INTL 190 University of California The Evolution of Economic Globalization Paper

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INTL 190

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The research paper should run between 12-15 pages (typed, double-spaced, and paginated, with proper citations and a bibliography). For the paper, students will have to consult a minimum of seven sources not counting the readings from the assigned materials for class. These can be books, book chapters, articles from scholarly journals, primary source materials or materials from authoritative web sites, such as the official U.S. State Department web site, the United Nations or NATO web site, etc. Magazines such as Time, Newsweek, and/or Economist may be consulted and cited, but cannot be part of the count for the minimum of seven scholarly resources. Proper citations (Author, title, publisher or journal title, page numbers, date/year and place of publication; if you are citing a chapter from an edited book, you need to cite the author of the chapter and the chapter title, page numbers of the chapter, and bibliographic details for the edited book) must be provided for all your sources. You must also choose an appropriate title for each paper and paginate your paper. Paper topics must be cleared with the instructor. Students will be required to submit a thesis statement, a bibliography, a first draft, and a final draft of the paper. The thesis statement should posit a clear link between the dependent variable (that which is being explained) and the independent variable(s) (factors used to explain the dependent variable. The posited causal link should derive from an established body of theoretical literature. Students will get feedback at all stages of the paper-writing process.

Use the APA format for citations and bibliography.


