Running Header: PSYC303 1 ASSIGNMENT: PSYC303: WEEK 3 AROUND THE WEB WITH COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY Student’s Name Institution’s Affiliation Course Instructor’s Name Date 2 PSYC303 Introduction Finding a dependable origin of information that focused on a theme connected to cognitive psychology is the main purpose of this assignment. “How Social media is hurting Your Memory” was one of the topics that I picked from a section in the Times Magazine. Remembrance of a particular set of data by an individual was a research carried out and the findings written down on the article. Students from Princeton University, Diana and her team carried out a finding on the effects of materials from social media, especially photos and videos on a person’s memory of events. Although the paper you will see the summary of the findings gotten from the study carried out by Diana and her team. Truly cognitive psychology is part and parcel of our conscious and unconscious life events as clearly shown in the events below Description of cognitive psychology concept Cognition psychology as understood up to this point is the learning that takes into attention our brainy process which includes; our thinking, how we get educated, finding answers to a certain problem, our way of communication (language) and the ability we possess that enables us to remember and store information(Heath, 1998). It is one of the quickly rising subfields in psychology despite it being a relatively younger branch. Cognitive psychologists are given a better knowledge of the human brain and its functionality through the study of how we manage information. It also enables them to make new productive ways through which they may use so as to help those with psychological problems. In other words, cognitive psychology is focused on the events taking place in our brains that link input and output (response). There are several theories that contribute majorly to cognitive psychology. They include; rational behavior therapy (REBT) by Albert, cognitive therapy (CT) by Aaron and cognitive behavior therapy PSYC303 3 (CBT) by Donald. Rational emotive behavior therapy initially called rational therapy or rational motive therapy is one of the oldest cognitive therapies. It focuses majorly on exposing irrational beliefs that may ultimately lead to deteriorative non-building emotions. Clients and therapists focus on rational emotive behavior therapy and cognitive character therapy so as to try and heal the main cognitions that result in psychological distress. Has it ever occurred to you that we tend to recall other occurrences as well as forget others? This is an example of questions that one working as a cognitive psychologist may try to answer. The cognitive psychological concept is clearly shown in the article through the findings that came as a result of the study done. Almost every day, millions of people document and share their photos and videos on social media platforms ranging from the darkest of information to the most intimate moments with family members and friends. Social media, on the other hand, helps us to communicate with family and friends and also make new friendships with new people we meet on social media. The increase in sharing of information, as we are about to see, comes with an implication. In a new document written in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, investigators unveiled that those people who posted their events on social media had less exact memories of those events. In a succession of three research findings headed by Diana, the researchers studied how taking photos and videos so as to post them on social media have effects on an individual’s enjoyment and memories of those experiences. Members recorded their experiences using different methods that included: taking pictures or notes of the event, recording the occurrence but not saving it, sharing the information on social media or introspection of the event. Afterward, they were asked if they fancied moments during the study events, how much they were focused on the event or how distracted they were and ultimately they took questions to test 4 PSYC303 their memories. The result is deeply rooted in research on transitive memory, which basically means the way we choose to memorize and also store information elsewhere externally. Back in the days before the invention of the internet, information was stored in the brain, externally through expert individuals and books. Separating information in this manner is said to help experts optimize the presented information of social groups while also deepening their knowledge about their field. Romantic partners tend to unknowingly allocate memory space for particular occurrences taking place in their life between themselves. This, therefore, helps them with the mastery of more memories together. New information learnt about cognitive