The Endocrine System PRE-LAB QUESTIONS 1. What is the function of the endocrine system? 2. Research two types of hormones, and describe their mode of action. 3. Which gland is both endocrine and exocrine? 4. Which hormones control the “fight or flight” response? 5. What is Type 1 diabetes, and what is the treatment for this disease? 6. Describe how Ca2+ levels in the blood are regulated by hormones. 7. How do the nervous and endocrine systems work together to maintain homeostasis? ©eScience Labs, 2016 The Endocrine System EXPERIMENT 1: MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Data Tables Table 2: Experiment 1 Image Observations Image Type Image Observations Thyroid Gland Parathyroid Gland Pancreas Adrenal Gland Pituitary Gland Anterior Pituitary Gland ©eScience Labs, 2016 The Endocrine System Post-Lab Questions 1. Identify the indicated components in the slide image below. A__________________ B__________________ 2. Identify the indicated components in the slide image below. ©eScience Labs, 2016 The Endocrine System A__________________ ©eScience Labs, 2016 The Endocrine System 3. Identify the indicated components in the slide image below. A__________________ 4. What is a hormone? 5. How do hormones establish selectivity? 6. Explain how insulin regulate glucose levels in the blood. ©eScience Labs, 2016 The Endocrine System EXPERIMENT 2: STRESS RESPONSE Data Tables Table 3: Effect of Temperature on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Time Heart Rate (beats/minute) Blood Pressure (mmHg; systolic/diastolic) Initial - Normal Temperature 30 Seconds in Ice Water 60 Seconds in Ice Water 90 Seconds in Ice Water 120 Seconds in Ice Water Final - Dry Table 4: Effect of Posture on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Time Heart Rate (beats/minute) Blood Pressure (mmHg) Initial - Sitting Initial – Standing 1 Minute Standing 2 Minutes Standing Final - 2 minutes Sitting ©eScience Labs, 2016 The Endocrine System Post-Lab Questions 1. Write your hypothesis for the “Testing Temperature” portion of the experiment. Be sure to include how and why you think the decreased temperature will affect blood pressure and heart rate. 2. Write you hypothesis for the “Testing Body Position” portion of the experiment. Be sure to include how you think blood pressure and heart rate will vary when you sit versus when you stand. 3. Explain your results in terms of the endocrine system. Indicate how the endocrine system is involved in the physiological responses caused in this experiment. Which hormones are most likely to be involved? 4. Which glands are most likely to be involved with the physiological responses caused in this experiment? Which hormones are most likely to be involved? 5. How does this experiment demonstrate the “fight or flight” response? ©eScience Labs, 2016 The Endocrine System EXPERIMENT 3: FETAL PIG DISSECTION – THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Post-Lab Questions 1. Describe the techniques utilized while dissecting the outer muscle layers of your pig. 2. What surprised you about the internal anatomy of the pig? 3. What is unique about the glands of the endocrine system? 4. Explain the function of the thyroid gland and the hormones it secretes. Include how hormone release is regulated and what cells the hormones act on. ©eScience Labs, 2016 Experiment 1 Introduction to Science Microscopic Anatomy of the Endocrine System Experiment Inventory Materials Endocrine System Slide Viewer EXPERIMENT 1: MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM In this experiment, you will observe the microscopic anatomy of the endocrine system to better understand its function. PROCEDURE 1. Open the slide viewer to examine the low-magnification thyroid gland image. The follicles are spherical sacs filled with colloid. 2. Next, examine the high-magnification thyroid gland image. Note that the cells lining the follicles are cuboidal epithelial cells. 3. Record your observations in Table 2. 4. Examine the slide images of the parathyroid glands. Note that there are two cell types in this tissue. The chief cells, which produce parathyroid hormone, are the smaller cells. Oxyphil cells, which appear during puberty, have no known function. 5. Record your observations in Table 2. 