6210 Week 5 Discussion: How To Critically Evaluate The Discussion Scenario:Consider this scenario: A research paper claims a meaningful contribution to the literature based on finding statistically significant relationships between predictor and response variables. In the footnotes, you see the following statement, “given this research was exploratory in nature, traditional levels of significance to reject the null hypotheses were relaxed to the .10 level.First, read and watch all of the course materials beginning tonight because you’re paying for this course.Next, here is an outline that you may consider to respond to this discussion requirement:Define meaningful in the context of research and statistics and provide a citation from the Course Materials to support your definition. Do not use a dictionary. Hint: The American Statistical Association has a position on meaningfulness.Define statistical significance and provide a citation to support your definition. Hint: What does statistical significance mean? Critique the 0.10 level of significance in the context of making a Type I or Type II error:Define a Type I error in terms of the null hypothesis. Start with, “A Type I error is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is… …” Define a Type II error in terms of the null hypothesis. Start with, “A Type II error is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is … …”Hint: The probability of making a Type I error when the level of significance is .05 So what is the probability of make a Type I error when the level of significance is 0.10?Hint: The probability of making a Type II error is not 1.00 less the level of significance. It is in fact, undefined, but the probability of making a Type ll error when the level of significance is 0.10 is less than when the level of significance is .05. Trust me. Decide if a 0.10 level of significance is more likely to result in a Type I or Type II error when compared to a level of significance of 0.05.Generally, social scientists conduct research with human participants. State if a Type I or a Type II error is more likely to cause harm to a human participant. Include a citation to support your position. Ask yourself why a researcher would ‘relax’ a level of significance from the traditional 0.05 to 0.10. Ask yourself if and/or why a reputable peer-reviewed journal (think, The Lancet) would publish such research? Ask yourself if all published research is quality research (think again about The Lancet).Put all of this in a coherent narrative devoid of spelling and grammatical errors, put a pretty bow on it, post it before Wednesday at 0-dark-thirty Mid-Northern Southwest Asia Middling time, take 2 Advil and a shot of Maker’s Mark, and go to bed. Statistical Significance and MeaningfulnessOnce you start to understand how exciting the world of statistics can be, it is tempting to fall into the trap of chasing statistical significance. That is, you may be tempted always to look for relationships that are statistically significant and believe they are valuable solely because of their significance. Although statistical hypothesis testing does help you evaluate claims, it is important to understand the limitations of statistical significance and to interpret the results within the context of the research and its pragmatic, “real world” application.As a scholar-practitioner, it is important for you to understand that just because a hypothesis test indicates a relationship exists between an intervention and an outcome, there is a difference between groups, or there is a correlation between two constructs, it does not always provide a default measure for its importance. Although relationships are significant, they can be very minute relationships, very small differences, or very weak correlations. In the end, we need to ask whether the relationships or differences observed are large enough that we should make some practical change in policy or practice.For this Discussion, you will explore statistical significance and meaningfulness.To prepare for this Discussion:Review the Learning Resources related to hypothesis testing, meaningfulness, and statistical significance.Review Magnusson’s web blog found in the Learning Resources to further your visualization and understanding of statistical power and significance testing.Review the American Statistical Association’s press release and consider the misconceptions and misuse of p-values.Consider the scenario: A research paper claims a meaningful contribution to the literature based on finding statistically significant relationships between predictor and response variables. In the footnotes, you see the following statement, “given this research was exploratory in nature, traditional levels of significance to reject the null hypotheses were relaxed to the .10 level.”By Day 3Post your response to the scenario in which you critically evaluate this footnote. As a reader/reviewer, what response would you provide to the authors about this footnote?Be sure to support your Main Post and Response Post with reference to the week’s Learning Resources and other scholarly evidence in APA Style.

For this Discussion, you will explore the relationship between these components and understand the trade-off between reducing risk in our confidence of estimates and increasing precision. To prepare for this Discussion: Review Chapters 6 and 7 of the Frankfort-Nachmias &      Leon-Guerrero text and in Chapter 7, p. 188, consider Hispanic migration      and earnings and focus on how different levels of confidence and sample      size work together. Review Magnusson’s web blog found in the Learning      Resources to further your visualization and understanding of confidence      intervals. Use the Course Guide and Assignment Help found in this      week’s Learning Resources to search for a quantitative article related to      confidence intervals. Using the SPSS software, General Social Survey dataset      and choose a quantitative variable that interests you. Using SPSS: Take a random sample of 100. Calculate the 95% confidence interval for the variable. Calculate a 90% confidence interval. Take another random sample of 400. Calculate the 95% confidence interval for the variable. Calculate a 90% confidence interval. Post your results, the mean of Age to verify the dataset you used, and an explanation of how different levels of confidence and sample size affect the width of the confidence interval. Next, consider the statement, “Confidence intervals are underutilized” and explain what the implications might be of using or not using confidence intervals. Provide examples based on the results of your data. Also, use your research to support your findings. Learning Resources Required Readings Frankfort-Nachmias, C., Leon-Guerrero, A., & Davis, G. (2020). Social statistics for a diverse society (9th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Chapter 5, “The Normal Distribution” (pp. 151-177) Chapter 6, “Sampling and Sampling Distributions” (pp. 179-209) Chapter 7, “Estimation” (pp. 211-240) Wagner, III, W. E. (2020). Using IBM® SPSS® statistics for research methods and social science statistics (7th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Chapter 3, “Selecting and Sampling Cases” Chapter 5, “Charts and Graphs” Chapter 11, “Editing Output” Magnusson, K. (n.d.). Welcome to Kristoffer Magnusson’s blog about R, Statistics, Psychology, Open Science, Data Visualization [blog]. Retrieved from http://rpsychologist.com/index.html As you review this web blog, select the Interpreting Confidence Intervals – new d3.js visualization link, once you select the link, follow the instructions to view the interactive for confidence intervals. This interactive will help you to visualize and understand confidence intervals. Note: This is Kristoffer Magnusson’s personal blog and his views may not necessarily reflect the views of Walden University faculty. Walden University Library. (n.d.). Course Guide and Assignment Help for RSCH 8210. Retrieved from http://academicguides.waldenu.edu/rsch8210 For help with this week’s research, see this Course Guide and related weekly assignment resources. Datasets Your instructor will post the datasets for the course in the Doc Sharing section and in an Announcement. Your instructor may also recommend using a different dataset from the ones provided here. Optional Resources Rice University, University of Houston Clear Lake, and Tufts University. (n.d.). Online Statistics Education: An Interactive Multimedia Course of Study. Retrieved from http://onlinestatbook.com/2/estimation/ci_sim.html Use this website for your practice as you consider confidence intervals and how the width changes. Also, consider why the width might be important. Skill Builders: Confidence Intervals Sampling Distributions