ERSC 1P92 Brock University Earthquakes Interpretation Geology Discussion

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ERSC 1P92

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ERSC 1P92 –EXTREME EARTH – ASSIGNMENT 3 ASSIGNMENT DUE BY Wednesday December 9th, 11:55 PM Preamble: In this assignment we pull together material covered in Modules 3, 4 and 5 (and to some extent also Module 2!). Please answer all questions before entering your answers under the Tests & Quizzes section in Sakai. Points per question are given in brackets (x). Work through the assignment, then, when you have it complete, go to the Tests & Quizzes tab in Sakai to enter your answers and submit the assignment. Rules and guidelines for assignments are in your course syllabus. As always with online tools, save your work frequently while entering answers. Interpretation of Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Plate tectonic movement on Tralfamadore. Introduction Earthquakes and volcanoes not only cause disasters on Earth, they also provide valuable information about the structure of the Earth, particularly its crust. Earthquakes occur most commonly along plate margins, as we saw in the section on the distribution of earthquakes. In fact, the distribution of earthquakes can be used to distinguish divergent and transform plate boundaries from convergent plate boundaries. Some types of volcanoes develop along plate margins and other types form in settings that are well way from plate margins. In this assignment you will use the distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes on the fictitious planet of Tralfamadore (a place created by the late American author Kurt Vonnegut in his novel “Slaughterhouse Five; or, The Children's Crusade: A Duty-Dance with Death”). The purpose of the assignment is to give you the opportunity to determine the location of tectonic plate boundaries and other features that have been discussed in this course (most from Modules 3, 4 and 5 but one feature comes from Module 2). In addition to this document you will need to download the Assignment 3 map and the Assignment 3 Tutorial. The map shows: 1) the distribution of land masses on Tralfamadore that are surrounded by an ocean, 2) the location where volcanoes occur, and 3) where earthquakes have taken place on the planet. 4) Feature reference numbers, Volcano Reference letters, Plate tectonic movement direction roman numerals (for use in assignment questions) You should review the Module material on the distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes in order to interpret the data on the map provided. The Assignment 3 Tutorial provides crucial information and advice on how to go about completing the assignment. You are strongly encouraged to review the tutorial before completing the assignment. REMINDER! Please answer all questions before entering your answers in the Tests & Quizzes tool Instructions QUESTION 1: Submit a copy of the Tralfamadore map to the Tests and Quizzes tool, on which you have added the information outlined below. The completed copy of the MAP must be upload as a PDF copy. (ONLY a PDF, no word file, no pages files, anything other than a PDF will be awarded 0 (zero) marks) • • The map is available in JPG format (and PDF format) that you can download to any software that will allow you to add coloured lines and text to the image and then save it for submission through Sakai. If you cannot annotate the map digitally you can print it out and add the required information with coloured pencils and then scan or photograph your work and save as a PDF and then submit as the completed assignment. HOWEVER – Make sure that the map is legible or it will not be marked! On the map complete each of the following: PART I Sketch the location of all plate boundaries that can be identified on the basis of the distribution of earthquakes: a) Show any trenches that you think might be present as continuous RED lines. (5 points) b) Show any oceanic ridges that you think might be present as continuous BLACK lines. (5 points) c) Show the location of any transform faults that you think might be present as continuous GREEN lines. (5 points) Note: Be very precise in the placement of your lines for these tectonic boundaries. PART II Based on the pattern of depth of earthquakes: a) Identify where subduction is taking place on the map at the steepest angle from the horizontal (label this location with an arrow and with the letter “A”). (2 points) b) Identify where subduction is taking place on the map at the lowest angle from