people wear masks during a pandemic
Literature review
Since the Coronavirus pandemic struck, there have been numerous works of research
conducted. Most of them have been geared towards finding out how the virus spreads, masks
wearing, treatment options, and effects of the virus on modern society. Nonetheless, since there
is no cure or vaccine, medical professionals are advocating for social distancing, wearing masks,
and regular washing of hands. This is because the virus spreads through droplets that result from
sneezing, coughing. For this reason, the use of masks helps prevent these droplets from reaching
surfaces.
Research conducted by (Leung et al., 2020) ascertained that there were no control trials to
prove that wearing surgical masks was beneficial. Nonetheless, they found out that when
tuberculosis patients wore surgical masks, the transmission rates dropped by 56%. Therefore,
when this is applied to the contemporary society where the world is dealing with the coronavirus,
the transmission rates will also reduce effectiveness. This also leads to another issue whereby
there might be a scarcity of masks since the available ones are preserved for health care workers.
Research done by (Cheng et al., 2020) shows that homemade cloths are ideal for making masks.
As a result, they will take the prevention of the virus a notch higher.
Nonetheless, research done by (Leung et al., 2020) seems to contradict the use of
homemade masks as they say that they are less effective as compared to surgical masks. They
found out that they had leakage of 10% to 30%, thus implying that their ability to intercept
microbial particles was inferior as ...


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