Northern Kentucky University Academic Resilience in Young Children Essay

User Generated

yyggeeoo

Writing

Northern Kentucky University

Description

Please follow each step on the outline.

The topic for this paper is Academic Resilience in Young Children: Enhancing Young Children's Ability to Achieve.

and use APA 7th edition

Please be sure to Use the U.S.A English language.

Unformatted Attachment Preview

11/26/2020 8:02 PM Modified Research Design Proposal The Modified Research Design Proposal assignment is to help pull together all the pieces of a research proposal and provide another opportunity to practice writing up the information. Review the information below carefully before you start the assignment. Critically review each section when you finish writing it. Read the whole paper when you finish to be sure that there is consistency across the sections. Sometimes when you are writing at different times, you can lose the flow of your writing. Ask someone else, to read your paper for spelling and grammar mistakes. Assignment I want you to develop a randomized control intervention study. I do not care what topic you pick. Here is the outline that I want you to follow. Below the outline is an article that will be helpful to your thinking. Much of the information in the outline came from this article. This article has examples that will be helpful. Your paper should discuss each of the items below. 1. Title of the Study - It should be concise and descriptive. It must be informative and catchy. (The article below provides more information about how to write a good title). 2. Abstract – In the abstract, include what your study is about and why is topic is important. It must include research(s) questions, hypotheses, research design, research procedures, sample, and any instruments that will be used. 3. Introduction This provides some background information for your study. How does this fit with what you know about the content you are studying? Why does this research need to be done? Statement of the research problem is a longer version of the information provided in. 4. Research Objectives The general objective of the research project and any secondary objectives should be presented here with brief explanations. 5. Variables: Be explicit about what are independent, dependent, confounding or intervening, and background variables. a. Independent variables: variables that are manipulated or the treatment in a study to see what effect differences in them will have on those variables proposed as being dependent on them. The different synonyms for the term ‘independent variable’ which are used in literature are: cause, input, predisposing factor, risk factor, determinant, antecedent, characteristic and attribute. 1 11/26/2020 8:02 PM b. Dependent variables: variables in which changes are results of the level or amount of the independent variable or variables. Synonyms: effect, outcome, consequence, result, condition, disease. c. Confounding or intervening variables: variables that should be studied because they may influence or ‘mix’ the effect of the independent variables. For instance, in a study of the effect of measles (independent variable) on child mortality (dependent variable), the nutritional status of the child may play an intervening (confounding) role. d. Background variables: variables that are so often of relevance in investigations of groups or populations that they should be considered for possible inclusion in the study. For example, sex, age, ethnic origin, education, marital status, social status etc. 6. Questions and hypotheses: State you research questions. Predict what you think will happen and make hypotheses. Make precise unambiguous prediction of the expected outcomes. 7. Methods Section a. Research Design: The research design is very important. Explain how this research design will answer the research questions. What are the advantages of this design in as it relates to your research questions? b. Research participants Sampling frame: • Who will be in the study? • What type of sample? E.g. convenience, stratified random, simple random? Why are you choosing this type of sample? How will you do the sampling? • The demographics/characteristics of the sample that you plan to gather – Age—should include age range – Race/ethnicity – Gender • Many studies require participants to have certain qualities, for example – Must have a diagnosis – Must be a parent-child pair – Must be of a certain income range – Must be African American – Must be 3-8 years old Exclusion • Many studies exclude participants with certain qualities, for example – Must have one diagnosis, but must not have another diagnosis – Must not have a serious alcohol or drug problem – Must not have a disability 2 11/26/2020 8:02 PM • Studies need to clearly state any exclusion characteristics or things that would mean that someone should not be in the study. Why are including or excluding people from your sample? And what are the implications for the interpretation of your study? How does these factors limit your findings? c. Sample size – What sample size do you propose and justify the number of people you need. d. Intervention description and procedure: Description of what is the intervention, who will do the intervention, in what context is the intervention done, how frequently will the intervention be done, how long will the intervention last, etc. e. Ethical issues: What ethical issues must you considered in this research project? How will monitor these issues during the study? IRB? Examine the ethics checklist section in the paper for ideas to consider. f. Research setting: The research setting includes all the pertinent facets of the study. Where will it occur (literacy center, playground, family’s home)? What time of day? What will be going on with other people in the context (students not in the study, siblings in the home). g. Study instruments and their reliability and validity: What are the tools by which the data are collected (be specific)? If it is an instrument or an observation, report validity and reliability on the instrument. For each instrument that you use, you just need to report the validity and reliability information from 1 or 2 sources. Or how will you gather reliability and validity if there it is not available. h. Data collection: A short description of the protocol of data collection. Who collects the data, when is it collected, how will it be collected, etc.? Provide enough information that the data collection process of replicated by someone reading this write up. i. Data Analysis: The description should include the design of the analysis, plans for processing, the process for coding the data, the choice of the statistical method to used. Explain how you will deal with missing information. Explain why you choose each statistical analysis. Include analysis plan for each type of data that you will use, descriptive and inferential. The plan should include what information you will put in a table (an ANOVA) or write in the results section. References: Include the references in 7th ed APA style. Reflection on what you have learned conclusion: How comfortable were you in completing this assignment? What was easy to do and what was more challenging? What do you feel like you need to learn more about to prepare for research comps? How do you plan to acquire this knowledge? 