the horizontal (label this location with an arrow and with the letter “B”). (2 points) c) Can you recognize any location where there may be a “seismic gap”? If you think that there is one label this location with an arrow and with the letter “C”. (2 points) Note: Be very precise in the placement of your ‘letters’ – The letter size should be APPROXIMATELY THE SIZE shown above (ie. ~18 pt font) PART III The following questions (2-27) will refer to the feature reference numbers, volcano reference letters and Plate tectonic movement direction reference roman numerals posted on the Tralfamadore map. For ease of recognition and reference, each number/ letter/ roman numerals has been provided on a separate Tralfamadore map. ANSWERS for these questions must be entered in the ‘’Tests and quizzes’’ tool on Sakai. The following questions (2 to 7) refer to ‘’Feature reference numbers” Ie. . 1 QUESTION 2 The feature marked ‘’1”’ on the Tralfamadore map could most reasonably be described as the following: (1 mk) A) B) C) D) E) Himalaya type mountains (continental/continental crust collision) Andes type mountains (continental/oceanic crust collision) Island arcs (oceanic/oceanic crust collision) Continental rift valley (divergent boundary within a continent) Area tectonically similar to San Andreas Fault, California (transform fault cutting continent) F) Area Tectonically similar to Hawaii (Volcanic Island chain within plate, aligned with plate movement) G) Area Tectonically similar to Iceland (Volcanic Island on divergent boundary) H) A record of a large meteorite impact event QUESTION 3 The feature marked ‘’2”’ on the Tralfamadore map could most reasonably be described as the following: (1 mk) A) B) C) D) E) Himalaya type mountains (continental/continental crust collision) Andes type mountains (continental/oceanic crust collision) Island arcs (oceanic/oceanic crust collision) Continental rift valley (divergent boundary within a continent) Area tectonically similar to San Andreas Fault, California (transform fault cutting continent) F) Area Tectonically similar to Hawaii (Volcanic Island chain within plate, aligned with plate movement) G) Area Tectonically similar to Iceland (Volcanic Island on divergent boundary) H) A record of a large meteorite impact event QUESTION 4 The feature marked ‘’3”’ on the Tralfamadore map could most reasonably be described as the following: (1 mk) A) B) C) D) E) Himalaya type mountains (continental/continental crust collision) Andes type mountains (continental/oceanic crust collision) Island arcs (oceanic/oceanic crust collision) Continental rift valley (divergent boundary within a continent) Area tectonically similar to San Andreas Fault, California (transform fault cutting continent) F) Area Tectonically similar to Hawaii (Volcanic Island chain within plate, aligned with plate movement) G) Area Tectonically similar to Iceland (Volcanic Island on divergent boundary) H) A record of a large meteorite impact event QUESTION 5 The feature marked ‘’4”’ on the Tralfamadore map could most reasonably be described as the following: (1 mk) A) B) C) D) E) Himalaya type mountains (continental/continental crust collision) Andes type mountains (continental/oceanic crust collision) Island arcs (oceanic/oceanic crust collision) Continental rift valley (divergent boundary within a continent) Area tectonically similar to San Andreas Fault, California (transform fault cutting continent) F) Area Tectonically similar to Hawaii (Volcanic Island chain within plate, aligned with plate movement) G) Area Tectonically similar to Iceland (Volcanic Island on divergent boundary) H) A record of a large meteorite impact event QUESTION 6 The feature marked ‘’5”’ on the Tralfamadore could most reasonably be described as the following: (1 mk) A) B) C) D) E) Himalaya type mountains (continental/continental crust collision) Andes type mountains (continental/oceanic crust collision) Island arcs (oceanic/oceanic crust collision) Continental rift valley (divergent boundary within a continent) Area tectonically similar to San Andreas Fault, California (transform fault cutting continent) F) Area Tectonically similar to Hawaii (Volcanic Island chain within plate, aligned with plate movement) G) Area Tectonically similar to Iceland (Volcanic Island on divergent boundary) H) A record of a large meteorite impact event QUESTION 7 The feature marked ‘’6”’ on the Tralfamadore map could most reasonably be described as the following: (1 mk) A) B) C) D) E) Himalaya type mountains (continental/continental crust collision) Andes type mountains (continental/oceanic crust collision) Island arcs (oceanic/oceanic crust collision) Continental rift valley (divergent boundary within a continent) Area tectonically similar to San Andreas Fault, California (transform fault cutting continent) F) Area Tectonically similar to Hawaii (Volcanic Island chain within plate, aligned with plate movement) G) Area Tectonically similar to Iceland (Volcanic Island on divergent boundary) H) A record of a large meteorite impact event The following questions (8 to 13) refer to ‘’Volcano reference letters” Ie U QUESTION 8 The volcano marked ‘’U”’ on the Tralfamadore map could most reasonably be described as the following: (1 mk) A) B) C) D) Predominantly Basaltic magma composition Predominantly Andesitic magma composition Predominantly Granitic magma composition A volcano is unlikely to be found at this locality QUESTION 9 The volcano marked ‘’V”’ on the Tralfamadore map could most reasonably be described as the following: (1 mk) A) B) C) D) Predominantly Basaltic magma composition Predominantly Andesitic magma composition Predominantly Granitic magma composition A volcano is unlikely to be found at this locality QUESTION 10 The volcano marked ‘’W”’ on the Tralfamadore map could most reasonably be described as the following: (1 mk) A) B) C) D) Predominantly Basaltic magma composition Predominantly Andesitic magma composition Predominantly Granitic magma composition A volcano is unlikely to be found at this locality QUESTION 11 The volcano marked ‘’X”’ on the Tralfamadore map could most reasonably be described as the following: (1 mk) A) Predominantly Basaltic magma composition B) Predominantly Andesitic magma composition C) Predominantly Granitic magma composition D) A volcano is unlikely to be found at this locality QUESTION 12 The volcano marked ‘’Y”’ on the Tralfamadore map could most reasonably be described as the following: (1 mk) A) B) C) D) Predominantly Basaltic magma composition Predominantly Andesitic magma composition Predominantly Granitic magma composition A volcano is unlikely to be found at this locality QUESTION 13 The volcano marked ‘’Z”’ on the Tralfamadore map could most reasonably be described as the following: (1 mk) A) B) C) D) Predominantly Basaltic magma composition Predominantly Andesitic magma composition Predominantly Granitic magma composition A volcano is unlikely to be found at this locality The following questions (14 to 20) refer to ‘’Plate tectonic movement direction reference roman numeral” Ie i QUESTION 14 The roman numeral marked ‘’i”’ on the Tralfamadore map would represent Plate tectonic movement in the following direction (if drawn on the map at the location of ‘i’): (1 mk) A) B) C) D) E) F) G) H) ↑ ↓ ← → ↖ ↗ ↘ ↙ QUESTION 15 The roman numeral marked ‘’ii”’ on the Tralfamadore map would represent Plate tectonic movement in the following direction (if drawn on the map at the location of ‘ii’): (1 mk) ↑ J) ↓ K) ← L) → M) ↖ N) ↗ O) ↘ P) ↙ I) QUESTION 16 The roman numeral marked ‘’iii”’ on the Tralfamadore map would represent Plate tectonic movement in the following direction (if drawn on the map at the location of ‘iii’): (1 mk) A) B) C) D) E) F) G) H) ↑ ↓ ← → ↖ ↗ ↘ ↙ QUESTION 17 The roman numeral marked ‘’iv”’ on the Tralfamadore map would represent Plate tectonic movement in the following direction (if drawn on the map at the location of ‘iv’): (1 mk) A) B) C) ↑ ↓ ← D) E) F) G) H) → ↖ ↗ ↘ ↙ QUESTION 18 The roman numeral marked ‘’v”’ on the Tralfamadore map would represent Plate tectonic movement in the following direction (if drawn on the map at the location of ‘v’): (1 mk) A) B) C) D) E) F) G) H) ↑ ↓ ← → ↖ ↗ ↘ ↙ QUESTION 19 The roman numeral marked ‘’vi”’ on the Tralfamadore map would represent Plate tectonic movement in the following direction (if drawn on the map at the location of ‘vi’): (1 mk) A) B) C) D) E) F) G) H) ↑ ↓ ← → ↖ ↗ ↘ ↙ QUESTION 20 The roman numeral marked ‘’vii”’ on the Tralfamadore map would represent Plate tectonic movement in the following direction (if drawn on the map at the location of ‘vii’): (1 mk) A) B) C) D) E) F) G) H) ↑ ↓ ← → ↖ ↗ ↘ ↙ The following questions (21 to 27) refer to features on the Tralfamadore map and information provided in Module 5 QUESTION 21 Which of the volcano localities labelled on the Tralfamadore map would you most TYPICALLY find a ‘’Shield volcano’’? (2 mk) (Up to 2 answers possible) A) B) C) D) E) F) U V W X Y Z QUESTION 22 Which of the feature localities labelled on the Tralfamadore map would you most TYPICALLY find a ‘’Plinian/Ultra Plinian” type of eruption” ? ( 1 mk) A) B) C) D) E) F) U