1. Although all components of a Safety Management System are important, I feel that Safety Risk Management is more important, given that the other components are followed with the same vigor and enthusiasm. The reason for this is because it focuses on hazard and risk identification. If you do not identify the dangers, you cannot find ways to mitigate the hazard. There is a formula used R = P x S where R is the expected risk, P is the probability that the hazard may happen, and S is the severity of the consequences. After the hazards and risks have been identified, the mitigation steps must begin. Often a tool is used called a risk tolerability matrix. The ICAO uses an inverted triangle as an example of this tool: In the top area there is the “intolerable region” where the risk is deemed unacceptable. The middle section shows a “tolerable region” where mitigation steps may make the risk more acceptable. The bottom section is the “acceptable region” where the risk was deemed so minimal that no mitigation steps are required. The ICAO also use a chart to assess the severity of the consequences and the likelihood of occurrence: Although all components of a Safety Management System are important, I feel that Safety Risk Management is more important, given that the other components are followed with the same vigor and enthusiasm. The reason for this is because it focuses on hazard and risk identification. If you do not identify the dangers, you cannot find ways to mitigate the hazard. There is a formula used R = P x S where R is the expected risk, P is the probability that the hazard may happen, and S is the severity of the consequences. After the hazards and risks have been identified, the mitigation steps must begin. Often a tool is used called a risk tolerability matrix. The ICAO uses an inverted triangle as an example of this tool: In the top area there is the “intolerable region” where the risk is deemed unacceptable. The middle section shows a “tolerable region” where mitigation steps may make the risk more acceptable. The bottom section is the “acceptable region” where the risk was deemed so minimal that no mitigation steps are required. The ICAO also use a chart to assess the severity of the consequences and the likelihood of occurrence: The left side shows how often the risk may occur and the top is showing the severity of the event. The cross sections where these intersect show how severity of the risk. Reference: Cusick, S. K., Cortés, A. I., & Rodrigues, C. C. (2017). Commercial aviation safety (Sixth ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education. 2. Safety Assurance Component Regulations are only as good as those who implement and regulates them. Being able to evaluate the effectiveness is the most crucial part to verify if the suggested change is worth continuing or requiring improvement. “Air operators’ safety assurance system (SAS) is the specific embodiment of the regulatory authorities’ safety assurance work on air operators’ oversight” (Xie, 2017). Knowing that the operators are working within the guidelines is what makes the safety policy work. All the hazards identified from the Safety Risk Management (SRM) will be repeated if not observed. The progress is manifested through a careful change of how management carries on the mitigation plans discussed for the employees. Only after the success of implementation can safety be promoted because it is senseless to promote and share something that does not work. Addendums and addition to the policy can be made during the safety assurance process when the strategies capture hazards that were not previously identified. The safety feature should indicate positive performance and that the program meets its goals despite any change in the number of accidents. Once audits are performed, the senior management can discuss if any further correction is required or if more preventative actions can be added to set up employees for success. Audits will be the tool to use during inspections. Limitations and capabilities of Safety Measurement To measure safety, Safety Assurance will need to establish trends and data overtime for analysis. It can only be as good as the data captured and how truthful the reporting is. Without good management, employees would only perform the required task during the auditing period to maintain employment and would be susceptible to returning to old habits once no one is looking and shortcuts do not get them in trouble. Without incentivizing continuous improvement initiatives such as Lean Six Sigma, employees who deal with the issue on the floor will discover new issues that arise from the change and not do anything to fix the problem since there is nothing in it for them. Should they see a benefit to resolving issues, the employees will be more active in identifying problems and being part of the solution instead of blaming the company or management. Reference Xie, Z. (2017). Air operators’ safety assurance system. Paper presented at the , 12https://doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20171203026 Below is professor’s feedback, plz follow his format and requirement to do the reply to classmates. Thank u very much Hi John, Interesting research on how the SMS philosophy is being evaluated around the world. What did change is accountability. Having only worked in the United States, I can see where SMS may not be as readily accepted. We tend to be a blame culture that punishes those who make mistakes without looking at the underlying issue that may have caused it. One of the most important inputs to the SMS program come from the employee. In order for this to occur they need to trust the organization will not punish them for reporting a hazards and/or a mistake. You would be hard pressed to find a person who has never made a mistake that resulted in aircraft damage, personal injury, or loss of money due to a late departure. In addition so feel disenchanted by the lack of feedback once a report is filed. In a study by Adjekum, it was determined some of the challenges to incident reporting include; fear of blame, time pressure, resource constraints, the perception that reporting is unnecessary. It was also determined there lacked of clear definitions of a reportable incident (Adjekum, Keller, Walala, DeMik, Young, & Northam, 2016). It is obvious management plays a key role in a successful safety reporting culture. Here is a video that explains just culture. Sidney Dekker on Just Culture (Links to an external site.) Regards, Kalen Adjekum, D. K., Keller, J., Walala, M., Christensen, C., DeMik, R. J., Young, J. P., & Northam, G. J. (2016). An Examination of the Relationships between Safety Culture Perceptions and Safety Reporting Behavior among Non-Flight Collegiate Aviation Majors. International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace, 3(3). https://doi.org/10.15394/ijaaa.2016.1134 
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