3 11/26/2020 8:02 PM The article attached to this document will help you think through some of the information I requested. Asya Al-Riyami (2008). How to prepare a research proposal, Oman Med J., 23(2), 66-69. Reference article: Asya Al-Riyami. (2008). How to prepare a research proposal, Oman Med J., 23(2), 66-69. The elements of a research proposal are highlighted below: 1. Title: It should be concise and descriptive. It must be informative and catchy. An effective title not only prick’s the readers interest, but also predisposes him/her favorably towards the proposal. Often titles are stated in terms of a functional relationship, because such titles clearly indicate the independent and dependent variables.1 The title may need to be revised after completion of writing of the protocol to reflect more closely the sense of the study.3 2. Abstract: It is a brief summary of approximately 300 words. It should include the main research question, the rationale for the study, the hypothesis (if any) and the method. Descriptions of the method may include the design, procedures, the sample and any instruments that will be used.1 It should stand on its own, and not refer the reader to points in the project description.3 3. Introduction: The introduction provides the readers with the background information. Its purpose is to establish a framework for the research, so that readers can understand how it relates to other research.4 It should answer the question of why the research needs to be done and what will be its relevance. It puts the proposal in context.3 The introduction typically begins with a statement of the research problem in precise and clear terms.1 The importance of the statement of the research problem5: The statement of the problem is the essential basis for the construction of a research proposal (research objectives, hypotheses, methodology, work plan and budget etc). It is an integral part of selecting a research topic. It will guide and put into sharper focus the research design being considered for solving the problem. It allows the investigator to describe the problem systematically, to reflect on its importance, its priority in the country and region and to point out why the proposed research on the problem should be undertaken. It also facilitates peer review of the research proposal by the funding agencies. Then it is necessary to provide the context and set the stage for the research question in such a way as to show its necessity and importance.1 This step is necessary for the investigators to familiarize themselves with existing knowledge about the research problem and to find out whether or not others have investigated the same or similar problems. This step is accomplished by a thorough and critical review of the literature and by personal communication with experts.5 It helps further understanding of the problem proposed for research and may lead to refining the statement of the problem, to identify the study variables and conceptualize their relationships, and in formulation and selection of a research hypothesis.5 It ensures that you are not "re-inventing the wheel" and demonstrates your understanding of the research problem. It 4 11/26/2020 8:02 PM gives due credit to those who have laid the groundwork for your proposed research.1 In a proposal, the literature review is generally brief and to the point. The literature selected should be pertinent and relevant.6 Against this background, you then present the rationale of the proposed study and clearly indicate why it is worth doing. 4. Objectives: Research objectives are the goals to be achieved by conducting the research.5 They may be stated as ‘general’ and ‘specific’. The general objective of the research is what is to be accomplished by the research project, for example, to determine whether or not a new vaccine should be incorporated in a public health program. The specific objectives relate to the specific research questions the investigator wants to answer through the proposed study and may be presented as primary and secondary objectives, for example, primary: To determine the degree of protection that is attributable to the new vaccine in a study population by comparing the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups.5 Secondary: To study the cost-effectiveness of this programme. Young investigators are advised to resist the temptation to put too many objectives or overambitious objectives that cannot be adequately achieved by the implementation of the protocol.3 5. Variables: During the planning stage, it is necessary to identify the key variables of the study and their method of measurement and unit of measurement must be clearly indicated. Four types of variables are important in research5: a. Independent variables: variables that are manipulated or treated in a study in order to see what effect differences in them will have on those variables proposed as being dependent on them. The different synonyms for the term ‘independent variable’ which are used in literature are: cause, input, predisposing factor, risk factor, determinant, antecedent, characteristic and attribute. b. Dependent variables: variables in which changes are results of the level or amount of the independent variable or variables. Synonyms: effect, outcome, consequence, result, condition, disease. c. Confounding or intervening variables: variables that should be studied because they may influence or ‘mix’ the effect of the independent variables. For instance, in a study of the effect of measles (independent variable) on child mortality (dependent variable), the nutritional status of the child may play an intervening (confounding) role. d. Background variables: variables that are so often of relevance in investigations of groups or populations that they should be considered for possible inclusion in the study. For example sex, age, ethnic origin, education, marital status, social status etc. The objective of research is usually to determine the effect of changes in one or more independent variables on one or more dependent variables. For example, a study may ask "Will alcohol intake (independent variable) have an effect on development of gastric ulcer (dependent variable)?" 5 11/26/2020 8:02 PM Certain variables may not be easy to identify. The characteristics that define these variables must be clearly identified for the purpose of the study. 6. Questions and/ or hypotheses: If you as a researcher know enough to make prediction concerning what you are studying, then the hypothesis may be formulated. A hypothesis can be defined as a tentative prediction or explanation of the relationship between two or more variables. In other words, the hypothesis translates the problem statement into a precise, unambiguous prediction of expected outcomes. Hypotheses are not meant to be haphazard guesses, but should reflect the depth of knowledge, imagination and experience of the investigator.5 In the process of formulating the hypotheses, all variables relevant to the study must be identified. For example: "Health education involving active participation by mothers will produce more positive changes in child feeding than health education based on lectures". Here the independent variable is types of health education and the dependent variable is changes in child feeding. A research question poses a relationship between two or more variables but phrases the relationship as a question; a hypothesis represents a declarative statement of the relations between two or more variables.7 For exploratory or phenomenological research, you may not have any hypothesis (please do not confuse the hypothesis with the statistical null hypothesis).1 Questions are relevant to normative or census type research (How many of them are there? Is there a relationship between them?). Deciding whether to use questions or hypotheses depends on factors such as the purpose of the study, the nature of the design and methodology, and the audience of the research (at times even the outlook and preference of the committee members, particularly the Chair).6 7. Methodology: The method section is very important because it tells your research Committee how you plan to tackle your research problem. The guiding principle for writing the Methods section is that it should contain sufficient information for the reader to determine whether the methodology is sound. Some even argue that a good proposal should contain sufficient details for another qualified researcher to implement the study.1 Indicate the methodological steps you will take to answer every question or to test every hypothesis illustrated in the Questions/hypotheses section.6 It is vital that you consult a biostatistician during the planning stage of your study,8 to resolve the methodological issues before submitting the proposal. This section should include: Research design: The selection of the research strategy is the core of research design and is probably the single most important decision the investigator has to make. The choice of the strategy, whether descriptive, analytical, experimental, operational or a combination of these depend on a number of considerations,5 but this choice must be explained in relation to the study objectives.3 Research subjects or participants: Depending on the type of your study, the following questions should be answered3,5 • - What are the criteria for inclusion or selection? • - What are the criteria for exclusion? 