6. Examine the images of the pancreas. Find the pancreatic islets. Special stains can be used to identify alpha cells (produce glucagon) and beta cells (produce insulin) among the islet cells. 7. Record your observations in Table 2. 8. Evaluate the adrenal gland and pituitary gland images. Record your observations in Table 2, then answer the post-lab questions. © eScience Labs, 2016 Data Sheet Experiment 1 Data Sheet Table 2: Image Observations Image Type Image Observations Thyroid Gland Parathyroid Gland Pancreas Adrenal Gland Pituitary Gland Anterior Pituitary Gland © eScience Labs, 2016 Experiment 2 Stress Response Experiment Inventory Materials Labware *Stopwatch/Timer Sphygmomanometer (Blood Pressure Cuff) *Paper Towel Stethoscope *Ice *Bucket or Deep Bowl (deep enough to submerge participant’s hand) *Water *(2) Participants Note: You must provide the materials listed in *red. EXPERIMENT 2: STRESS RESPONSE A number of different environmental factors can elicit physiological stress responses from the body. Some of the most common triggers are temperature, exercise, pain, posture, and noise. In this experiment, you will test the body’s natural response to temperature and posture by measuring blood pressure and/or heart rate. Note: One participant should monitor the subject throughout the experiment. Participants should remain attentive in case the subject feels faint or dizzy. PROCEDURE Part 1 - Testing Temperature 1. Develop a hypothesis regarding how decreased body temperature might affect heart rate and blood pressure. Record your hypothesis in the post-lab questions. 2. Fill a deep bowl or bucket (large enough to submerge your participant’s hand) 50% full with ice cubes. Fill the container with cool water until the ice cubes are covered. Note: Be sure to leave enough space at the top of the container empty to compensate for displacement when the participant’s hand is immersed. 3. Ask one participant to roll up his/her sleeve or change into a short-sleeved shirt to expose the bare skin of the forearm. 4. Wrap the blood pressure cuff around the subject’s forearm. Blood pressure cuffs are traditionally placed between the elbow and shoulder but may be placed below the elbow if the upper arm is too large to accommodate the cuff. Note: Blood pressure readings taken below the elbow are typically not as accurate as readings obtained above the elbow. 5. Verify that the cuff is evenly positioned around the circumference of the forearm, lining up the patch that says “artery” with the participant’s brachial artery. Place the diaphragm of the stethoscope on the brachial artery (see Figure 6), and secure the cuff with the Velcro®. Be sure that the cuff is not so tight that it causes pain. The gauge should be clipped to a flat sturdy surface, not to the cuff. Figure 6: Diaphragm placement. © eScience Labs, 2016 6. Have the participant sit comfortably for 5 minutes, keeping the ice water and stopwatch within arm’s reach. If possible, elevate the arm with the cuff to heart-level by resting it on a piece of furniture. Do not hold the arm out in the air without support, as this may result in muscle fatigue. 7. After 5 minutes have passed, palpate the participant’s pulse by placing your index and middle fingers on the radial artery (located on the posterior side of the participant’s wrist). Count the number of heartbeats in 15 seconds, and multiply the value by 4. Record the total in Table 3 as beats per minute. 8. Next measure the participant’s blood pressure. To do this: a. Insert the earpieces of the stethoscope into your ears. Inflate the cuff by closing the valve on the bulb and repeatedly squeeze the bulb until it sounds like the blood flow has stopped. This will likely occur at approximately 130 – 180 mm Hg. b. Rotate the silver valve on the bulb to slowly release the cuff pressure. c. Listen with the stethoscope for the return of blood flow into the forearm, called Korotkoff sounds. d. Systolic pressure is the pressure at which the first sound of blood flow is heard after pressure is released. You may also see a tapping of the needle on the pressure gauge that corresponds with the pulse. e. As the pressure continues to decrease, blood flow returns to normal, and the Korotkoff sounds can no longer be heard. The pressure at which this transition occurs is the diastolic pressure. f. Record the blood pressure measurement (systolic/diastolic) in Table 3. 