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RESEARCH PROJECT FIRST DRAFT 1 Research Project First Draft Zihan Chen Vidya Nadkarni INTL190 24/10/2020 RESEARCH PROJECT FIRST DRAFT 2 Introduction For a long time, political boundaries have mediated the relations between countries thereby imposing restrictions on various business activities as well as interaction of people. Also, these boundaries have played a major role in shaping the social and economic conditions of societies and their people especially those living along the state borders through dictating how these people interact and carry out their economic activities. Over the last decades, however, globalization has modified the features of sovereignty and borders (Cohen, 2001). Additionally, globalization has deepened, widened, and sped up worldwide interconnectedness thereby increasing sociocultural interactions, increasing the spread of innovation and technology, and lowering the costs of products which has increase the flow of capital. Globalization is, however,also a contentious issue because much as it has had numerous benefits, it also has significant disadvantages such as loss in cultural diversity(And also perhaps in increasing income inequalities within and across countries?). Globalization is also causing adverse effects on the environment due to the rising number of industrial activities that cause air pollution and produce greenhouse gases. Nevertheless, it is without a doubt that the increased level of international cooperation is continuously lowering the significance and relevance of borders in nation states. Together with the revolution in digitalised technology(The interesting element here is that physical borders are invisible and easily penetrated by digital technologies. In fact, building internet firewalls is a very costly enterprise.), globalization promises to continue challenging older ideas with new approaches to the understanding of international boundaries and borders and the regions they impact. This, therefore, forms the basis of my research that dwells on why (Your thesis statement here should include a synopsis of what you think are the reasons. I imagine your primary independent variable is "digital technologies"? )the evolution of economic, political, and social globalization is likely to change the role of the US–Mexican borders as RESEARCH PROJECT FIRST DRAFT boundaries. Discussion on my research question 3 RESEARCH PROJECT FIRST DRAFT 4 My research focuses on investigating why the evolution of economic, political, and social globalization is likely to change the role of the US-Mexican borders as boundaries. The USAMexican border has for a long time been a political issue between the two nations, especially with the large migration of illegal immigrants into the United States from Mexico, gun, trade, and trafficking across the border(I would separate the problematic aspects of cross-border traffic (guns, drugs, etc.) from the more benign aspects, such as trade.). The economic difficulties(Be more specific. This is a good place to consider the implications of having a developing country border on a developed country. Also, that there is demand in the United States for cheap Mexican labor, especially in agriculture.) in Mexico has led to the country’s citizens migrating into the US with the hope of earning money or getting permanent jobs to support their families. They migrate into America to seek better health care and quality education, (Do you have evidence that illegal immigrants have easy access to health care in the United States when even US citizens find it hard to get adequate health care? Provide your source for this statement. Do you have statistical data on this and also on "quality education"? I suppose the children would be enrolled in public schools, which vary on quality, especially if they are schools in poorer neighborhoods. When you consider that illegal immigrants work in rural areas, you would need to show whether they have access to good schools where they live.)and these factors are correlated with the economic benefits of attaining the American dream.(Sources? Evidence?) Also, these migrants are pushed to move into the US evidence.)because of high crime rates, poverty, (Back up your statements with unemployment, climatic hazards that lead to shortages of water as well as drug trafficking. Globalization has brought with it the authorization (What do you mean here? Clarify. Authorization from which body?)of flow of capital and goods as well as unauthorized flows of labor between the two countries. It has also led to the growth of permanent populations (Again, support this with data and evidence. Are you suggesting that there is a growth in the permanent population on the US side because of illegal immigrants? What about on the Mexican side of the border? Is the flow only one-way or is it a two-way flow?)along the RESEARCH PROJECT FIRST DRAFT 5 US-Mexican border. This is a result of the autonomous economies (Too vague. Elaborate on exactly what you are referring to here.)along the borders that have been facilitated by the large amounts of mobile capital seeking low labor costs, cheap land as well as relaxed regulatory constraints. The border region has now evolved to become an important zone of wealth production bin many sections such as trade, manufacturing, specialized crafts and different services. Also, the US-Mexican borders have seen increasing interdependence, rapid economic developments, extensive-cross border traffic, and increased populations which has replaced the older political conflicts (What are the older political conflicts?) at the border (Weber, 2011). Between 1980 and 2010, for instance, Mexican population at the border increased by over 50% and that of the US by 59%.