Running Header: PSYC303
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ASSIGNMENT: PSYC303: WEEK 3 AROUND THE WEB WITH COGNITIVE
PSYCHOLOGY
Student’s Name
Institution’s Affiliation
Course
Instructor’s Name
Date
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PSYC303
Introduction
Finding a dependable origin of information that focused on a theme connected to
cognitive psychology is the main purpose of this assignment. “How Social media is hurting Your
Memory” was one of the topics that I picked from a section in the Times Magazine.
Remembrance of a particular set of data by an individual was a research carried out and the
findings written down on the article. Students from Princeton University, Diana and her team
carried out a finding on the effects of materials from social media, especially photos and videos
on a person’s memory of events. Although the paper you will see the summary of the findings
gotten from the study carried out by Diana and her team. Truly cognitive psychology is part and
parcel of our conscious and unconscious life events as clearly shown in the events below
Description of cognitive psychology concept
Cognition psychology as understood up to this point is the learning that takes into
attention our brainy process which includes; our thinking, how we get educated, finding answers
to a certain problem, our way of communication (language) and the ability we possess that
enables us to remember and store information(Heath, 1998). It is one of the quickly rising
subfields in psychology despite it being a relatively younger branch. Cognitive psychologists are
given a better knowledge of the human brain and its functionality through the study of how we
manage information. It also enables them to make new productive ways through which they may
use so as to help those with psychological problems. In other words, cognitive psychology is
focused on the events taking place in our brains that link input and output (response). There are
several theories that contribute majorly to cognitive psychology. They include; rational behavior
therapy (REBT) by Albert, cognitive therapy (CT) by Aaron and cognitive behavior therapy
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(CBT) by Donald. Rational emotive behavior therapy initially called rational therapy or rational
motive therapy is one of the oldest cognitive therapies. It focuses majorly on exposing irrational
beliefs that may ultimately lead to deteriorative non-building emotions. Clients and therapists
focus on rational emotive behavior therapy and cognitive character therapy so as to try and heal
the main cognitions that result in psychological distress. Has it ever occurred to you that we tend
to recall other occurrences as well as forget others? This is an example of questions that one
working as a cognitive psychologist may try to answer.
The cognitive psychological concept is clearly shown in the article through the findings
that came as a result of the study done. Almost every day, millions of people document and share
their photos and videos on social media platforms ranging from the darkest of information to the
most intimate moments with family members and friends. Social media, on the other hand, helps
us to communicate with family and friends and also make new friendships with new people we
meet on social media. The increase in sharing of information, as we are about to see, comes with
an implication. In a new document written in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,
investigators unveiled that those people who posted their events on social media had less exact
memories of those events.
In a succession of three research findings headed by Diana, the researchers studied how
taking photos and videos so as to post them on social media have effects on an individual’s
enjoyment and memories of those experiences. Members recorded their experiences using
different methods that included: taking pictures or notes of the event, recording the occurrence
but not saving it, sharing the information on social media or introspection of the event.
Afterward, they were asked if they fancied moments during the study events, how much they
were focused on the event or how distracted they were and ultimately they took questions to test
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PSYC303
their memories. The result is deeply rooted in research on transitive memory, which basically
means the way we choose to memorize and also store information elsewhere externally. Back in
the days before the invention of the internet, information was stored in the brain, externally
through expert individuals and books. Separating information in this manner is said to help
experts optimize the presented information of social groups while also deepening their
knowledge about their field. Romantic partners tend to unknowingly allocate memory space for
particular occurrences taking place in their life between themselves. This, therefore, helps them
with the mastery of more memories together.
New information learnt about cognitive psychology and the means through which
it’s potrayed to the human eye
External knowledge before the coming of the accessible internet used to take a greater
effort so as to get it, but with the coming of the internet, facts and knowledge are easily found
within seconds. This has brought up what investigators call the “Google effect”. Less
information is stored in the memories due to the presence of easily available external storage
memory. This ignorance brought by easy available external storage information source, makes us
neglect important knowledge but remember where to find it. For instance, a study was carried
out among people the Trivia game, where a player assumes that the computer is saving for them
the answers to the trivia questions and hence doesn’t see a need of memorizing the questions
instead, they memorize on how to retrieve the information on the computer.
