Two specific question needs to be answer

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Xnar23

Mathematics

ENGM2022

Dalhousie University

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Two specific question of Applied Differential Equations, please give me a solution of them. I hope it will be the handwriting formatting.

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v. replace the k2 → 0 limit for y back into the provided solution which should now be the same as your k2 = 0 result vi. Use L’Hopital’s rule to find the limit k2 → 0 of y = (k1 /(k1 + k2 t))1/(Ck2 ) . Show that you get the same result as before. 2. (10 points) Refer to Week2Class3 FridayJan15 notes on mixing tank problem. (a) (2 pt) Take limit b → a and show that we recover the b = a solution which we wrote down in a previous class where Qin = Qout = Q and tank volume stays at its initial value V = V0 . Use the same technique as you used in the previous problem in (e) without L’Hopital’s rule. (b) (8 pt) Sketch the full solution where a 6= b for a < b which corresponds to Qin < Qout so that the tank empties out from its initial volume V0 > 0. i. (1 pt) Show that the tank empties in a time t = V0 /(b − a). ii. (1 pt) Factor -1 from a − b and rewrite the solution in terms of b − a, e.g. the exponent −a/(a − b) is a/(b − a) and now we can see that it is positive. Do the same thing and replace (a − b)t with −(b − a)t. Show that h M (t) = V0 Cin [1 − (b − a)t/V0 ] 1 − (1 − (b − a)t/V0 )a/(b−a) i (3) iii. (2 pt) Early Times Approximate the term (1 − (b − a)t/V0 )a/(b−a) at small time using the Taylor Expansion (1 + X)a ≈ 1 + aX for aX  1 and setting X = −(b − a)t/V0 . Insert the approximation into the provided solution and once the dust settles on the algebra and show that at small times M ≈ atCin and remember that a = Qin is the input flow rate. This little result means that the M is increasing at small times as we expect and we know how rapidly that is happening too! iv. (2 pt) Nearly Empty As the tank empties of fluid all the mass goes with it and M = 0 when the tank is empty. When the tank is nearly empty 1 − (b − a)t/V0 is small and given that the exponent a/(b − a) > 0 show that M ≈ V (t)Cin where V (t) = V0 − (b − a)t is the tank volume. v. (2 pt) Now you can sketch M (t). Be sure to explicitly label your sketch with the results from above for full points. The only thing we have not found out is an approximation to the solution near its peak. But that is okay! 3. (15 points) Consider a model of a typical electric oven cooking an apple pie. The supplies the ’oven ambient temperature’ T∞ (t) and the apple pie exchanges heat with the oven. Electric ovens typically use Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) to control the oven ambient temperature. Over a fixed-duration ’duty cycle’, a constant current is turned on in the oven element. If the duty cycle has 1 second duration, then the oven reaches a ’steady’ temperature when the current is on for a constant fraction of the 1 second duty cycle. For example, the oven might be on for the first half of the duty cycle and off for the second half of the duty cycle. If you think about this a little bit you will realize that the oven ambient temperature must be cycling around an average temperature. It turns out the this average temperature is the value that you ’dialed in’ on the stove to cook your apple pie. As a cook you have no control over the fluctuations above and below this average value - you get what you pay for! This cycling of the actual temperature has maximum deviations from the ’dialed in’ average that are a function of the duty cycle length - long duty cycles have larger fluctuations than smaller duty cycles. Let’s assume we turn on the stove and dial in an average oven ambient temperature T1 to cook our apple pie. We wait until the oven beeps at us after reaching this average value and then we put in the pie to cook. Let’s assume that the manufacturer has set the duty cycle to have a duty period d seconds during which time the oven ambient temperature is T∞ = A + B cos(αt). Assume that the exchange of heat between the apple pie and the oven ambient temperature T∞ (t) follows Newton’s Law of Cooling so that dT /dt = −k(T − T∞ (t)) where T is the apple pie temperature, T∞ (t) is the oven ambient temperature and the process time constant (PTC) is 1/k is determined by the apple pie constituents (the stuff we eat and the pan). Finally, assume that the pie initial temperature is at room temperature T0 before being placed into the hot oven. (a) (1 pt) Given T∞ = A + B cos(αt) set A, B, and α so that the average of T∞ (t) over a cycle is T1 , the period is d, and the size of the fluctuations is T2 . (b) (1 pt) After the pie is removed from the oven it is still quite warm after 1.5 hrs but still not nearly at the room ambient temperature. What is a reasonable estimate for the PTC and thus the rate constant k? (c) (7 pt) Complete the first 6 steps of the 7-step method. Use our complex variable approach to integrate the RHS in Step 5. Work with the variables k and α in your model. Be sure to write out the full solution at the end of Step 6 that satisfies the condition and show that T (t) = T1 + T2 √ k cos(αt − φ) + De−kt 2 2 k +α (4) where tan φ = α/k and D = T0 − T1 − k 2 /(k 2 + α2 )T2 (d) (1 pt) What is the transient solution? (e) (1 pt) What is the steady state solution? (f) (1 pt) Write the system diagram with ’Input Amplitude’, ’Transfer Function’, ’Output Amplitude’. (g) (1 pt) Sketch transfer function in terms of input frequency α. (h) (1 pt) Is the apple pie acting as a low-pass, band-pass, or high-pass filter of the fluctuating oven ambient temperature? (i) (1 pt) What is the time scale over which the initial condition T0 is ’forgotten’ ? Briefly explain - one sentence and refer to the steady state versus the transient solutions. 4. (7 points) In a test for gestational diabetes a pregnant woman is given a disgusting sugary drink to see how well her body can process glucose. Let’s assume that the drink causes a sharp and dramatic change in the ambient glucose load that can be modelled as G∞ (t) = G1 exp(−αt) where the exponential drop is due the effects of dilution before reaching the bloodstream. Once the glucose enters her bloodstream her body releases insulin and drives down the glucose levels - insulin causes cells to uptake glucose in a control response. Let’s model this control response in terms of our simple first order process and assume that blood glucose is dG/dt + kG = k1 G∞ (t) where G = G0 is her blood glucose before ingesting the sugary drink. Note: our parameters α and k and k1 are plus! (a) (1 pt) What value of k would we associate with an instant and overwhelming insulin response? (b) (1 pt) What value of k would we associate with no insulin response? (c) (5 pt) Use the 7-step method to solve this problem and assume that α 6= k. Show that G(t) = G1 i k1 h −αt e − e−kt + G0 e−kt k−α (5) Sketch for the special case where the initial blood glucose is G0 = 0 (not physically possible - oh well). In your G0 = 0 sketch identify the small time approximation by noting eX ≈ 1 + X, X  1 so that both αt and kt are small and show that G(t) ≈ G1 kt at small times. For large times show that G → 0 from above for both k > α and k < α. Now you can complete the G0 = 0 sketch and be sure to explicitly label your early/large time results on the sketch for full points!
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