(What is the nature of this population increase? From where are these people coming. Need more information. Is it movement of Americans from other states into the border areas or of Mexicans and Central Americans? Need more granular data to explain this increase in population. The percent increases don't tell the reader why they occurred and who is migrating. What about on the Mexican side? Why are we seeing an increase in the border regions there?) This is an indication that today over ninety million people now reside in the US-Mexico borders. bilateral trade Additionally, economy along the borders is continuously flourishing, , and ( To what extent is the rise in bilateral trade connected to economic activity in the border areas versus all of the country? To what exactly can we attribute this flourishing. Provide details--such as what kind of economic activity is attracting the rise in population and is it a cross-border migration or within country migration. )has RESEARCH PROJECT FIRST DRAFT 6 increased from $100 billion at the time of signing of the North America Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA) in 1993 to approximately $400 billion by 2011.This is a result of trade that literally flows through the land ports of the United States-Mexican borders. Additionally, globalization has led to the intermingling of societies and cultures in the high-density urbanizing regions of the US-Mexican border (Cohen, 2001). With these developments, the region is heading towards a borderless world where global trade as well as the flow of information renders nation boundaries increasingly less relevant or (Might it be the case that borders are irrelevant in some ways but very meaningful in others? If an illegal immigrant unnecessary. wants to cross into the United States is the border not very relevant?) Globalization is, therefore, slowly shifting the nineteenth century role of the US-Mexican borders from being political boundaries or barriers to opportunities for people across the borders to engage in global trade, cyberspace as well as technology, and has enabled the transnational flows of labor that brings these people together (Rigg, 2017). Frontier regions are no longer in isolation and the unreproductive marginalized areas ( Time series data would be helpful here. For instance, what is the baseline for when these areas were unproductive or marginalized? When exactly did they cease to be unproductive and marginalized? Why? In other words, at the moment of transition, what were the factors that were most important--was it NAFTA or did the transformation occur before that and NAFTA just sealed what was already happening?) along the border are now used to carry out many economic activities, and play a key role in the globalizng world. The US-Mexican border, however, separates two very distinct entities. The Mexican side, for instance, has a very weak representation in government (For whom? For its people? In what way?) alongside a poorly institutionalized environmental movement. This puts the country under extreme pressure that drives it towards championing for globalization (Which groups champion globalization in Mexico? Are there opponents of globalization? The Chiapas protest was against the neoliberal economic appraoch of the Mexican government.) which will provide it with the necessary uplifting (For overall GDP or for uplift of the impoverished? In other words, are the economically disadvantaged making significant gains in Mexico?) that it requires especially from countries like the US (Jayasuriya, 1998). The Unites States, on the other hand, is a highly RESEARCH PROJECT FIRST DRAFT 7 industrialized country with good representation in government.( You need to explain what you mean here. Both the United States and Mexico are representative multiparty democracies, aren't they? If you are trying to say that democracy in Mexico is not representative, you need to explain in what way.) The country is, however, under a lot of pressure to tighten security at its borders as well as to harden it cross-border policies in response to terrorism, (Is this the only reason? Perhaps the primary reason is concern over illegal immigration and flows of asylum seekers fleeing instability and violence from Central American countries?) which intensified especially after the 9/11 attack. This has created uncertainty at the US–Mexican border and as a result various critical infrastructure( In both countries or are you referring here to the United States?) remains under–funded or unfunded. New or upgraded rail transit lines, roads, sewage treatment plants, new ports of entry, RESEARCH PROJECT FIRST DRAFT 8 air pollution monitoring systems, and inspection facilities among other vital projects have been cancelled or delayed for more than a (Explain. decade.In the United States, there are the revenues to deal with updating critical infrastructure. The real issue is what the priorities are of the federal government--whether to fund tax cuts or to use revenues to improve infrastructure. This section is too vague and needs to be supported with data/evidence and time frames. In other words, has securitization of the border taken up so much revenue as to deplete funds for infrastructure building) With globalization now speeding up the exchanges and movements of people, services, goods, and capital across borders, it is also causing a homogeneity of the different cultures which leads to cultural loss.( Zihan, So far, your paper is dealing with generalities and is too broadly cast as to make me wonder about what your main thesis for the paper is. You begin in your introduction to talk about the importance of digital technologies and I thought that this would be your primary independent variable, but I have yet to see you address that in your paper.) Also, significant developments of transport arising from globalization is a major contribution to the severe environmental conditions such as air pollution, global warming as well as greenhouse gas emissions (Sassen, 1996). Global growth of the economy alongside industrial productivity are among the major consequences associated with globalization. These contribute towards deforestation, the depletion of natural resources, loss of biodiversity as well as destruction of the ecosystems. For the US-Mexican borders specifically, the once marginalized borderlands now experience significant contamination from sewage contamination of major water resources, high levels of pollution as well as toxic waste dumping sites, making globalization a contentious