psychology and the means through which it’s potrayed to the human eye External knowledge before the coming of the accessible internet used to take a greater effort so as to get it, but with the coming of the internet, facts and knowledge are easily found within seconds. This has brought up what investigators call the “Google effect”. Less information is stored in the memories due to the presence of easily available external storage memory. This ignorance brought by easy available external storage information source, makes us neglect important knowledge but remember where to find it. For instance, a study was carried out among people the Trivia game, where a player assumes that the computer is saving for them the answers to the trivia questions and hence doesn’t see a need of memorizing the questions instead, they memorize on how to retrieve the information on the computer. The present research shows that experimental memories may be suffering from the effect since the emergence of smartphones and social media. The smartphones and social media may not only store knowledge but also the most fun experiences of our past (Anderson, 2005). The PSYC303 5 memories of these events may be erased in our memories even though they are stored in our smartphones and social media. Fear of missing out, a worry connected to social media, is linked to the Google effect. The feeling of anxiety that others are having much fun than you as brought up by the fact that information is easily shared among people, due to people posting their fun experiences with you lacking in them. The feeling of missing out is related to not being happy with your life, emotionally unsatisfied and in a bad mood. Studies also show that the one posting the scenic events on social media may also undergo the feeling of fear of missing out. Although individuals in the investigation reported back that they were just satisfied with the experience, those that recorded it on their mobile phones seemed to miss something of the original event. The cognitive psychology concept is clearly shown in the article since it explores our way of thinking, remembering things and also memorizing them for future use. There are many life applications of this cognitive research that range from; giving help to those suffering from memory disorders, uplifting our decision-making capabilities, finding methods to help those healing from brain injury, treating disorders associated with learning and lastly organizing educational curriculum so as to enable effective learning(Williams, 2011). Improvement of information on how people make, memorize and remember memories. A psychologist can develop new methods of dealing with the improvement of people’s memories and also enable them to fight problems associated with our memories. For instance, psychologists have found out that while your short term memory is so small that it can hold something for twenty to thirty seconds with a span of up to nine items, practice methods can be used to raise the chances that the information would be transferred wholly to the long term memory. 6 PSYC303 The evidence represented by the piece has a bigger impact on the field of cognitive psychology with some of the implications shared above. In addition, cognitive psychology has immensely contributed to the mental health world. Numerous mental health methods were based on psychoanalytic, behavioral and humanistic methods, before the 1970s. A greater emphasis was made on the results of how thinking patterns might result in psychological distress and how information is processed by different individuals. This was during the famous “cognitive revolution”. As a result of research by cognitive psychologists in this area, new methods of handling: depression, phobias, anxiety and many more have been invented. It is significant to always keep in mind that you are not alone if by ant chance you are diagnosed with a cognitive psychological problem. The knowledge of having the problem might sometimes be stressful, terrifying and puzzling. By working closely with your doctor, you may invent methods that may be used to solve cognitive problems. Treatment will involve approaching a cognitive psychologist with a known reputation under the particular problem that you are facing. Conclusion The field of cognitive psychology as seen has a broad and diverse meaning as it takes after many aspects of our day to day life (Hunt, 1993). Although research on cognitive psychology may at times seem to be more educational(Calfee, 1981), the findings from the investigations are used by psychologists to know the approach they would use to treat a particular mental illness, shocking brain injuries, and worsening brain illnesses. In conclusion, with the vast research on cognitive psychology, cognitive psychologists may invent new ways, through which human intelligence can be measured, develop new strategies to fight mental PSYC303 7 illness, and lastly know the working of the brain. Cognitive psychology has also helped us have a deeper understanding of the numerous activities that add up to our existence and mental wellbeing. And as stated cognitive is part and parcel of man’s daily wellbeing. 