The present research shows that experimental memories may be suffering from the effect
since the emergence of smartphones and social media. The smartphones and social media may
not only store knowledge but also the most fun experiences of our past (Anderson, 2005). The
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memories of these events may be erased in our memories even though they are stored in our
smartphones and social media. Fear of missing out, a worry connected to social media, is linked
to the Google effect. The feeling of anxiety that others are having much fun than you as brought
up by the fact that information is easily shared among people, due to people posting their fun
experiences with you lacking in them. The feeling of missing out is related to not being happy
with your life, emotionally unsatisfied and in a bad mood. Studies also show that the one posting
the scenic events on social media may also undergo the feeling of fear of missing out. Although
individuals in the investigation reported back that they were just satisfied with the experience,
those that recorded it on their mobile phones seemed to miss something of the original event.
The cognitive psychology concept is clearly shown in the article since it explores our way of
thinking, remembering things and also memorizing them for future use.
There are many life applications of this cognitive research that range from; giving help
to those suffering from memory disorders, uplifting our decision-making capabilities, finding
methods to help those healing from brain injury, treating disorders associated with learning and
lastly organizing educational curriculum so as to enable effective learning(Williams, 2011).
Improvement of information on how people make, memorize and remember memories. A
psychologist can develop new methods of dealing with the improvement of people’s memories
and also enable them to fight problems associated with our memories. For instance,
psychologists have found out that while your short term memory is so small that it can hold
something for twenty to thirty seconds with a span of up to nine items, practice methods can be
used to raise the chances that the information would be transferred wholly to the long term
memory.
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PSYC303
The evidence represented by the piece has a bigger impact on the field of cognitive
psychology with some of the implications shared above. In addition, cognitive psychology has
immensely contributed to the mental health world. Numerous mental health methods were based
on psychoanalytic, behavioral and humanistic methods, before the 1970s. A greater emphasis
was made on the results of how thinking patterns might result in psychological distress and how
information is processed by different individuals. This was during the famous “cognitive
revolution”. As a result of research by cognitive psychologists in this area, new methods of
handling: depression, phobias, anxiety and many more have been invented.
It is significant to always keep in mind that you are not alone if by ant chance you are
diagnosed with a cognitive psychological problem. The knowledge of having the problem might
sometimes be stressful, terrifying and puzzling. By working closely with your doctor, you may
invent methods that may be used to solve cognitive problems. Treatment will involve
approaching a cognitive psychologist with a known reputation under the particular problem that
you are facing.
Conclusion
The field of cognitive psychology as seen has a broad and diverse meaning as it takes
after many aspects of our day to day life (Hunt, 1993). Although research on cognitive
psychology may at times seem to be more educational(Calfee, 1981), the findings from the
investigations are used by psychologists to know the approach they would use to treat a
particular mental illness, shocking brain injuries, and worsening brain illnesses. In conclusion,
with the vast research on cognitive psychology, cognitive psychologists may invent new ways,
through which human intelligence can be measured, develop new strategies to fight mental
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illness, and lastly know the working of the brain. Cognitive psychology has also helped us have a
deeper understanding of the numerous activities that add up to our existence and mental
wellbeing. And as stated cognitive is part and parcel of man’s daily wellbeing.
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References
Anderson, J. R. (2005). Cognitive psychology and its implications. Macmillan.
Calfee, R. (1981). Chapter 1: Cognitive psychology and educational practice. Review of research
in education, 9(1), 3-73.
Heath, R. (1998). PSYC303 1998 HUMAN DECISION MAKING
LECTURE and LABORATORY NOTES.
Hunt, E., Frost, N., & Lunneborg, C. (1973). Individual differences in cognition: A new
approach to intelligence. In Psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 7, pp. 87-122).
Academic Press
Williams, A. M., Ford, P. R., Eccles, D. W., & Ward, P. (2011). Perceptual‐cognitive expertise
in sport and its acquisition: Implications for applied cognitive psychology. Applied
Cognitive Psychology, 25(3), 432-442
Running head: IMPACT OF FINANCIAL SECURITY ON MARITAL STATUS
Impact of financial security on marital status
Name
Course
Instructor
Date
1
IMPACT OF FINANCIAL SECURITY ON MARITAL STATUS
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Impact of financial security on marital status
Task 1
For this class, my research will focus on investigating the impact of financial security on
marital status. The two variables that will be used in this investigation are Marital status, the
dependent variable, and satisfaction with their financial situation, the independent variable. The
independent variable is measured on the ordinal scale, while the dependent variable is measured
on the nominal scale. For the independent variable, satisfaction with their financial situation, the
respondents were required to answer the following question; So far as you and your family are
concerned, would you say that you are pretty well satisfied with your present financial situation,
more or less satisfied, or not satisfied at all? As for the dependent variable, respondents
answered; Are you currently--married, widowed, divorced, separated, or have you never been
married?
