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SYNTHESIS OF ASPIRIN

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General Chemistry Laboratory- Chem 213/214/251 Grading Form – INFORMAL LAB REPORT Name: Experiment: Section Max Rpt Comments pts. pts Notebook: Pre-labs to be initialed by Lab Instructor PRIOR TO entry into the lab. Students that do not have completed pre-labs will not be allowed to enter lab---no exceptions. Data to be initialed by Lab Instructor prior to entering data into computer and exiting lab. ALL WHITE PAGES (originals of lab report) to be turned in as part of the lab report. Carbon pages remain in your lab notebook. Notebook pages turned in late will not be accepted. LastName, FirstName, date, Locker #, Course/Section #, lab partner’s name on each ID information 5 Title of Experiment Purpose 5 References 5 Materials and Chemicals 5 Procedure 5 10 Data 5 Observations 5 page! Write your G# on the first page only. Title should be the same or similar to the one used to describe the experiment in the syllabus. A brief description of why you are performing the experiment. BRIEFLY state the expected outcome for the experiment that is being performed. A formal, complete reference. If unsure about the correct format, check lab manual, text or any other writing textbook. Web page references (URLs) are allowed, but must be accompanied with the date accessed. It is not sufficient to write “Lab Manual” when referencing the lab manual. A complete formal reference is necessary for each experiment. List all chemicals (include the molar concentrations of the reagents) and materials to be used; include any diagrams of an apparatus that you will be assembling for the first time. Refer to notebook page for assembled apparati that you have used before. Diagram of an apparatus should have a title and Figure #. This is the heart of your notebook. There should be enough information outlined so that you can perform the experiment without having to refer to the lab manual or any other source. You should write what you will do in your own words using proper grammar (DO NOT WRITE IN FIRST PERSON); copying verbatim from the book is unacceptable. This section should be written prior to class, but additions should be made for any changes made during the pre-lab talk. Number your steps in a bulleted manner (makes it easier to keep track of where you stopped); do not write in paragraph format. YOU WILL PERFORM EXPERIMENTS BASED ON THE PROCEDURE WRITTEN IN YOUR LAB NOTEBOOKS, ALONG WITH MODIFICATIONS MADE DURING THE PRE-LAB TALK. LAB NOTEBOOKS WILL NOT BE ALLOWED ON LAB BENCHES OR ON TABLETOPS WHILE LAB IS IN PROGRESS. Data is to be recorded directly into your lab notebook using data table template from lab manual or handout (not on scratch sheets of paper and transferred to the lab notebook nor in the lab manual). Data should be organized. During Experiment and After Experiment Results & Calculations Significant figures Discussion 10 5 10 Conclusions 5 Presentation 5 Total 80 Observations are very important! The first time you use an instrument a detailed procedure should be included on what you did to produce results. Anything you observed during the experiment, i.e., color change, temperature change, gas given off, precipiate formed, should be included in this section. Include balanced chemical equations in this section, especially when performing synthesis/precipitation/exchange/replace reactions. This will further aid you in organizing your information for the discussion/summary statements. Correctness of the Calculations; demonstration of how to do the complete calculations showing all steps (units must be included throughout the entire calculation). These should be handwritten in the lab notebook and approved prior to exiting lab on the day that the experiment is performed. ***Sample calculations must be included for all EXCEL spreadsheets where class results are shown. Sample calculations must be in EXCEL FORMAT. Results: Refer to Results Retrieval page to determine what is required for each experiment (tables of raw data, results, calibration curves, etc.). Tables and Figures should be properly numbered and labeled, printed in landscape orientation, directly from EXCEL. DO NOT copy and paste figures into WORD. Always make sure to use the correct number of significant figures to present your data. When recording values for your individual experiments, the uncertainty of the instrument or apparatus must be considered. Initial calculations may include extra significant figures, HOWEVER THE FINAL VALUE REPORTED MUST USE THE PROPER NUMBER OF SIGNIFICANT FIGURES (refer to table on page 14 of your lab manual for uncertainty values). Include a thorough discussion of results and include a detailed interpretation; did you accomplish your goal? Were the results in agreement with predicted or theoretical results? Include a quantitative discussion of the main sources of error. Make sure to interpret any spectra taken or provided. DO NOT WRITE IN FIRST PERSON; exception…when pointing out anomalous results that were specific to your experiment…or group results that did not agree with the rest of the class. Restate the purpose of the experiment. Was the purpose of the experiment met? Explain in detail why or why not. Summarize the MAIN results of your experiment. Discuss any improvements that could be made to the experiment. Neatness, Organization, etc.; no part of your report should be written in pencil or water based pens; blue or black ballpoint pens only. Lab report should be properly assembled and in order: title, reference, purpose, materials/equipment/chemicals, procedure, data & results, handwritten calculations, EXCEL tables and figures, discussion & conclusion. Late Penalty* Grade * Late reports are those that have not been turned in at the beginning of the period on the day due. The late penalty is 25% for reports that are up to 1 day late; later reports will NOT be accepted. Revised 5/17/16 9:39 AM --detailed / legal size paper; DO NOT ATTACH AS FRONT COVER FOR LAB REPORTS. **All grading issues (lab report scores) should be addressed with lab instructors within one week (during regular semester; refer to syllabus) of receiving the graded material. Any issues not addressed during this timeframe will not be considered for re-grading. Do not attempt to escalate matters if you failed to follow instructions and have potential re-grading issues resolved within the one week timeframe. Matters of this nature, due to poor time management, inattentiveness to graded material or procrastination on the part of the student, will not be entertained by the Head GTA, GenChem Lab Coordinator or The Department for further discussions or use of valuable resources. Revised 5/17/16 9:39 AM --detailed / legal size paper; DO NOT ATTACH AS FRONT COVER FOR LAB REPORTS. LAB NOTEBOOK & REPORT GUIDELINES Chemistry 213 Fall 2016 Lab Notebook Organization ■ Fill in the front of the notebook with your name and email address in case you misplace it ■ Start each new experiment on a NEW page ■ Spread out your work – Do not try to squeeze anything in – Write across the ENTIRE page – not in columns ■ Always write in ink – NEVER in pencil – – Blue or Black ballpoint pens only Other inks can result in data loss as a result of chemical spills or interactions ■ Make sure to fill out the blue box at the top of EVERY page – Each box must be filled in Notebook Information ■ ID Information (Blue Box on the top of every page) ■ Title of the Experiment ■ References ■ Purpose ■ Materials All information above the dotted line is part of your Pre-lab and must be done prior to coming to lab! ■ Procedure ■ *Data Table* ■ Data (Fill in the Data Table) ■ Observations ■ Calculations and Results ■ Discussion and Conclusion This is the order that the sections must go in. If you do not put them in this order you will lose points!!! ID Information ■ Each section of the blue box must be filled in on every page of your lab report ■ You must fill in your full name. Nicknames are not