6 11/26/2020 8:02 PM • - What is the sampling procedure you will use so as to ensure representativeness and reliability of the sample and to minimize sampling errors? The key reason for being concerned with sampling is the issue of validity-both internal and external of the study results.9 • - Will there be use of controls in your study? Controls or comparison groups are used in scientific research in order to increase the validity of the conclusions. Control groups are necessary in all analytical epidemiological studies, in experimental studies of drug trials, in research on effects of intervention programmes and disease control measures and in many other investigations. Some descriptive studies (studies of existing data, surveys) may not require control groups. • - What are the criteria for discontinuation? Sample size: The proposal should provide information and justification (basis on which the sample size is calculated) about sample size in the methodology section.3 A larger sample size than needed to test the research hypothesis increases the cost and duration of the study and will be unethical if it exposes human subjects to any potential unnecessary risk without additional benefit. A smaller sample size than needed can also be unethical as it exposes human subjects to risk with no benefit to scientific knowledge. Calculation of sample size has been made easy by computer software programmes, but the principles underlying the estimation should be well understood. Interventions: If an intervention is introduced, a description must be given of the drugs or devices (proprietary names, manufacturer, chemical composition, dose, frequency of administration) if they are already commercially available. If they are in phases of experimentation or are already commercially available but used for other indications, information must be provided on available pre-clinical investigations in animals and/or results of studies already conducted in humans (in such cases, approval of the drug regulatory agency in the country is needed before the study).3 Ethical issues3: Ethical considerations apply to all types of health research. Before the proposal is submitted to the Ethics Committee for approval, two important documents mentioned below (where appropriate) must be appended to the proposal. In additions, there is another vital issue of Conflict of Interest, wherein the researchers should furnish a statement regarding the same. The Informed consent form (informed decision-making): A consent form, where appropriate, must be developed and attached to the proposal. It should be written in the prospective subjects’ mother tongue and in simple language which can be easily understood by the subject. The use of medical terminology should be avoided as far as possible. Special care is needed when subjects are illiterate. It should explain why the study is being done and why the subject has been asked to participate. It should describe, in sequence, what will happen in the course of the study, giving enough detail for the subject to gain a clear idea of what to expect. It should clarify whether or not the study procedures offer any benefits to the subject or to others, and explain the nature, likelihood and treatment of anticipated discomfort or adverse effects, including psychological and social risks, if any. Where relevant, a comparison with risks posed by standard drugs or treatment must be included. If the risks are unknown or a comparative risk cannot be given it should be so stated. It should indicate that the subject has the right to withdraw from the study at 7 11/26/2020 8:02 PM any time without, in any way, affecting his/her further medical care. It should assure the participant of confidentiality of the findings. Ethics checklist: The proposal must describe the measures that will be undertaken to ensure that the proposed research is carried out in accordance with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki on Ethical Principles for Medical research involving Human Subjects.10 It must answer the following questions: • • Is the research design adequate to provide answers to the research question? It is unethical to expose subjects to research that will have no value. • • Is the method of selection of research subjects justified? The use of vulnerable subjects as research participants needs special justification. Vulnerable subjects include those in prison, minors and persons with mental disability. In international research it is important to mention that the population in which the study is conducted will benefit from any potential outcome of the research and the research is not being conducted solely for the benefit of some other population. Justification is needed for any inducement, financial or otherwise, for the participants to be enrolled in the study. • • Are the interventions justified, in terms of risk/benefit ratio? Risks are not limited to physical harm. Psychological and social risks must also be considered. • • For observations made, have measures been taken to ensure confidentiality? Research setting5: The research setting includes all the pertinent facets of the study, such as the population to be studied (sampling frame), the place and time of study. Study instruments3,5: Instruments are the tools by which the data are collected. For validated questionnaires/interview schedules, reference to published work should be given and the instrument appended to the proposal. For new a questionnaire which is being designed specifically for your study the details about preparing, precoding and pretesting of questionnaire should be furnished and the document appended to the proposal. Descriptions of other methods of observations like medical examination, laboratory tests and screening procedures is necessaryfor established procedures, reference of published work cited but for new or modified procedure, an adequate description is necessary with justification for the same. Collection of data: A short description of the protocol of data collection. For example, in a study on blood pressure measurement: time of participant arrival, rest for 5p. 10 minutes, which apparatus (standard calibrated) to be used, in which room to take measurement, measurement in sitting or lying down position, how many measurements, measurement in which arm first (whether this is going to be randomized), details of cuff and its placement, who will take the measurement. This minimizes the possibility of confusion, delays and errors. Data analysis: The description should include the design of the analysis form, plans for processing and coding the data and the choice of the statistical method to be applied to each data. What will be the procedures for accounting for missing, unused or spurious data? 8
Purchase answer to see full attachment
User generated content is uploaded by users for the purposes of learning and should be used following Studypool's honor code & terms of service.