Statistics
satfin
N
Valid
Missing
64814
0
Mean
1.86
Std. Error of Mean
.004
Median
2.00
Mode
2
Std. Deviation
.967
Variance
.936
Skewness
Std. Error of Skewness
Kurtosis
1.002
.010
7.538
Std. Error of Kurtosis
.019
Minimum
0
Maximum
9
Table 1: Statistics table - Financial satisfaction
Financial satisfaction
Cumulative
Frequency
Valid
Not applicable
4383
Percent
6.8
Valid Percent
6.8
Percent
6.8
IMPACT OF FINANCIAL SECURITY ON MARITAL STATUS
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Satisfied
17595
27.1
27.1
33.9
More or less
26619
41.1
41.1
75.0
Not at all sat
15966
24.6
24.6
99.6
Don't know
121
.2
.2
99.8
No answer
130
.2
.2
100.0
64814
100.0
100.0
Total
Table 2: Frequency table - Financial satisfaction
Table 2 shows that the biggest percentage of the respondents feel that they are more or
less satisfied with their financial situation at 41.1%. This is then followed by those satisfied with
their position at 27.1% and those who are not satisfied at 24.6%.
Statistics
marital
N
Valid
Missing
64814
0
Mean
2.32
Std. Error of Mean
.006
Median
1.00
Mode
1
Std. Deviation
1.624
Variance
2.637
Skewness
.762
Std. Error of Skewness
.010
Kurtosis
-1.014
Std. Error of Kurtosis
.019
Minimum
1
Maximum
9
Table 3: Statistics Table - Marital status
Marital status
Cumulative
Frequency
Valid
Married
Percent
Valid Percent
Percent
34129
52.7
52.7
52.7
Widowed
6200
9.6
9.6
62.2
Divorced
8379
12.9
12.9
75.2
Separated
2242
3.5
3.5
78.6
13837
21.3
21.3
100.0
27
.0
.0
100.0
Never married
No answer
IMPACT OF FINANCIAL SECURITY ON MARITAL STATUS
Total
64814
100.0
4
100.0
Table 4: Frequency table - Marital status
As for the marital status, one can see that 52.7% of the respondents indicated that they
were married. Those that have never been married then follow at 21.3%. This is followed by
those that are divorced at 12.9%.
Task 2
Table 1 shows that the mean is 1.86, and the mode is 2 as well as the median. With the
independent variable being measured on an ordinal scale, the median and mode are critical. That
is because they indicate the category that most responders fall into. In this case, most of the
responders were more or less satisfied with their financial situation. Moreover, the low standard
deviation means that the responses are typically distributed.
Table 3 represents the statistics table for the marital status variable; the mean is 2.32.
With the variable being measured on a nominal scale, the mode is very vital. As presented in
Table 3, the mode is 1; this indicates that most respondents were married.
Task 3
Figure 1: Bar Chart – Financial satisfaction
IMPACT OF FINANCIAL SECURITY ON MARITAL STATUS
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As shown in Figure 1, the highest number of respondents stated that they were more or
less satisfied with their financial status. Also, the two least categories of responses were those
who claimed they did not know and those who failed to answer.
Figure 2: Pie chart - Marital Status
Figure 2 above shows that most of the respondents were married. This was then followed
by those who said they were never married. The group with the least responses was the one for
separated couples.
Assignment 2: Tests of Significance
t-Tests (50 points)
Mock Study 1: t-Test for a Single Sample (20 points)
1. Researchers are interested in whether depressed people undergoing group therapy will
perform a different number of activities of daily living (ADL) after group therapy than
the average for depressed people. More ADL is a positive outcome. The researchers
randomly selected 15 depressed clients to undergo a 6-week group therapy program.
