GEOG Forced Lifting and Windward v Leeward Slopes Essay

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Humanities

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answer the questions in essay style

Cite the Text, PowerPoints or NWS/NOAA webpages. Wikipedia is not a reliable source.

Use 12-point fonts except when citing passages (see example below) and 1.5 line-spaced with 1-inch margins all the way around.

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answer the questions in essay style Cite the Text, PowerPoints or NWS/NOAA webpages to avoid plagiarism. Use 12-point fonts except when citing passages (see example below) and 1.5 linespaced with 1-inch margins all the way around. Citation Examples: “Lightning is caused by a difference in electrical charge within a cloud…or between the cloud and the ground” (Tarbuck 265) “In the tropics, convection (Qh) is the primary factor driving a thunderstorm.” (RB ppt. Slide 19) According to NOAA: "Hurricane Season" begins on June 1 and ends on November 30, although hurricanes can, and have, occurred outside of this time frame. NOAA's National Hurricane Center predicts and tracks these massive storm systems, which occur, on average, 12 times a year in the Atlantic basin (https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/hurricane.html). Use 10-point fonts when cutting and pasting a passage If you are simply citing some facts, then do this: According to NOAA, a hurricane officially occurs when sustained wind speeds reach “74 mph” or 64 kts and becomes a “Category 1 Hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Scale” (https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/hurricane.html). Forced Lifting and Windward v Leeward slopes When forcing dry air to rise it will cool at 5.5°F/1000 ft whereas wet air cools at 3.5°F/1000 ft. Why is the WALR < DALR? Describe the uplift mechanisms of convection and orographic lift. Suppose an air parcel had a temperature of 80°F at the elevation of 1,000 ft and it had a dew point of 50°F. What is the current relative humidity? How much lift would be needed to reach the lifting condensation level (LCL)? What would the altitude of the LCL be? Finally, when mountains are oriented 90° relative to prevailing winds as is the case with Sierra Nevada and Cascade Range one encounters a windward and leeward slope. Describe the differences in precipitation and temperature one might find on these two slopes.
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1

Forced Lifting and Windward v Leeward slopes
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Forced Lifting and Windward v Leeward slopes

The condensation of water vapor, cyclonic and anticyclonic conditions depends on
Adiabatic Lapse Rate (ARL). Consequently, ALR determines the rate of condensation, and
the amount of Latent Heat of Condensation is determined by the rate of condensation
(O’gorman & Schneider 5679). To determine why WARL is less than DARL, one should
understand that from the sea level, the air parcel cools at 10oC/1000 m or 5.5oF/1000 feet (at
DARL), as the air rises to the point when the condensation level is reached. 10oC/1000 m or
5.5oF/1000 is the level where the surrounding temperature is equivalent to the dew point.
After the air has condensed, it cools at WARL (5oC/1000 m or 3.3oF/1000 feet) as it rises.
When air moves downwards from high to a low point, then it is considered dry and
uniformly warms at DARL. As a result, WALR is less than DALR due to the fact that when
the rising air starts condensing, the Latent Heat of Condensation is produced. Therefore, the
available heat reduces the cooling rate of the rising air, which makes WALR less than DALR.
To determine the amount of water that has undergone condensation, find out the initial and
final temperature of the dew point. From that point, determine the difference between the two
mixing ratios, which represents the amount of water vapor that is condensed. The uplift
mechanism of orographic and convection lift takes place when the air parcel is determined to
be warmer than the surrounding temperature making the air to cool at a lower rate with
increased altitude.

Solution
1: What is the current relative humidity?
Response: 80° F - 50° F = 30 F°.

2: How much lift would be needed to reach the lifting condensation level (LCL)?

3

The LCL is the elevation where the temperature of the dew point is reached, and the air mass
is saturated with 100% humidity (water vapor) ready to form rain.
Response: The air has to cool 30 F° before the air mass reaches the dew point.
Consequently, t...


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