V W X Y Z QUESTION 23 Which of the feature localities labelled on the Tralfamadore map would you most TYPICALLY find a ‘’Volcanic Explosive Index (VEI)” of zero (0) ? (1 mk) A) B) C) D) E) F) U V W X Y Z QUESTION 24 Which of the feature localities labelled on the Tralfamadore map would you most TYPICALLY find Pahoehoe lava? (2 mk) (Up to 2 answers possible) A) B) C) D) E) F) U V W X Y Z QUESTION 25 Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the Volcano’s found on the Tralfamadore map? (1 mk) A) The Basaltic type volcano(s) are high in iron and low in potassium, AND have Temperatures (in degrees Celsius) that range from 1000-1200 B) The Andesitic type volcano(s) have Intermediate magnesium and sodium chemical composition AND have Temperatures (in degrees Celsius) that range from 800 -1000 C) The Granitic type volcano(s) have 65-85% SiO2 AND have Temperatures (in degrees Celsius) that range from 600 - 1200 D) The Basaltic type volcano(s) have 45-55% SiO2, AND have low Gas content E) The Andesitic type volcano(s) have 55-65% SiO2 AND have an intermediate viscosity F) The Granitic type volcano(s) are low in iron and high in potassium, AND have a high Gas content QUESTION 26 The inhabitants of Tralfamadore are concerned about their health and safety because of the volcanic gases that may be emitted by the various volcanoes in the area depicted on the map provided. Which volcano should they be most concerned about in terms of their direct health and safety? (2 mk) (Up to 2 answers possible) A) Volcano located at a hotspot, since it emits the largest proportion of Carbon dioxide which can displace the oxygen we need for respiration. B) Volcano located at a divergent margin, since it emits the largest proportion of sulphur dioxide which can seep into the soil in high enough amounts to kill trees and small animals C) Volcano located at a convergent margin, since it emits the largest proportion of Water vapour which can displace the oxygen we need for respiration. D) Volcano located at a hotspot, since it emits the largest proportion of Carbon monoxide which is one of the volcanic gasses that can cause the greatest number of fatalities. E) Volcano located at a Divergent margin, since it emits the largest proportion of Hydrogen which can cause an increase in global temperatures as a greenhouse gas. F) Volcano located at a convergent margin, since it emits the largest proportion of Hydrogen chloride which can produce a haze that can last for months and kill livestock. QUESTION 27 The inhabitants of Tralfamadore are concerned about their future well-being and would like to monitor certain areas more closely. Which area do you suggest they focus their limited resources to monitor for potential future disasters? (1 mk) A) Location Y as this is a location of a potentially deadly Stratovolcano B) Location ‘’Z’’ as this is potentially the location of a ‘’supervolcano’’ similar to the area near Yellowstone National Park. C) Location ii as the direction of plate movement suggests that the plate could continue moving well into the future. D) Location 3 as a Magnitude 12.1 earthquake has occurred here and could very likely occur again. E) None of the localities on the Tralfamadore map should be monitored as they present no future danger Submit your completed map via the “Test and Quizzes” tool on the Sakai site for this course.(Question 1) The completed copy of the MAP must be upload as a PDF copy. (ONLY a PDF, no word file, no pages files, anything other than a PDF will be awarded 0 (zero) marks) Answer questions 2 to 27 in the “Test and Quizzes’’ tool on the Sakai site as well. ASSIGNMENT DUE BY Wednesday December 9th, 11:55 PM TRALFAMADORE (Magnitude 12.1) MAP (To print and hand in) MAP LEGEND EARTHQUAKE FOCI 1. Feature reference number (For assignment Questions) 0-70 km Land area 70 –300 km Ocean U Volcano reference letter (For assignment Questions) 300 + km Volcano i Plate Tectonic movement direction reference letter (For assignment Questions) MAP INSTRUCTIONS PART I Sketch the location of the following plate boundaries that can be identified on the basis of the distribution of earthquakes: a) Show any trenches that you think might be present as continuous RED lines. (5 points) b) Show any oceanic ridges that you think might be present as continuous BLACK lines. (5 points) c) Show the location of any transform faults that you think might be present as continuous GREEN lines. (5 points) Note: Be very precise in the placement of your lines for these tectonic boundaries. PART II Based on the pattern of