Discussion: Attention You need the ability to shift the focus of your attention from one object to another, depending on the situation. There are early-selection and late-selection models to propose what might draw your attention to a particular target and research has identified several brain areas that are involved in shifting attention. These processes of maintaining and shifting attention are important in your daily life, such as when driving, and they have clinical implications. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is considered a disorder that impacts the ability to maintain or shift attention. Some consider ADHD both an overdiagnosed and underdiagnosed neurodevelopmental condition. Diagnosis can be challenging, but it is thought to affect about 7% of children and adolescents worldwide and about 11% of the population in the United States. Understanding attention and the biological basis of how to shift or maintain that attention may be the first step to treating the underlying cause of this disease. Related to attention is the idea of consciousness. These terms are sometimes used interchangeably, but they can mean very different things. In the broader sense, consciousness is that emergent property that is fundamental to human existence and potentially separates us from other living things. Researchers have struggled to define and study consciousness, generally breaking it down into easy problems, which can probably be addressed with current research techniques, and hard problems, which are the “how” and “why” questions that cannot be addressed in an obvious way by today’s techniques. For this Discussion, you will summarize the different models of attention and the brain areas involved. You will consider ADHD and the common pharmaceutical treatment. Finally, you will describe consciousness and the how researchers define the easy and hard problems of consciousness. . To prepare: Review this week’s Learning Resources, focusing on the models and types of attention and the regions of the brain involved in attention and shifts of attention. As you read about attention, consider the efficacy of multitasking. Finally, be sure you can differentiate between the easy and hard problems of consciousness. Post a response to the following: Describe the early-selection and late-selection models of attention.Describe the brain areas involved in attention.Differentiate between the areas involved in voluntarily shifting attention and those involved in reflexive shifts of attention.Describe ADHD and explain a pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical treatment for the condition. Include an assessment of the effectiveness of each treatment.Define consciousness and differentiate between the easy and hard problems of consciousness. Required Readings References Breedlove, S. M., & Watson, N. V. (2019). Behavioral neuroscience (9th ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Chapter 18, “Attention and Higher Cognition” https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/science/article/pii/S0301051116303143?via%3Dihub https://web-a-ebscohost-com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/ehost/detail/detail?vid=0&sid=510c649d-5610-459b-9d28-fd874c599503%40sessionmgr4008&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/pmc/articles/PMC3960698/ https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/pmc/articles/PMC5641373/ https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/science/article/pii/S0165032718305470?via%3DihubDiscussion: AttentionYou need the ability toshift the focus of your attention from one object to another, depending on thesituation. There are early-selection and late-selection models to propose whatmight draw your attention to a particular target and research has identifiedseveral brain areas that are involved in shifting attention. These processes ofmaintaining and shifting attention are important in your daily life, such aswhen driving, and they have clinical implications. Attention-deficithyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is considered a disorder that impacts the abilityto maintain or shift attention. Some consider ADHD both an overdiagnosed andunderdiagnosed neurodevelopmental condition. Diagnosis can be challenging, butit is thought to affect about 7% of children and adolescents worldwide andabout 11% of the population in the United States. Understanding attention andthe biological basis of how to shift or maintain that attention may be thefirst step to treating the underlying cause of this disease.Related to attention isthe idea of consciousness. These terms are sometimes usedinterchangeably, but they can mean very different things. In the broader sense,consciousness is that emergent property that is fundamental to human existenceand potentially separates us from other living things. Researchers havestruggled to define and study consciousness, generally breaking it down intoeasy problems, which can probably be addressed with current researchtechniques, and hard problems, which are the “how” and “why” questions thatcannot be addressed in an obvious way by today’s techniques.For this Discussion, youwill summarize the different models of attention and the brain areas involved.You will consider ADHD and the common pharmaceutical treatment. Finally, youwill describe consciousness and the how researchers define the easy and hardproblems of consciousness. . To prepare:· Review this week’sLearning Resources, focusing on the models and types of attention and theregions of the brain involved in attention and shifts of attention. As you readabout attention, consider the efficacy of multitasking. Finally, be sure youcan differentiate between the easy and hard problems of consciousness.Post a response to the following:· Describe theearly-selection and late-selection models of attention.· Describe the brain areasinvolved in attention.o Differentiate between the areas involved in voluntarily shiftingattention and those involved in reflexive shifts of attention.· Describe ADHD andexplain a pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical treatment for the condition.Include an assessment of the effectiveness of each treatment.· Define consciousness anddifferentiate between the easy and hard problems of consciousness.Required ReadingsReferencesBreedlove, S. M.,& Watson, N. V. (2019). Behavioral neuroscience (9th ed.).New York, NY: Oxford University Press. · Chapter 18, “Attentionand Higher Cognition”https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/science/article/pii/S0301051116303143?via%3Dihubhttps://web-a-ebscohost-com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org...https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/pmc/articles/PMC3960698/https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/pmc/articles/PMC5641373/https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/science/article/pii/S0165032718305470?via%3Dihub

Darla is a Master’s of Arts in Professional Counseling student working at her practicum site. Mike is a practicum student assigned to the same practicum site as Darla. Both Darla and Mike report directly to the same site supervisor. About halfway through the practicum, Darla realizes that many of the clients assigned to Mike for counseling are coming to see her. Comments from Mike's clients have led Darla to believe that Mike is acting unethically. How should Darla handle this situation? What are the ethical and legal implications?If Darla tells her supervisor, and her supervisor does not act on her concerns, what are the ethical and legal implications?This discussion question is informed by the following CACREP Standards:2.F.1.m. The role of counseling supervision in the profession.5.G.2.m. Legislation and government policy relevant to school counseling.