A statement by Michael Scriven & Richard Paul, presented at the 8th Annual International Conference on Critical Thinking and Education Reform, Summer 1987. Critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action. In its exemplary form, it is based on universal intellectual values that transcend subject matter divisions: clarity, accuracy, precision, consistency, relevance, sound evidence, good reasons, depth, breadth, and fairnes. It entails the examination of those structures or elements of thought implicit in all reasoning: purpose, problem, or question-at-issue; assumptions; concepts; empirical grounding; reasoning leading to conclusions; implications and consequences; objections from alternative viewpoints; and frame of reference. Critical thinking — in being responsive to variable subject matter, issues, and purposes — is incorporated in a family of interwoven modes of thinking, among them: scientific thinking, mathematical thinking, historical thinking, anthropological thinking, economic thinking, moral thinking, and philosophical thinking. you are therefore required to online the benefits of the virtue in line of business and its relevance to business management.

Synthesis Paper Read Concordia M.Ed. Online Library: Find Primary Research Articles (Concordia University - Portland, n.d.-b) for additional information on how to find peer-reviewed primary research articles. Also, view Literature Reviews: An Overview for Graduate Students (Smith, Duckett, Bankston, Classen, Orphanides, & Baker, n.d.) for helpful instruction in writing a literature review and synthesis paper. Additional support can be found in chapters 8 and 9 of Who Says? The Writer’s Research (Holdstein & Aquiline, 2016) which provides support with writing and citing research. Based on the literature you have reviewed, come up with one “big idea” to help answer your research question. Sample research questions and big ideas are given below. Then, locate 2-3 peer-reviewed primary research articles related to your big idea. Remember, a peer-reviewed primary research article is an article written by the researchers who describe their own study. (An unpublished dissertation does not count as peer-reviewed primary research for your M.Ed. courses at CU.) Read your 2-3 peer-reviewed primary research articles and gather information about your big idea. Do not simply list the information, but rather begin to synthesize the information to use for your final literature review assignment. Synthesis and focusing on the key details here is critical. Write a synthesis paper, using your big idea as a theme to answer your research question, with the literature as supporting evidence for that theme. Consider these questions as you write: What ideas/ findings of the study help answer your research question and support your big idea?How is the study important to helping you answer your research question?How do the study participants compare from study to study?How do the findings of each study compare and contrast with each other?What are some of the strengths and weaknesses of these studies? Sample Action Research Question Question: What strategies can a teacher employ to increase parent involvement in students’ early literacy experiences?Big Idea: CommunicationUse the Synthesis Paper Template (Concordia University - Portland, n.d.-k) to help you with this assignment. Please note: This assignment is designed to be a smaller start on the larger work you will submit in Saturday’s literature review assignment. The time and effort put into this paper will give you a solid start on your literature review draft. The templates for these two assignments are very similar so that you can use one to build to the next. Support your statements with evidence from the required studies and your research. Cite and reference your sources in APA style. References Concordia University - Portland. (n.d.-b). Concordia M.Ed. online library: Find primary research articles. Retrieved from http://libguides.cu-portland.edu/medonline/primary... Concordia University - Portland. (n.d.-k). Synthesis paper template [Course handout]. Portland, OR: College of Education, Concordia University. Smith, E., Duckett, K., Bankston, S., Classen, J., Orphanides, A., & Baker, S. (n.d.). Literature reviews: An overview for graduate students [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/tutorials/litreview/