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i just send you the annotated first draft and there are so many comments from the professor, you have to open it in WORD or something, some annotated comment maybe overlap, if you can not see the comment please inform me.
The research paper should run between 12-15 pages (typed, double-spaced, and paginated, with proper citations and a bibliography). For the paper, students will have to consult a minimum of seven sources not counting the readings from the assigned materials for class. These can be books, book chapters, articles from scholarly journals, primary source materials or materials from authoritative web sites, such as the official U.S. State Department web site, the United Nations or NATO web site, etc. Magazines such as Time, Newsweek, and/or Economist may be consulted and cited, but cannot be part of the count for the minimum of seven scholarly resources. Proper citations (Author, title, publisher or journal title, page numbers, date/year and place of publication; if you are citing a chapter from an edited book, you need to cite the author of the chapter and the chapter title, page numbers of the chapter, and bibliographic details for the edited book) must be provided for all your sources. You must also choose an appropriate title for each paper and paginate your paper. Paper topics must be cleared with the instructor. Students will be required to submit a thesis statement, a bibliography, a first draft, and a final draft of the paper. The thesis statement should posit a clear link between the dependent variable (that which is being explained) and the independent variable(s) (factors used to explain the dependent variable. The posited causal link should derive from an established body of theoretical literature. Students will get feedback at all stages of the paper-writing process.
Use the APA format for citations and bibliography.
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Running Head: GLOBALIZATION AND THE MEXICO-US BORDER.
The Evolution of Economic, Political, and Social Globalization and how it is likely to
change the role of the U.S.–Mexican Border as Boundaries.
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THE EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON THE MEXICO-US BORDER.
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Introduction.
Globalization has led to the interaction of local, national, and international sectors
in ways that have been inconceivable throughout history. The discussions that surround the
concept of globalization have to do with how it has affected the economic, social, cultural,
and political factors. (Kim, 2007) states that globalization is a concept that is multidimensional, multi-level, and multi-directional. This is to say that it is a phenomenon that
can be experienced in varied and uneven ways. Although it is important to understand what
globalization is, one cannot enfeeble the importance of understanding how it works. For
the proper application of the concept, we must understand and make connections between
globalization and the trends that are as a result of it. Because of this, it is important to try
and understand the global, national, and local changes that have been as a result of
globalization. That is why in this paper, we will be looking into the changes in the role of
the US-Mexico border that are a result of the evolution of economic, political, and social
globalization.
The Mexico-Unites States Border covers over 2,000 miles in the border zone. All
along this border is scattered numerous cities and towns that are a part of a transnational
urban sprawl and include Nuevo Laredo-Laredo, one of the world's biggest transport hubs.
Also, in this area are Tijuana-San Diego and Ciudad Juarez-El Paso, two large urban areas
that make a great contribution to the global economy (Staudt K., 2010). This area is made
up of a total of ten states, six being Mexican and four belonging to the US and is considered
home by an estimated 20 million people (Kim, 2007). People on both sides of the border
have access to early the same amenities and deal with challenges that are more or less
similar. They also cross the border for trade, employment, and working for companies that
THE EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON THE MEXICO-US BORDER.
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operate on both sides of the border. This back and forth travel is facilitated by the use of a
border commuter card known as the la mica, which allows one to cross the border for up
to seventy-two hours. This is proof that in many ways, the physical political boundary that
separates the US and Mexico is more clearly defined when compared to social and
economic factors. In this paper, we will be trying to see how globalization fits into the
picture and how that particular region has gotten to its current state and what the future
holds for it.
The Us-Mexico Border.
The twenty-first century has seen continuous changes in both the physical areas
around birder regions and the social and political processes in these areas because of
globalization. The geographical borders have gone through substantial transformations,
especially in the way they operate; they have become more porous over the years, with the
US-Mexico border being one of the most crossed-over borders in the world. With the
growing popularity of global trade and the evolution of digital technology and
communication, one can tell that many new solutions are coming to challenge the old ways
of doing things (Herzog, 2014).
When trying to understand how borders work, one must remember that borders are
mental lines. This means that nature has no restrictions on movement but because of mental
and jurisdictional constructs, people acknowledge the existence of borders (Herchner,
2016). Oscar Martinez also came up with another way of explaining borders; he developed
a model that explains the four stages border regions have. The first of these stages is known
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as the alienated borderlands. This is where the border is completely closed and there is little
to no interaction across borders. The next one is coexistent borderlands, which
accommodates little cross-border interaction. The third one we have is an interdependent
border-zone. Interestingly, when he was writing his book Martinez classified the USMexico border into this category. This category consists of border regions that are
symbiotically connected. Such regions experience healthy amounts of growth and
development because of the favorable economic environment. The final model is the
integrated borderlands, in which cross-border interaction is so strong that the two are
practically one and have no restrictions in movements (Martinez, 1994).