issue. This is partly because the two countries have different laws and institutional capabilities when it comes to the preservation of nature. Also, the two countrie have different cultural views about the environment and how it should be sustained. Additionally, the management of cross– border environments remain s challenge and not only for the US–Mexican border because of the lack of a single political administrative model for ecological border planning. My hypothesis is that political, social, and economic globalization will reduce the significance of political boundaries and borders in shaping the conditions of societies and their people, by increasing cross-border activities, interdependence, compaction of cross-border social RESEARCH PROJECT FIRST DRAFT 9 relations, and the intensification of flows of people, goods and capital. Globalization will thus lead to a significant increase in economic and trade exchanges, and will also multiply financial RESEARCH PROJECT FIRST DRAFT 10 exchanges. An increase in cross-border activities will increase interactions among different regions in the world in terms of economic exchange which will result in a stronger global economic growth (Chao, 2019). This will also result in global industrial development which will lead to the invention of more technology as well as commodities. Cross-border relations will lead to cultural exchanges which means that different habits and cultures will be shared among different communities. Political boundaries will cease affecting various business activities and this will lead to GDP increase and a resultant reduction in unemployment. Interdependence among different countries will lead to a significant increase in international trade. It will also lead to cultural integration and interpenetration, a trend that may cause downward pressure on wages, employment as well as terms and conditions of work, and lead to partial development of a global civil society. Most importantly, globalization will lead to environmental interdependence which will result in various nations working together to jointly plan and formulate strategies for safeguarding the environment. To accomplish the full benefits associated with globalization, economic liberal economic theorists argue that the government should minimally control the flow of trade. Economic theorist Adam Smith argued that for markets to function optimally, there had to be as minimum government intervention as possible. According to Smith, policies that limit international trade only help the working class and foster domestic production, but they have adverse effects on the economy’s overall growth because they present a hinderance to competition. Also, anti-trust laws oppose trusts, monopolies, and other practices or organizations that prevent participation from potential entrepreneurs. Conclusion RESEARCH PROJECT FIRST DRAFT 11 In the nineteenth century, political boundaries and barriers prevented interaction of people across border states, and economic activitie weres stunted. In the modern world, however, political boundaries are increasingly becoming less relevant and unnecessary. This is largely due to the effects of globalization have led to the deepening, widening, and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness. Because of political, social, and economic globalization, there are numerous activities taking place at the border states including flow of labor and capital. The US– American border was previously a political issue as Mexican illegally migrated into the US in search of employment and quality education in an attempt to escape poverty as well as low living standards in their country. They brought with them illegal arms, and drug trafficking was on the rise at the border. With advancements in political, social, and economic globalization, the region along the US–Mexiacn border has witnessed significant growth in the region's economy as well as an increase in bilateral trade. Not only has there been rapid industrialization but sociocultural interactions have also increased. Globalization is, therefore, gradually shifting the nineteenth century role of the US–Mexican borders from being political barriers or boundaries to opportunities for the people across the borders. COMMENT: Zihan -- This paper so far is very general and repetitious.If your main point is that the USMexico border is becoming irrelevant, you need to convince the reader why this is so and in what way it is becoming irrelevant. You mention digital technologies in the beginning but then do not elaborate on that variable. You need data sources for assertions you make. You also need to incoporate conceptual elements from the border literature we have covered in class. Martinez's borderlands models or Karin Dean's discussion of conceived/perceived/lived spaces or some discussion of identity issues from Vila, considerations of the limitations of nation-centric narratives from Thelen, etc. Your bibliography also needs to include at least one primary source. RESEARCH PROJECT FIRST DRAFT 12 Bibliography Cohen, E. S. (2001). Globalization and the boundaries of the state: A framework for analyzing the changing practice of sovereignty. Governance, 14(1), 75-97. Chao, I. N. Y. (2019). Thematic Articles: Economic Migration in the Age Of Globalization: Globalisation and Migration: Is the World Transforming into a Borderless One?. Journal of Identity and Migration Studies, 13(1), 2-155. Jayasuriya, K. (1998). Globalization, law, and the transformation of sovereignty: the emergence of global regulatory governance. Ind. J. Global Legal Stud., 6, 425. Laine, J. (2017). Understanding borders under contemporary globalization. Annales Scientia Politica, 6(2), 6-18. Rigg, M. (2017). The Relevance of Borders in the 21st Century. School Of Advanced Air And Space Air University Maxwell AFB United States. Sassen, S. (1996). Losing control?: Sovereignty in the Age Of Globalization. Columbia University Press. Weber, L., & Pickering, S. (2011). Globalization and borders: Death at the global frontier. Springer.
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Running Head: GLOBALIZATION AND THE MEXICO-US BORDER.