1. Hypothesis
➢ Null Hypothesis H0: Average number of activities of daily living IS EQUAL TO 17.
➢ Alternate Hypothesis Ha: Average number of activities of daily living IS EQUAL TO 17.
•
Null Hypothesis: H0: 𝜇 = 17
•
Alternate Hypothesis: Ha: 𝜇 ≠ 17
2. Using the provided information, and assuming the significance level, 𝛼 = 5% and 𝛼 =
1%
3. SPSS ANALYSIS
4. From the SPSS analysis, p=0.687 for both levels of significance used, i.e. , 𝛼 = 5% and
𝛼 = 1%
5. (a) As such, 𝑝 > 𝛼 and the null hypothesis is then accepted.
(b) Following the results of the analysis above, there would be no need for the behavioral
scientists to recommend group therapy for all depressed people since there would be no
significant increase in ADL.
Mock Study 2: t- Test for Dependent Means (15 points)
1. Researchers are interested in whether depressed people undergoing group therapy will
perform a different number of activities of daily living before and after group therapy.
The researchers randomly selected 10 depressed clients in a 6-week group therapy
program.
1. Hypothesis
1
➢ Null Hypothesis H0: Average number of activities of daily living before and after group
therapy IS EQUAL.
➢ Alternate Hypothesis Ha: Average number of activities of daily living before group therapy is
LESS than that after group therapy.
•
Null Hypothesis: H0: 𝜇𝐴𝐿𝐷𝑃𝑅𝐸 = 𝜇𝐴𝐿𝐷𝑃𝑂𝑆𝑇
•
Alternate Hypothesis: Ha: 𝜇𝐴𝐿𝐷𝑃𝑅𝐸 < 𝜇𝐴𝐿𝐷𝑃𝑂𝑆𝑇
2. Using the provided information, and assuming the significance level, 𝛼 = 5%
3. SPSS ANALYSIS
4. From the SPSS analysis, p=0.008 at 𝛼 = 5%
5. (a) As such, 𝑝 < 𝛼 and the null hypothesis is thus rejected.
(b) Following the results of the analysis above, there would be a need for the behavioral
scientists to recommend group therapy for all depressed people since it is clear that there
is change in ADL after group therapy.
Mock Study 3: t-Test for Independent Samples (15 points)
1. Six months after an industrial accident, a researcher has been asked to compare the job
satisfaction of employees who participated in counseling sessions with those who chose
not to participate. The job satisfaction scores for both groups are reported in the table
below.
1. Hypothesis
➢ Null Hypothesis H0: Mean job satisfaction score of employees who participated in counseling
sessions and those who did not participate IS EQUAL.
➢ Alternate Hypothesis Ha: Mean job satisfaction score of employees who participated in
counseling sessions and those who did not participate IS NOT EQUAL.
•
Null Hypothesis: H0: 𝜇𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 1 = 𝜇𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 2
•
Alternate Hypothesis: Ha: 𝜇𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 1 ≠ 𝜇𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 2
2
2. Using the provided information, and assuming the significance level, 𝛼 = 5%
3. SPSS ANALYSIS
4. From the SPSS analysis, p=0.108 at 𝛼 = 5%
5. (a) As such, 𝑝 > 𝛼 and the null hypothesis is thus accepted.
(b) Following the results of the analysis above, there would be no need for the researcher
to recommend counseling as a method to improve job satisfaction following industrial
accidents since an evaluation of the null hypothesis has indicated there is no significant
difference in means for the two groups.
ANOVA (15 points)
Mock study 4: One-Way ANOVA
1. An advertising firm has been hired to assess whether different demographics have
different rates of TV watching to help determine their advertising strategy. Using the
GSS 2018 data, determine whether hours of tv watched differs by race.
1. Hypothesis
➢ Null Hypothesis H0: The hours of tv watched for all racial groups ARE EQUAL.
➢ Alternate Hypothesis Ha: The hours of tv watched for all racial groups ARE NOT EQUAL.
•
Null Hypothesis: H0: 𝜇𝑊ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒 = 𝜇𝐵𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘 = 𝜇𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟
•
Alternate Hypothesis: Ha: 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙
2. Using the provided information, and assuming the significance level, 𝛼 = 5%
3. SPSS ANALYSIS
4. From the SPSS analysis, p
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