permitted ■ Some labs will require you to work with a partner – When this is the case you must include your partner’s name in the appropriate box on every page – If you are working individually you will leave this section blank Title of the Experiment ■ This is separate from the title in the blue box on every page ■ Must be the first piece of information written at the start of each new experiment ■ Can be the same title used in the lab manual References ■ Lab Manual Reference – Suzanne Slayden, 2016, Chemistry 211, 212, 251 Laboratory Experiments, 7th Edition, pages _____ - _____ ■ Results Retrieval Reference – 2016, Full Title of the Experiment, chem.gmu.edu/results, page 1 ■ Other References – ACS Citation Format Purpose ■ Must be in full, complete sentences ■ Must be detailed ■ Follow the format: – The purpose of this experiment is to __________________. This will be done by______________________. The anticipated outcome is _______________. ■ When determining the anticipated outcome, relate it back to what you stated the purpose was. – Example: If the purpose is to find the molecular weight of some compound then the anticipate outcomes would be that the experimental molecular weight will match the theoretical molecular weight (which you can look up using the internet) Materials ■ List Format ■ All glassware used in the experiment ■ All chemicals used in the experiment – Include concentrations if provided – Must be the full chemical name or formula – Abbreviations are not acceptable in this section; example K-ox is an abbreviation. Chemical nomenclature is critical to understanding the overall processes that take place during the course of reactions. ■ Any instrumentation used in the experiment ■ Update this list during the experiment Procedure ■ Write out the procedure in your own words – Number your steps ■ Skip lines! If we make changes to the procedure, you need to have room to write them in ■ Be detailed and specific ■ You will perform the experiment based on the steps you have written prior to being admitted into lab---not what your neighbor wrote ■ UPDATE IF CHANGES ARE MADE DURING LAB Data Table ■ Must be already made and included in your lab notebook as part of your prelab ■ Must start on a brand new notebook page ■ Must be in table format and have a descriptive table label ■ Should be constructed based on the information you will need to record during the experiment Data (Recorded During Lab) ■ Record all data collected during the experiment directly into your pre-made data table – Record data honestly – Record data as it is collected. Do not wait until the end of lab ■ Data must be organized – – Included units with all values (if applicable) Make sure you are using the correct number of significant figures ■ Graduated Cylinder readings (1 decimal place) ■ Buret readings (2 decimal places) ■ Balance readings (3 decimal places) ■ Do not scribble over any errors or use white out – Cross out any errors with a single line and write the corrected value above or below the error Observations ■ Things you observe during the lab ■ For example… – What are the colors of any chemical reagents being used? – Is there any detectable or distinguishing odor of any chemicals being used? – – What is the texture of any chemicals being used? Does a reaction give off heat? – – – Does a color change occur at any point in the reaction? Did a precipitate form? If so, what color was it? Was there evidence of gas being produced? ■ Re-stating data that was collected in sentence format is not an observation! ■ Must be done during the experiment Calculations ■ Include one sample calculations for all data collected and/or processed in real time during the lab period ■ Must be handwritten in your lab notebook and labeled ■ Not to be included in the Data table – Any sample calculation inserted into the data table will not be graded – Only the final values should be inserted into the appropriate space in the data table ■ Must be labeled and include units throughout the calculation ■ Example: Calculation 1. Average Mass of Product A Results ■ Informal Lab Report – At the end of the Calculation section – A few sentences summarizing the main result of that experiment ■ Formal Lab Report – At the end of the Calculation section – – A few sentences summarizing the main result of that experiment Also includes the Excel portion of the report Excel Rules and Guidelines ■ All data tables must be printed in Landscape orientation. ■ All data tables must be one table per page – Minimum font size is 12 ■ All data tables must include printed Row and Column headings ■ All data tables must have a descriptive table label ■ All data tables must include column headers (with units). ■ Excel Calculation formulas must be shown beneath data table on the Lower Left Hand Side – Calculations inserted into the bottom of the data columns no dot count ■ All figures must have a descriptive figure label. ■ Nothing may be handwritten on these pages Discussion ■ Answer all discussion given in this section ■ This section should be in Paragraph Format – Each new thought or question starts a new paragraph – The first line of each new paragraph is indented – Full sentences and proper grammar ■ Do not use first or second person – Avoid the words: “I, we, he, she, they” unless the question asks specifically about your results – Third person, passive voice should be used ■ Cite any outside sources you use – Copying an answer directly from your textbook or lab manual or Google without properly citing it is called plagiarism Conclusion ■ Restate the purpose of the experiment – For example: “The purpose of the experiment was to ___________” ■ How did you attempt to meet the purpose? – For example: “This was done by___________” ■ Was the purpose met? – For example: “The purpose was/was not met and…” ■ Was the actual outcome close to the anticipate outcome? – For example: “…the actual outcome was/was not near the anticipated outcome” ■ Why or why not? What errors did you specifically experience in this experiment? – For example: “The reason for the difference between the actual and anticipated outcomes is that during the experiment errors A and B occurred…” ■ What are some future improvements to this experiment? SYNTHESIS OF ASPIRIN Chemistry 213 Fall 2016 Calculations ■ The following calculations must be handwritten in your lab notebook as part of your lab report – Moles of salicylic acid – Moles of acetic anhydride – Limiting reagent – Theoretical yield – % Yield Results ■ Follow the data analysis instructions in the lab manual that is on Blackboard ■ Remember all the guidelines from the Excel Tutorial ■ If you have any questions please email your instructor Discussion ■ Which reactant, Acetic Anhydride or Salicylic acid, is the limiting reagent? Why is it called so? ■ What is the most likely impurity in the final aspirin product? How is its presence detected? ■ Discuss the results of the Ferric Chloride tests? ■ What are the possible sources of error in this experiment? Conclusion ■ Restate the purpose of the experiment ■ State how you attempt to meet the purpose ■ State whether or not the purpose was actually met ■ Restate the anticipated outcome and whether or not the actual outcome was the same ■ If the actual outcome did not match the anticipated outcome give the specific reason for this ■ State future improvements to this experiment Reminders ■ Enter Data into the Data System before you leave lab today – Data can only be entered on the lab computers. If you forget to do this you will not be able to access the processed data when you get home ■ Download the class data from the system ASAP – If you have issues downloading the data you need to contact your instructor immediately – You will not be given an extension on your lab report if you wait until the night before it is due and cannot download your data ■ Did you check your drawer to make sure everything is there? ■ Did you sign out? ■ Email your instructor with any questions!
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I.