8 PSYC303 References Anderson, J. R. (2005). Cognitive psychology and its implications. Macmillan. Calfee, R. (1981). Chapter 1: Cognitive psychology and educational practice. Review of research in education, 9(1), 3-73. Heath, R. (1998). PSYC303 1998 HUMAN DECISION MAKING LECTURE and LABORATORY NOTES. Hunt, E., Frost, N., & Lunneborg, C. (1973). Individual differences in cognition: A new approach to intelligence. In Psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 7, pp. 87-122). Academic Press Williams, A. M., Ford, P. R., Eccles, D. W., & Ward, P. (2011). Perceptual‐cognitive expertise in sport and its acquisition: Implications for applied cognitive psychology. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 25(3), 432-442 Running head: IMPACT OF FINANCIAL SECURITY ON MARITAL STATUS Impact of financial security on marital status Name Course Instructor Date 1 IMPACT OF FINANCIAL SECURITY ON MARITAL STATUS 2 Impact of financial security on marital status Task 1 For this class, my research will focus on investigating the impact of financial security on marital status. The two variables that will be used in this investigation are Marital status, the dependent variable, and satisfaction with their financial situation, the independent variable. The independent variable is measured on the ordinal scale, while the dependent variable is measured on the nominal scale. For the independent variable, satisfaction with their financial situation, the respondents were required to answer the following question; So far as you and your family are concerned, would you say that you are pretty well satisfied with your present financial situation, more or less satisfied, or not satisfied at all? As for the dependent variable, respondents answered; Are you currently--married, widowed, divorced, separated, or have you never been married? Statistics satfin N Valid Missing 64814 0 Mean 1.86 Std. Error of Mean .004 Median 2.00 Mode 2 Std. Deviation .967 Variance .936 Skewness Std. Error of Skewness Kurtosis 1.002 .010 7.538 Std. Error of Kurtosis .019 Minimum 0 Maximum 9 Table 1: Statistics table - Financial satisfaction Financial satisfaction Cumulative Frequency Valid Not applicable 4383 Percent 6.8 Valid Percent 6.8 Percent 6.8 IMPACT OF FINANCIAL SECURITY ON MARITAL STATUS 3 Satisfied 17595 27.1 27.1 33.9 More or less 26619 41.1 41.1 75.0 Not at all sat 15966 24.6 24.6 99.6 Don't know 121 .2 .2 99.8 No answer 130 .2 .2 100.0 64814 100.0 100.0 Total Table 2: Frequency table - Financial satisfaction Table 2 shows that the biggest percentage of the respondents feel that they are more or less satisfied with their financial situation at 41.1%. This is then followed by those satisfied with their position at 27.1% and those who are not satisfied at 24.6%. Statistics marital N Valid Missing 64814 0 Mean 2.32 Std. Error of Mean .006 Median 1.00 Mode 1 Std. Deviation 1.624 Variance 2.637 Skewness .762 Std. Error of Skewness .010 Kurtosis -1.014 Std. Error of Kurtosis .019 Minimum 1 Maximum 9 Table 3: Statistics Table - Marital status Marital status Cumulative Frequency Valid Married Percent Valid Percent Percent 34129 52.7 52.7 52.7 Widowed 6200 9.6 9.6 62.2 Divorced 8379 12.9 12.9 75.2 Separated 2242 3.5 3.5 78.6 13837 21.3 21.3 100.0 27 .0 .0 100.0 Never married No answer IMPACT OF FINANCIAL SECURITY ON MARITAL STATUS Total 64814 100.0 4 100.0 Table 4: Frequency table - Marital status As for the marital status, one can see that 52.7% of the respondents indicated that they were married. Those that have never been married then follow at 21.3%. This is followed by those that are divorced at 12.9%. Task 2 Table 1 shows that the mean is 1.86, and the mode is 2 as well as the median. With the independent variable being measured on an ordinal scale, the median and mode are critical. That is because they indicate the category that most responders fall into. In this case, most of the responders were more or less satisfied with their financial situation. Moreover, the low standard deviation means that the responses are typically distributed. Table 3 represents the statistics table for the marital status variable; the mean is 2.32. With the variable being measured on a nominal scale, the mode is very vital. As presented in Table 3, the mode is 1; this indicates that most respondents were married. Task 3 Figure 1: Bar Chart – Financial satisfaction IMPACT OF FINANCIAL SECURITY ON MARITAL STATUS 5 As shown in Figure 1, the highest number of respondents stated that they were more or less satisfied with their financial status. Also, the two least categories of responses were those who claimed they did not know and those who failed to answer. Figure 2: Pie chart - Marital Status Figure 2 above shows that most of the respondents were married. This was then followed by those who said they were never married. The group with the least responses was the one for separated couples. Assignment 2: Tests of Significance t-Tests (50 points) Mock Study 1: t-Test for a Single Sample (20 points) 1. Researchers are interested in whether depressed people undergoing group therapy will perform a different number of activities of daily living (ADL) after group therapy than the average for depressed people. More ADL is a positive outcome. The researchers randomly selected 15 depressed clients to undergo a 6-week group therapy program. 