depth of earthquakes: a) a) Identify where subduction is taking place on the map at the steepest angle from the horizontal (label this location with an arrow and with the letter “A”). (2 points) b) b) Identify where subduction is taking place on the map at the lowest angle from the horizontal (label this location with an arrow and with the letter “B”). (2 points) c) c) Can you recognize any location where there may be a “seismic gap”? If you think that there is one label this location with an arrow and with the letter “C”. (2 points) Note: Be very precise in the placement of your ‘letters’ – The letter size should be APPROXIMATELY THE SIZE shown above (ie. ~18 pt font) Once you have completed Part I and II save the map as a PDF document and UPLOAD to the ‘’Tests and quizzes’’ tool on Sakai. PART III Questions in the assignment document will refer to the feature reference numbers, volcano reference letters and Plate tectonic movement direction reference roman numerals posted on the Tralfamador map. For ease of recognition and reference, each number or letter has been provided as well on a separate map. ANSWERS for these questions must be entered in the ‘’Tests and quizzes’’ tool on Sakai. TRALFAMADORE 3. MAP (Magnitude 12.1) Selected features ONLY (Refer to Q’s 2-7) 1. 2. 4. 6. 5. TRALFAMADORE MAP (Magnitude 12.1) VOLCANOS ONLY (Refer to Q’s 8-13) V U W Y X Z TRALFAMADORE MAP (Magnitude 12.1) ii i Plate tectonic directions ONLY (Refer to Q’s 14-20) iii vi iv v vii ERSC 1P92 Assignment 3. Interpretation of Earthquakes and Volcanoes on Trafalmadore. This tutorial is based on a Powerpoint presentation so the pages are referred to as “slides”. The aim of this assignment is to identify plate boundaries and the location of various geological features on the basis of the spatial distribution of earthquakes and the location of volcanoes and the type of magma that they are made from. Detailed instructions are given in the assignment itself which can be downloaded from the course Sakai page. The following slides were used to give several detailed hints as to how to successfully complete the assignment. Note that the final slide in this set provides useful information about1 the distribution of volcanoes that will help you complete the assignment. Tectonic plate boundaries on Earth are delineated by the distribution of earthquakes. In this assignment you will look for patterns of earthquakes on the fictitious planet of Trafalmadore in order to identify plate boundaries and volcanic islands and to predict where mountain would be found. 2 1. Oceanic trenches Subducting crust gets “stuck” as it descends, storing energy that is released to cause an earthquake. Earthquakes occur beneath and within the obducting (over-riding) plate. 3 Foci become deeper in the direction of subduction; to a maximum depth of 700 km. Foci delineate the path of the subducting crust. 4 Most foci occur along the top of or within the subducting plate with some associated with the island arc. The top of the subducting crust is cooler than the bottom and generates more friction. 5 A similar pattern of earthquakes occurs where oceanic crust subducts beneath continental crust. Earthquakes also occur within the obducting continental crust due to compressive forces that cause movement along thrust faults. 6 Important Points 1. Oceanic trenches •Deep earthquakes only occur in association with oceanic trenches. •They are a associated with BOTH shallow and intermediate earthquake. •Shallow, intermediate and deep earthquakes occur in linear distributions that are parallel to each other and parallel to the trench. •The trench is parallel to and ALWAYS on the side of the line or band of shallow earthquakes where earthquakes are absent. •This pattern from shallower to deeper earthquakes may extend beneath continents (a major land mass) or island arc (linear islands that parallel the trench). •Earthquake foci become progressively deeper in the direction of subduction. 7 Oceanic Ridges Largely shallow earthquakes (foci above 70 km depth) along the length of the ridge. Motion is periodic; rocks stick, accumulate energy and release it when they break. 8 Earthquakes are generated: 1. Along the ridge axis due to sea-floor spreading. 2. Along transform faults due to lateral slipping between plates. 