Explanation & Answer

h

Running Head: GOVERNMENT VS CITIZENS

Government Vs Citizens
Student's Name
Institutional Affiliation
Date

1

2
GOVERNMENT VS CITIZENS

Government Vs Citizens
In situations where angels were to rule instead of the government, the use of various
governmental policies and forces would be unnecessary. It is believed that angles and countries
are connected in some way. For instance, in the scenario where the Jews conquered captivity.
During this period, the Jews were ruled by a Persian empire. Also, there was a prophet in those
times known as Daniel, who always prayed for the return of the Jews. It is believed that after
twenty-one days, an angel appeared to the prophet and elaborated to him the reason behind the
delay of the return. However, some factors inhibit the governing process by angels. This includes
earthly external and internal controls.
Nations overlooked by angels tend to be more peaceful than those governed by human
beings. This is because angles can know an individual's next move since they have such
capabilities, unlike a normal man. Therefore, they will try to prevent bad events from happening.
An example is seen when an angel overlooks Persia. This is evident from the book of Daniel
10:20 which states that "Do you know why I have come to you? Now I must return to fight
against the prince of Persia, and when I am through with him, the prince of Greece will come".
These were the words of the angel to Daniel, assuring him that everything is in control. This
there confirms that no external nor internal power would be necessary in case of angels take over
the world. This is because they can see the future, therefore, enabling them to either adjust or
change specific programs to create a peaceful environment.
Democracy is defined as the control of people through elected representatives which
depends on the views of the majority. Many people believe that the voice of the majority is the
voice of the supreme being. Therefore, supporting the idea that the individual chose by many is
the right individual to govern them. In biblical scriptures, it is right to say that authority comes