1. Hypothesis ➢ Null Hypothesis H0: Average number of activities of daily living IS EQUAL TO 17. ➢ Alternate Hypothesis Ha: Average number of activities of daily living IS EQUAL TO 17. • Null Hypothesis: H0: 𝜇 = 17 • Alternate Hypothesis: Ha: 𝜇 ≠ 17 2. Using the provided information, and assuming the significance level, 𝛼 = 5% and 𝛼 = 1% 3. SPSS ANALYSIS 4. From the SPSS analysis, p=0.687 for both levels of significance used, i.e. , 𝛼 = 5% and 𝛼 = 1% 5. (a) As such, 𝑝 > 𝛼 and the null hypothesis is then accepted. (b) Following the results of the analysis above, there would be no need for the behavioral scientists to recommend group therapy for all depressed people since there would be no significant increase in ADL. Mock Study 2: t- Test for Dependent Means (15 points) 1. Researchers are interested in whether depressed people undergoing group therapy will perform a different number of activities of daily living before and after group therapy. The researchers randomly selected 10 depressed clients in a 6-week group therapy program. 1. Hypothesis 1 ➢ Null Hypothesis H0: Average number of activities of daily living before and after group therapy IS EQUAL. ➢ Alternate Hypothesis Ha: Average number of activities of daily living before group therapy is LESS than that after group therapy. • Null Hypothesis: H0: 𝜇𝐴𝐿𝐷𝑃𝑅𝐸 = 𝜇𝐴𝐿𝐷𝑃𝑂𝑆𝑇 • Alternate Hypothesis: Ha: 𝜇𝐴𝐿𝐷𝑃𝑅𝐸 < 𝜇𝐴𝐿𝐷𝑃𝑂𝑆𝑇 2. Using the provided information, and assuming the significance level, 𝛼 = 5% 3. SPSS ANALYSIS 4. From the SPSS analysis, p=0.008 at 𝛼 = 5% 5. (a) As such, 𝑝 < 𝛼 and the null hypothesis is thus rejected. (b) Following the results of the analysis above, there would be a need for the behavioral scientists to recommend group therapy for all depressed people since it is clear that there is change in ADL after group therapy. Mock Study 3: t-Test for Independent Samples (15 points) 1. Six months after an industrial accident, a researcher has been asked to compare the job satisfaction of employees who participated in counseling sessions with those who chose not to participate. The job satisfaction scores for both groups are reported in the table below. 1. Hypothesis ➢ Null Hypothesis H0: Mean job satisfaction score of employees who participated in counseling sessions and those who did not participate IS EQUAL. ➢ Alternate Hypothesis Ha: Mean job satisfaction score of employees who participated in counseling sessions and those who did not participate IS NOT EQUAL. • Null Hypothesis: H0: 𝜇𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 1 = 𝜇𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 2 • Alternate Hypothesis: Ha: 𝜇𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 1 ≠ 𝜇𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 2 2 2. Using the provided information, and assuming the significance level, 𝛼 = 5% 3. SPSS ANALYSIS 4. From the SPSS analysis, p=0.108 at 𝛼 = 5% 5. (a) As such, 𝑝 > 𝛼 and the null hypothesis is thus accepted. (b) Following the results of the analysis above, there would be no need for the researcher to recommend counseling as a method to improve job satisfaction following industrial accidents since an evaluation of the null hypothesis has indicated there is no significant difference in means for the two groups. ANOVA (15 points) Mock study 4: One-Way ANOVA 1. An advertising firm has been hired to assess whether different demographics have different rates of TV watching to help determine their advertising strategy. Using the GSS 2018 data, determine whether hours of tv watched differs by race. 1. Hypothesis ➢ Null Hypothesis H0: The hours of tv watched for all racial groups ARE EQUAL. ➢ Alternate Hypothesis Ha: The hours of tv watched for all racial groups ARE NOT EQUAL. • Null Hypothesis: H0: 𝜇𝑊ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒 = 𝜇𝐵𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘 = 𝜇𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 • Alternate Hypothesis: Ha: 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 2. Using the provided information, and assuming the significance level, 𝛼 = 5% 3. SPSS ANALYSIS 4. From the SPSS analysis, p
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