9. Deflate the cuff, but do not remove it from the participant’s arm. 10. Place the participant’s hand (same arm as the blood pressure cuff) in the bucket of ice water. 11. Leave the participant’s hand in the water. Measure the participant’s blood pressure and heart rate in 30-second intervals for 2 minutes. Record your data in Table 3. Note: Remove the participant’s hand from the ice water if the temperature becomes uncomfortably cold. The subject may stop the experiment early or try again later if necessary. 12. Remove the participant’s hand from the ice water, and pat dry with a paper towel for 2 minutes. The participant should remain still during this time. 13. Measure the participant’s blood pressure and heart rate a final time, and record the data in Table 3. Part 2 - Testing Body Position 1. Develop a hypothesis regarding how postural changes might affect heart rate and blood pressure. Record your hypothesis in the post-lab questions. 2. Ask one participant to roll up his/her sleeve or change into a short-sleeved shirt to expose the bare skin of the forearm. 3. Wrap the blood pressure cuff around the subject’s forearm. Blood pressure cuffs are traditionally placed between the elbow and shoulder but may be placed below the elbow if the upper arm is too large to accommodate the cuff. Note: Blood pressure readings taken below the elbow are typically not as accurate as readings obtained above the elbow. 4. Verify that the cuff is evenly positioned around the circumference of the forearm, lining up the patch that says “artery” with the participant’s brachial artery. Place the diaphragm of the stethoscope on the brachial artery (see Figure 6), and secure the cuff with the Velcro®. Be sure that the cuff is not so tight that it causes pain. The gauge should be clipped to a flat sturdy surface, not to the cuff. 5. Have the participant sit comfortably for 5 minutes. Make sure that the stopwatch is within arm’s reach. 6. After 5 minutes have passed, measure the participant’s heart rate and blood pressure. Refer to Step 8 from “Part 1 – Testing Temperature” for instructions to take these measurements. Record the values in Table 4. Deflate the cuff but leave it secured on the participant’s arm. © eScience Labs, 2016 7. Have the participant stand up with his/her back resting against a wall for support. The participant should relax and remain quiet. Take the subject’s initial blood pressure and heart rate. Record the values in Table 4. 8. Continue to take blood pressure and heart rate measurements at 1-minute intervals for 2 minutes. Record all measurements in Table 4. 9. Sit back down comfortably for 2 minutes. Take a final blood pressure and heart rate measurement and record it in Table 4. © eScience Labs, 2016 Data Sheet Experiment 2 Data Sheet Table 3: Effect of Temperature on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Time Heart Rate (beats/minute) Blood Pressure (mmHg; systolic/diastolic) Initial - Normal Temperature 30 Seconds in Ice Water 60 Seconds in Ice Water 90 Seconds in Ice Water 120 Seconds in Ice Water Final - Dry Table 4: Effect of Posture on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Time Heart Rate (beats/minute) Blood Pressure (mmHg) Initial - Sitting Initial – Standing 1 Minute Standing 2 Minutes Standing Final 2 minutes Sitting © eScience Labs, 2016 Experiment 3 Introduction to Science Fetal Pig Dissection - The Endocrine System Experiment Inventory Materials Fetal Pig Dissection Tray Dissection Tools String (attached to pig’s hooves) EXPERIMENT 3: FETAL PIG DISSECTION - ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Like many other systems, the endocrine system of the fetal pig provides a good representation of the anatomy of the human endocrine system. This experiment will guide you through an exploration of the larger endocrine system glands. PROCEDURE 1. To begin, lay down your underpad and place your dissecting tray on top of it. Be sure you have all of your safety equipment on before beginning. 2. Once prepared, gently open the bag your pig is in. Note: DO NOT destroy this bag or empty out the preserving solution within the bag. You will need it for the whole semester. 3. Lay your pig onto the dissecting tray, ventral side facing up. Slide the strings over the dissection tray to hold the pig in place. 