Migration into the US in most cases is tied to globalization in the sectors of trade
and capital. (Kim, 2007) suggests that in the case of US-Mexico migration, push factors in
Mexico like connections within migrant families and human smugglers responsible for
illegal migration and pull factors within the US like differences in wages and employment
rates that encourage immigration are at play. Data from the US Census Bureau (The
Foreign-Born Population in the United States: 2010, 2012) shows that around 30% of the
foreign-born population in America are from Mexico.
When trying to figure out why Mexicans immigrate into the US, scholars have
come to see that urban areas experience high levels of unemployment because of economic
depression in the country. The result of this is that the price of agricultural produce in rural
areas reduce, making it difficult to repay loans. In 2010, the country was ranked 56th in the
United Nations' Human Development, meaning that it is classified as a high human
development. Through examining the GDP of Mexico since around 1995, studies have
shown that as the real income of Mexicans reduces, their immigration rates to the US
THE EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON THE MEXICO-US BORDER.
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increases. The migrants have stated that they migrate in search of funds they could use for
starting and running businesses, setting up their homes, covering medical costs, and even
loan repayment. The result of this is that Mexico has lost most of its working-age
population and most of the areas in the country are very depopulated (Kim, 2007).
According to (Arloc Sherman, 2019), the immigrants who come to the US through
the border are a big help to the country's economy. In 2018, the U.S Bureau of Statistics
reported that 65.7% of foreign-born adults were active participants in the labor force
compared to 62.3% of native-born Americans. Although they made up only 10% of the
American population, these immigrants make up large portions of many important sectors
of the US economy. Around 36% of the workers in the farming, fishing, and forestry sector
are immigrants, are as those in the building and maintenance works file. The jobs that these
immigrants do are of great importance to the growth of the American economy. Most of
them work without a college degree and have been the target of multiple policies aimed at
keeping them out of America. They are found in many industries throughout the country
and if something were to happen to keep them out of America, the firms in these industries
would have a hard time trying to get the workers they need.
Immigrants also cross the Mexico-US border in search of better education. Studies
have shown that children from immigrant families are more likely to get higher levels and
quality of education, work in better-paying jobs, and make more money than their parents.
According to the 2015 NAS immigration study, second-generation members of immigrant
families, who are generally children born to immigrant parents, get to the same level as and
in some cases outdo the level of schooling achieved by native-Americans they are in the
same level with (Arloc Sherman, 2019). The National Academy of Sciences 2017 report
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also showed that between 1994 and 1996, around 36% of new immigrants in the country
lacked education but as of 2017, that figure had reduced to only 8% (Arloc Sherman, 2019).
Economic Globalization at The Mexico-Us Border.
Because the US and Mexico share such a long border, the two have developed a
relationship over the years. By 1990, Mexico was the US's second-biggest trade partner
and the US was Mexico's biggest importer. In the 1990s, a large number of foreign
companies were set up in the border and scholars say this is because, at the time, the
international market was experiencing a rise in a new division of production (Kim, 2007).
Following the signing of NAFTA in 1993, Mexico had to make several adjustments
to its legal and administrative structures. Most of these changes were not captured in the
official NAFTA document but they have had a huge impact on trade between the two
countries and immigration at the border. The first of these adjustments was the reduction
of public spending, which ended up leading to the depreciation of both the public sector
and the formal economy. The result of this was the growth of the informal economy and a
higher level of poverty within the country. To add to this, the monetary policies of the
country were changed. For instance, the interest rates were increased making it difficult for
local investors to set up businesses. The result was an economic crisis. The country's corn
producers, for instance, experienced a reduction in imports and an extreme increase in the
number of small producers, which led to an increase in economic migration. In such a case,
the market liberalization brought about by the signing of NAFTA was extremely helpful.
The agreement got rid of trade and investment restrictions. Customs duties, including
tariffs, were no longer a requirement for all goods that were to be involved in cross-border
trade (Thomas, 2010). The liberalization of international trade encouraged capitalists to set
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up their companies on the Mexican side because this way, they could get the benefit of
being close to the US all while enjoying manageable tax policies, a political climate that
was good for business, moderate regulation and most importantly, cheap labor.
As before mentioned, one of the measures taken by the Mexican government to
facilitate NAFTA led to the reduction of formal employment in Mexico which in turn
facilitated the growth of the informal sector and an increased rate of labor migration. Most
of the migrating labor force became a part of the Maquiladora industry, which mainly
thrived on the reduced trade tariffs brought about by NAFTA. This is also the same reason
an increase in immigrant labor was seen in the US....