The Evolution of Economic, Political, and Social Globalization and how it is likely to
change the role of the U.S.–Mexican Border as Boundaries.

Student
Course
Professor
Date

1

THE EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON THE MEXICO-US BORDER.

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Introduction.
Globalization has led to the interaction of local, national, and international sectors
in ways that have been inconceivable throughout history. The discussions that surround the
concept of globalization have to do with how it has affected the economic, social, cultural,
and political factors. (Kim, 2007) states that globalization is a concept that is multidimensional, multi-level, and multi-directional. This is to say that it is a phenomenon that
can be experienced in varied and uneven ways. Although it is important to understand what
globalization is, one cannot enfeeble the importance of understanding how it works. For
the proper application of the concept, we must understand and make connections between
globalization and the trends that are as a result of it. Because of this, it is important to try
and understand the global, national, and local changes that have been as a result of
globalization. That is why in this paper, we will be looking into the changes in the role of
the US-Mexico border that are a result of the evolution of economic, political, and social
globalization.
The Mexico-Unites States Border covers over 2,000 miles in the border zone. All
along this border is scattered numerous cities and towns that are a part of a transnational
urban sprawl and include Nuevo Laredo-Laredo, one of the world's biggest transport hubs.
Also, in this area are Tijuana-San Diego and Ciudad Juarez-El Paso, two large urban areas
that make a great contribution to the global economy (Staudt K., 2010). This area is made
up of a total of ten states, six being Mexican and four belonging to the US and is considered
home by an estimated 20 million people (Kim, 2007). People on both sides of the border
have access to early the same amenities and deal with challenges that are more or less
similar. They also cross the border for trade, employment, and working for companies that

THE EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON THE MEXICO-US BORDER.

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operate on both sides of the border. This back and forth travel is facilitated by the use of a
border commuter card known as the la mica, which allows one to cross the border for up
to seventy-two hours. This is proof that in many ways, the physical political boundary that
separates the US and Mexico is more clearly defined when compared to social and
economic factors. In this paper, we will be trying to see how globalization fits into the
picture and how that particular region has gotten to its current state and what the future
holds for it.

The Us-Mexico Border.
The twenty-first century has seen continuous changes in both the physical areas
around birder regions and the social and political processes in these areas because of
globalization. The geographical borders have gone through substantial transformations,
especially in the way they operate; they have become more porous over the years, with the
US-Mexico border being one of the most crossed-over borders in the world. With the
growing popularity of global trade and the evolution of digital technology and
communication, one can tell that many new solutions are coming to challenge the old ways
of doing things (Herzog, 2014).
When trying to understand how borders work, one must remember that borders are
mental lines. This means that nature has no restrictions on movement but because of mental
and jurisdictional constructs, people acknowledge the existence of borders (Herchner,
2016). Oscar Martinez also came up with another way of explaining borders; he developed
a model that explains the four stages border regions have. The first of these stages is known

THE EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON THE MEXICO-US BORDER.

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as the alienated borderlands. This is where the border is completely closed and there is little
to no interaction across borders. The next one is coexistent borderlands, which
accommodates little cross-border interaction. The third one we have is an interdependent
border-zone. Interestingly, when he was writing his book Martinez classified the USMexico border into this category. This category consists of border regions that are
symbiotically connected. Such regions experience healthy amounts of growth and
development because of the favorable economic environment. The final model is the
integrated borderlands, in which cross-border interaction is so strong that the two are
practically one and have no restrictions in movements (Martinez, 1994).
Migration into the US in most cases is tied to globalization in the sectors of trade
and capital. (Kim, 2007) suggests that in the case of US-Mexico migration, push factors in
Mexico like connections within migrant families and human smugglers responsible for
illegal migration and pull factors within the US like differences in wages and employment
rates that encourage immigration are at play. Data from the US Census Bureau (The
Foreign-Born Population in the United States: 2010, 2012) shows that around 30% of the
foreign-born population in America are from Mexico.
When trying to figure out why Mexicans immigrate into the US, scholars have
come to see that urban areas experience high levels of unemployment because of economic
depression in the country. The result of this is that the price of agricultural produce in rural
areas reduce, making it difficult to repay loans. In 2010, the country was ranked 56th in the
United Nations' Human Development, meaning that it is classified as a high human
development. Through examining the GDP of Mexico since around 1995, studies have
shown that as the real income of Mexicans reduces, their immigration rates to the US

THE EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON THE MEXICO-US BORDER.