3
GOVERNMENT VS CITIZENS
from the Almighty God. In the book of Romans 13:1, "Every person is to be in subjection to the
governing authorities. For there is no authority except God, and God establishes those which
exist."
The fact that the Legislative arm of government rules over people's deeds, there is still a
possibility where citizens can change or alter its functionality in case it recognized that its
systems inconveniences republicans. This may be a situation where people no longer trust the
decisions made by the legislative department. For example, when the citizens are not satisfied
with the results given by the electoral body. This leads to the development of conflicting
opinions on how the government manages its citizens. There are those individuals who claim that
the legislative arm should command people and as well oversee various aspects of the lives of
people. However, it is also believed that governments that lack good governance are known to
fail as human tends to misbehave because of the lack of set rules. Republicans are also given a
hearing whenever they feel that the rules are too strict. This may stimulate the legislative to
change some of its policies.

Attached. Please let me know if you have any questions or need revisions.

Running Head: ACADEMIC RESILIENCE IN YOUNG CHILDREN

ACADEMIC RESILIENCE IN YOUNG CHILDREN

Student's name
University
Course name
Date

1

ACADEMIC RESILIENCE IN YOUNG CHILDREN

2

1. Abstract –
Recent studies have discovered that resilience is a phenomenon that affects
children's adaptation and success in adult life. Schools can promote academic stability
through detailed practice coupled with strategic planning to help young people to achieve
better performance despite their disadvantages. That, however, seems to be a challenge
since many schools fail to promote holistic academic resilience. The current education
system in the US focuses on test-driven curses of singular standards to meet the
educator's threshold set by the US Department of Education. The current research's main
objective is to determine the relationship between student academic resilience and
academic performance. The specific goals include ;(i)To determine the internal assets and
protective factors that lead to better educational stability among students; (ii) assess the
link between students' internal assets of problem-solving with academic resilience. (iii)
To determine the role of current education policies and student performance. The study
uses quantitative data collection methods. The researcher chose the randomized control intervention study research design. The study respondent uses volunteering participants
from a kindergarten who include the teachers, children, and their respective parents. The
whole study will take place for 12 weeks.

ACADEMIC RESILIENCE IN YOUNG CHILDREN

3

2. Introduction
The researcher considers resilience to be a significant phenomenon that impacts
children living in dangerous or risky neighborhoods (Cassidy, 2016). Children's resilience
becomes a considerable discussion for parents, especially when their young children
struggle with self-esteem, school, and friendship. Resilience is defined as an individual's
ability to adapt and overcome diversities. Every time a child overcomes a problem, they
are said to have reached a specific achievement (Agasisti et al., 2018). There is various
source of resilience, such as systemic, environmental, biological, and personal.
According to Ungar (2018), all the sources of resilience have a mutual relationship.
That sense of achievement enables them to capitalize on their strengths to
overcome even more significant challenges. Academic resilience is defined as the
student's ability to reach good educational milestones despite adversities. Some of the
difficulties children have to overcome include the death of a loved one, parent separation,
bullying, moving to a new environment, issues of friendships, or finishing homework.
Schools can promote academic resilience through detailed practice coupled with strategic
planning to help young people to achieve better performance despite their disadvantages.
However, that is a challenge since many schools fail to promote holistic academic
resilience (Agasisti et al., 2018). In the current US education system, schools are mandated
to improve students' achievement through incremental annual performance goals
(Cassidy, 2016). Educators are currently being pressured to offer academic programs that
tackle the student's learning needs.

Statement of the Research problem

ACADEMIC RESILIENCE IN YOUNG CHILDREN

4
...


Anonymous
Just what I needed…Fantastic!

Studypool
4.7
Trustpilot
4.5
Sitejabber
4.4

Similar Content

Related Tags