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Determination of the water hardness of water from
Florida State and suggestion of the most efficient
filtration system

GENERAL CHEMISTRY LABORATORY PROGRAM- DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

Date of experiment: February 19, 2021

Objective:
The purpose of the experiment is to collect samples of water from Florida State
and bring to the lab in order to analyze its water hardness by using the EDTA,
then, from these samples, we will prepare 3 other samples where each one will
be filtered by different filtration system. The filtered water will be then analyzed
to determine its new water hardness. The obtained DATA will be compiled and
gathered with other Lab team in a table the information with other team in order
to conclude the best filtration system.

1.What is water hardness?
The simple definition of water hardness is the amount of dissolved calcium and
magnesium in the water. Hard water is high in dissolved minerals, largely calcium
and magnesium which are present in the form of ions (Ca2+ and Mg2+). In
general, water hardness is not included in drinking water since doesn’t have a
serious effect on the health. However, hard water may cause high level build up in
the water pipes and soft water may cause its corrosion.

2. Common technics used for water sample analysis:
Different technics are used for analyzing water samples such as:
2.1 SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
A spectrophotometer is an analytical instrument used to measure the amount of
light absorbed (or transmitted) as it passes through a sample. Different compounds
absorb light at different wavelengths. As specific wavelengths of light pass
through a sample of dissolved material (referred to as an analyte) within a
spectrophotometer, the instrument indirectly measures the amount of light
absorbed by that sample by comparing the initial intensity of light reaching the
sample (I0) with the light detected by a photocell as it exits the sample (I). The
ratio of the 2 readings is referred to as the transmittance of light through the

sample (Fig. 1). Often, this value is multiplied by 100 and interpreted as the
percent transmittance of light, using this formula:
%T = I/I0 x 100

Fig 1: spectrophotometer principle

the complement of percent transmittance is absorbance (A), the amount of light
absorbed by the analyte. It is a logarithmic value with no units. It can be read
directly from the instrument in absorbance mode, or it can be calculated from the
decimal equivalent of percent transmittance read from the instrument (the values of
absorbance and transmittance are...