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increases. The migrants have stated that they migrate in search of funds they could use for
starting and running businesses, setting up their homes, covering medical costs, and even
loan repayment. The result of this is that Mexico has lost most of its working-age
population and most of the areas in the country are very depopulated (Kim, 2007).
According to (Arloc Sherman, 2019), the immigrants who come to the US through
the border are a big help to the country's economy. In 2018, the U.S Bureau of Statistics
reported that 65.7% of foreign-born adults were active participants in the labor force
compared to 62.3% of native-born Americans. Although they made up only 10% of the
American population, these immigrants make up large portions of many important sectors
of the US economy. Around 36% of the workers in the farming, fishing, and forestry sector
are immigrants, are as those in the building and maintenance works file. The jobs that these
immigrants do are of great importance to the growth of the American economy. Most of
them work without a college degree and have been the target of multiple policies aimed at
keeping them out of America. They are found in many industries throughout the country
and if something were to happen to keep them out of America, the firms in these industries
would have a hard time trying to get the workers they need.
Immigrants also cross the Mexico-US border in search of better education. Studies
have shown that children from immigrant families are more likely to get higher levels and
quality of education, work in better-paying jobs, and make more money than their parents.
According to the 2015 NAS immigration study, second-generation members of immigrant
families, who are generally children born to immigrant parents, get to the same level as and
in some cases outdo the level of schooling achieved by native-Americans they are in the
same level with (Arloc Sherman, 2019). The National Academy of Sciences 2017 report

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also showed that between 1994 and 1996, around 36% of new immigrants in the country
lacked education but as of 2017, that figure had reduced to only 8% (Arloc Sherman, 2019).
Economic Globalization at The Mexico-Us Border.
Because the US and Mexico share such a long border, the two have developed a
relationship over the years. By 1990, Mexico was the US's second-biggest trade partner
and the US was Mexico's biggest importer. In the 1990s, a large number of foreign
companies were set up in the border and scholars say this is because, at the time, the
international market was experiencing a rise in a new division of production (Kim, 2007).
Following the signing of NAFTA in 1993, Mexico had to make several adjustments
to its legal and administrative structures. Most of these changes were not captured in the
official NAFTA document but they have had a huge impact on trade between the two
countries and immigration at the border. The first of these adjustments was the reduction
of public spending, which ended up leading to the depreciation of both the public sector
and the formal economy. The result of this was the growth of the informal economy and a
higher level of poverty within the country. To add to this, the monetary policies of the
country were changed. For instance, the interest rates were increased making it difficult for
local investors to set up businesses. The result was an economic crisis. The country's corn
producers, for instance, experienced a reduction in imports and an extreme increase in the
number of small producers, which led to an increase in economic migration. In such a case,
the market liberalization brought about by the signing of NAFTA was extremely helpful.
The agreement got rid of trade and investment restrictions. Customs duties, including
tariffs, were no longer a requirement for all goods that were to be involved in cross-border
trade (Thomas, 2010). The liberalization of international trade encouraged capitalists to set

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up their companies on the Mexican side because this way, they could get the benefit of
being close to the US all while enjoying manageable tax policies, a political climate that
was good for business, moderate regulation and most importantly, cheap labor.
As before mentioned, one of the measures taken by the Mexican government to
facilitate NAFTA led to the reduction of formal employment in Mexico which in turn
facilitated the growth of the informal sector and an increased rate of labor migration. Most
of the migrating labor force became a part of the Maquiladora industry, which mainly
thrived on the reduced trade tariffs brought about by NAFTA. This is also the same reason
an increase in immigrant labor was seen in the US....


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