9 The San Andreas Fault is a transform fault that has been over-ridden by the North American Plate. The fault experiences over 15,000 earthquakes per year. 10 Important Points 2. Oceanic ridges and transform faults •Oceanic ridges display a linear pattern of earthquakes, all of which have relatively shallow foci. •If deep or intermediate earthquakes lie parallel to the band of shallow earthquakes, it is not a ridge, it is a trench. •Transform faults displace the oceanic ridge and these faults are also characterized by a linear pattern of shallow earthquakes. •Combined the ridge and transform faults form two approximately perpendicular trending linear patterns of shallow earthquakes. •Plate movement is away from the ridge axis, in opposite directions on either side of the ridge. •If you know the direction of plate movement based on the location of the trenches and the direction of subduction you can distinguish ridges 11 from transform faults. For this assignment you should identify the trenches first. Deep earthquakes only occur in association with oceanic trenches. They are a associated with BOTH shallow and intermediate earthquake. Shallow, intermediate and deep earthquakes occur in linear distributions that are parallel to each other and parallel to the trench. 12 The trench is parallel to and ALWAYS on the side of the line or band of shallow earthquakes where earthquakes are absent. 13 Earthquake foci become progressively deeper in the direction of subduction. Important point: if, along a line that is perpendicular to what you believe to be there trench, the pattern is not one of shallow, to intermediate to deep earthquakes along that line (e.g., if it is shallow to deep or only shallow to intermediate) you are not observing a simple trench but possibly a more complex situation where two plate boundaries are in close proximity to each other. Direction of subduction 14 You can use the direction of subduction to distinguish the subducting plate from the over-riding plate. 15 This pattern from shallower to deeper earthquakes away from the trench may extend beneath continents (a major land mass) or island arcs (linear islands that parallel the trench). In this example there are long, narrow islands parallel to the trench and on the over-riding plate. Therefore, these are volcanic islands of an Island Arc Complex. 16 When trenches lie parallel to continental masses, the compressive forces and volcanic activity form linear mountain belts, on the continent, that parallel the trench like the Andes along the western side of North America. Mountain Belt 17 How steep is Subduction? As seen on a map, the narrower the band of earthquakes on the map, the steeper the angle of subduction. 18 Oceanic ridges are delineated by a linear pattern of shallow earthquakes. If deep or intermediate earthquakes lie parallel to the band of shallow earthquake, it is not a ridge, it is a trench. Note that Iceland is a volcanic island that is a part of the North Atlantic Ridge. 19 Transform faults displace the oceanic ridge and these faults are also characterized by a linear pattern of shallow earthquakes. 20 Combined the ridge and transform faults form two approximately perpendicular trending linear patterns of shallow earthquakes. 21 The question is: which of the linear trends of shallow earthquakes is along the ridge and which is along transform faults? 22 Plate movement is away from the ridge axis, in opposite directions on either side of the ridge. You know the direction of plate movement based on the location of the trenches so you can determine which linear trending shallow earthquakes represent the oceanic ridge. 23 Decide for yourself which of the following figures are correct based on the direction of plate movement. OR 24 Remember: Transform faults can pass though continents to connect ridges… where they form a linear pattern of shallow earthquakes. Ridges do not pass through continents to connect transform faults. 25 The following information is broadly true of volcanoes: Basaltic volcanoes: occur along oceanic ridges and away from plate boundaries as hot spot volcanoes on basaltic oceanic crust (e.g., Hawaiian Islands) Andesitic volcanoes: found on parallel to oceanic trenches on the over-riding plate. Granitic volcanoes: occur over hot spot volcanoes on continental crust. 26 EXAMPLES OF PLATE TECTONIC BOUNDARIES AS SEEN ON MAPS LEGEND: = Tectonic Plate = Plate boundary DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY (2 EXAMPLES) TRANSFORM FAULT BOUNDARY (2 EXAMPLES) = Direction(s) of Plate movement 0 o O O O o o оо O O TRALFAMADORE MAP (To print and hand in) 0 O O O O 0 0 o O o o O о O O O 0 0 0 000000 O O O (Magnitude 12.1) O 0000 0000 0000 00
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Extreme Earth Assignment 3

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