TITLE:
THE SYNTHESIS OF ASPIRIN; EXPERIMENT 7

II.

REFERENCE:
Susan Slayden and Faculty in the Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry,
Chemistry 213, 214, 251, Laboratory Manual, George Mason University, Fall 2016.

III.

PURPOSE:
The purpose of this experiment is to synthesize Aspirin the same way that it is
manufactured in the industries as well as to determine the percent yield of aspirin that
is synthesized.

IV.

MATERIALS:
1) Water vacuum aspirator
2) Buchner funnel
3) Ring stand
4) Clamp
5) Rubber tubing
6) Filter paper
7) Erlenmeyer flask
8) Dropper
9) Ice bath
10) Beaker
11) Glass stirring rod
12) Test tubes
13) Weigh boat

V.

PROCEDURE:
The following are the precautions to be noted:

a. Acetic Anhydride is corrosive and is therefore flammable. The people carrying
out the experiment should avoid breathing in vapours by ensuring that all the
procedures are done in a HOOD.
b. Concentrated sulphuric acid is very corrosive and should therefore be handled
with care.

The procedure for the synthesis of aspirin is as follows;
Initially, before the beginning of the synthesis of aspirin, add tap water halfway into a 400 ml
beaker and heat it on an electric hot plate. Raise the temperature of the tap water in the beaker
to lie between the ranges of 45-50°C. This warm water will be the water bath that ...


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