4. To view the internal anatomy of the fetal pig, it is necessary to cut through the muscle covering the body. If your lab kit includes The Muscular System lab, you have already completed these incisions and simply need to peel back the skin flaps and pin them to your dissection tray. If you have not completed these incisions, follow steps 5 – 9 using Figure 7. 5. Incision 1: Using the forceps, grasp the umbilical cord tightly. While pulling upward on the umbilical cord, use a scalpel or dissecting scissors to make an incision along the mid-ventral line of the body, starting about 1 cm superior to the umbilical cord and continuing to the upper portion of the throat. Then, make a circular incision around the umbilical cord. Note: Always cut away from your body when possible. Use appropriate force to ensure you cut through only the muscle and do not puncture internal organs. It is better to go back and retrace your incision than to cut too deeply. 6. Incision 2: The inferior incision will depend on the sex of our specimen. See Figure 7 for the appropriate cuts for male (2M) and female (2F) pigs. © eScience Labs, 2016 Figure 7: Cut lines for exposing the body cavity of the fetal pig. 7. Continue to deepen incisions 1 and 2 until the body cavity, or coelom, is exposed. 8. Incision 3, 4, 5: To fully open the body cavity, make lateral incisions on either side of the mid-ventral incisions. Make the following incisions: • V-shape at shoulder level (Incision 3). • U-shaped across the hindlimbs connecting with Incision 2 (Incision 4). • Lower edge of the ribs following the contour of the ribcage (Incision 5). 9. Use the scalpel and forceps to free the muscle from the thoracic cage. 10. After making these incisions, you should be able to peel back the four thoracic flaps on either side of the mid-ventral line. Note: Do not peel back the pelvic flap. This must be kept intact for future dissections of muscle to reveal the underlying organs. Pin the flaps of muscle to your dissecting tray mat. 11. Use a dissecting scissor to cut through the ribcage. Note: The ribs of the fetal pig are not fully developed and can be separated with a sharp blade. Use extreme caution as to not damage the underlying internal organs. 12. Examine the coelom (the fluid-filled sac that contains the organs) of the fetal pig. You will notice coelomic fluid surrounding the internal organ, lubricating them. 13. Observe the mesenteries. These thin sheets of connective tissue suspend the organs and hold them in place. 14. A large muscular structure called the diaphragm divides the body cavity into two parts: the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity. Use your scalpel to free the diaphragm from the connective tissue, but do not remove it. © eScience Labs, 2016 15. The thyroid gland of the fetal pig is located inferior to the larynx, along the trachea. Note: You may have to lift the thymus to view the thyroid gland. It is a small, reddish, bilaterally symmetric mass. 16. Locate the pancreas, an elongated, granular mass positioned between the stomach and the small intestines. You will not be able to see the Islets of Langerhans, but remember their importance in secreting insulin and glucagon. 17. The crescent-shaped adrenal gland is located on the superomedial margin of each kidney. These glands appear lighter in color than the kidneys; however, they may be difficult to see. The layers of this gland are responsible for secreting glucocorticoids (middle cortex), androgens (inner cortex), and neurotransmitters (adrenal medulla). 18. To finish, locate the bag the pig came in. Gently place the pig back into the bag, and tightly secure the bag with a rubber band, or place the pig in the zip-seal bag provided in the dissection box. 19. Place the pig back into the cool environment you had previously stored it in. Remember, the best place to keep the pig is in a cool, dark place. 20. After your pig has been put away, clean off your dissecting tray and dissecting tools with soap and water. Biological scraps should not be thrown into the garbage. Securely store the biological scraps until the end of the term so that they can be properly disposed of at one time. 21. Clean the area in which you worked with soap and water. As long as the underpad has not been damaged, keep it for future experiments. © eScience Labs, 2016
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