SOC/100 v8 Reading Guide: Socialization and Social Institutions Review these notes to assist with your assignment this week. Society and Social Interaction Roles and Status Role: a pattern of behavior expected of someone who has a certain social status or who performs a particular social function Status: a measurement of someone’s social value that allows them to experience certain responsibilities and benefits according to their rank or role in society • • Ascribed status: the status outside of an individual’s control, such as sex or race Achieved status: the status a person chooses, such as level of education or income Role strain: stress that occurs when a role requires too much from someone Role conflict: occurs when the roles associated with one status clash with the roles associated with a different status Socialization Socialization: the process of learning and internalizing the values, beliefs, and norms of a social group to behave in a way that society finds acceptable • Socialization “describes the ways that people come to understand societal norms and expectations, to accept society’s beliefs, and to be aware of societal values” (p. 94). Theories of Self Self: our personal identity that is separate and different from all other people • Cooley theorized that the self is developed through others’ perceptions; we view ourselves through the eyes of others. • Erikson theorized that the self is formed over eight stages of development throughout a lifetime. • Mead theorized that the self is developed through social interaction; children learn it through roleplay. • Kohlberg theorized that the self is shaped through moral development to determine what behaviors are “good” versus “bad.” • Gilligan theorized that the self is developed through moral development with a gender bias. Nature vs. Nurture Nature: behavioral traits are explained by genetics; our dispositions and characteristics are inherited at birth instead of learned Reading Guide: Socialization and Social Institutions SOC/100 v8 Page 2 of 4 Nurture: relationships and environmental factors influence our behavior as we grow up; the self is learned from our interactions with agents of socialization Agents of Socialization Agents of socialization: social institutions that transmit values, norms, and beliefs • • • • Family – the first and most significant agent of socialization in all societies; family teaches us basic values and norms that shape our identities Peers – people similar in age and status who provide different social skills than the family; peers remain significant to socialization from childhood through adulthood School – place where children are provided with education to become formally socialized in how to mix with others and learn the social behaviors that will be important later in life Media – mass distribution of generic information that influences social norms on a wide scale Marriage and Family Marriage: a legally recognized contract between two people who typically have a sexual relationship and an expectation of permanence about their relationship Family: socially recognized groups of individuals who share an emotional connection and may be related by blood, joined by marriage, cohabitating in the same home, or adopted into the family; the basic economic social unit of society Nuclear family: two married parents with children living in the same household Extended family: a household that includes at least one parent and child, as well as other relatives like grandparents, aunts, uncles, or cousins Single-parent family: only one parent in a household caring for children; number of single-parent families in the U.S. has been increasing Blended family: parents have children from previous relationships, but all the members come together as one family unit Cohabitation: when a couple lives together without being married and may have a sexual relationship; practiced by an estimated 7.5 million people The U.S. Census Bureau reported that the number of households of same-sex couples has increased by 50 percent since 2000; 25-42% of these same-sex couples in each state are also married. Theoretical Perspectives on Marriage and Family • Functionalist perspective o • Families function to stabilize society, and members within a family function in certain roles for the benefit of the family; families also teach children their social roles that help society continue to function. Conflict theorist perspective Reading Guide: Socialization and Social Institutions SOC/100 v8 Page 3 of 4 o • Families consist of people with varying levels of power, leading to power struggles over family status roles, often associated with domestic responsibilities. Symbolic interactionist perspective o Family and the roles within a family group symbolize different meanings to different people; their meanings continue to change because they are socially constructed through interaction with others. Religion Religion: a system of beliefs, values, and attitudes about what a person holds to be sacred or spiritually significant, along with the practices or rituals associated with those beliefs Theoretical Perspectives on Religion • Functionalist perspective o • Conflict theorist perspective o • Religion functions in society to create a place for groups to network with others who share values and beliefs, and to offer each other emotional comfort and support during times of crisis. The institution of religion maintains social inequalities when religiously powerful people concentrate wealth away from others by dictating beliefs and practices that lead believers to accept circumstances as they are. Symbolic interactionist perspective o Beliefs and experiences are only sacred symbols if the individuals interacting in everyday society consider them sacred. Education Education: a social institution that teaches knowledge, skills, and judgments according to cultural norms to the children in a society Theoretical Perspectives on Education • • Functionalist perspective o Education is a highly important social institution that functions primarily to socialize children, provide social control, offer paths to higher levels of social placement, and to transmit culture to prepare them to be successful in society. o Education also has latent, or secondary, functions that provide students with a place to interact with others, integrate with different social groups, foster self-esteem and patriotism, and to learn about social issues and how to cooperate with each other. Conflict theorist perspective Reading Guide: Socialization and Social Institutions SOC/100 v8 Page 4 of 4 o • The public education system reinforces social inequalities due to an uneven distribution of resources between groups; conflict arises from differences in class, gender, race, or ethnicity that continue to track working-class students away from opportunities for more wealth or prestigious social roles. Symbolic interactionist perspective o Individuals can be labeled according to their intelligence, aptitude, or academic accomplishments by their teachers or other social groups in power; these labels can be adopted by others in the school, impacting someone’s schooling through their everyday interactions. Using This Presentation Template Instructions for each slide are given in the speaker notes section of the slide. Be sure that your PowerPoint screen view is set up to show speaker notes. General Reminders: •Use brief bullet points on each slide to highlight main ideas. •Remember to cite and reference any text or paraphrased material that you use to complete this presentation. •Longer sentences with detailed information should go into the section for speaker notes below the slide. Use correct spelling and grammar. Include citations in APA format as needed. •Remember to replace prompts and instructions with your own content. •Delete this slide before submitting your presentation. Socialization and Self-Identity SOC/100: Introduction to Sociology < Student Name > < Instructor Name > < Date Submitted> Personal Status ASCRIBED STATUS ACHIEVED STATUS Definition: Definition: • < Add your text here> • < Add your text here> Examples: Examples: • < Add your text here> • < Add your text here> • < Add your text here> • < Add your text here> • < Add your text here> • < Add your text here> Personal Roles My Current Roles Ascribed or Achieved? < Add your text here> < Add your text here> < Add your text here> < Add your text here> < Add your text here> < Add your text here> < Add your text here> < Add your text here> Role Conflict & Strain ROLE CONFLICT ROLE STRAIN Definition: Definition: • < Add your text here> • < Add your text here> Example Scenario: Example Scenario: • < Add your text here> • < Add your text here> My Role Conflict or Role Strain • < Add your text here> My Socialization Influences • < Add your text here> • < Add your text here> • < Add your text here> Theory of My Socialization Process Sociological theory that best describes my socialization process: • < Add your text here> Influences on Socialization • • • Socialization Across Lifespan • • • References Griffiths, H., Keirns, N., Strayer, E., Cody-Rydzewski, S., Scaramuzzo, G., Sadler, T., Vyain, S., Bry, J., & Jones, F. (2015). Introduction to sociology (2nd ed.). OpenStax College, Rice University. •< Add your text here > • < Add your text here >
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