Human Resources are the life blood of life, assignment help

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Please note that I do not need a complete full-sentence report here. I am only asking for a point form, DETAILED outline that still contains roughly 1000 words (perhaps a touch less would do just fine, as it will eventually be put in complete sentences). Please include in-text citations and a reference page as you normally would. Here are more detailed instructions:

I have attached 3 PDF articles that have to do with compensation, job satisfaction and employee turnover. The following are (Articles for 672) 3 websites that each have an article that has to do with compensation, job satisfaction and employee turnover:

https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/hr-topics/c...

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/12/jobs/12search.ht...

https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/hr-topics/c...

Next I have attached a model for our paper (OB Model), the introduction and another members section on Perceived Organizational Support, Perceived Supervisor Support, Job Satisfaction, and Turnover Intention (POS and PSS). My paper should have close to the same structure as the Perceived Organizational Support, Perceived Supervisor Support, Job Satisfaction, and Turnover Intention.

For my paper I would like you to use the articles that I sent you to summarize the affect that compensation has on job satisfaction and employee turnover. The paper needs in text citations and sources need cited at the end of the paper. Using atttached (POS and PSS) as a guide may be beneficial.

To summarize this group project we are making an hypothesis from research of how Perceived supervisory support, Perceived Organization support, Work place environment and Compensation affect job satisfaction and employee turnover as shown in the OB Model attachment. Then our professor will be giving us numbers from a local company of how these things affect job satisfaction. We will then compare our hypothesis we created from our findings to the actual numbers.

Finally, one last requirement: main points of what was discussed in the paper - a brief summary of what was discussed. Something short, with the main points discussed. This can be a quick separate thing and REALLY short.

Quite simple, minimal extra work required, as I have given you loads of tools.


Cheers

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Journal of International Studies Impact of job satisfaction on employee turnover: An empirical study of Autonomous Medical Institutions of Pakistan © Foundation of International Studies, 2014 © CSR, 2014 Alamdar Hussain Khan, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. alamdarbaloch@ymail.com Muhammad Aleem University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. alamdarbaloch@ymail.com Abstract. The Health sector in the Pakistan is facing many problems to provide the Health facilities to the masses spread over the country. The most challenging problem is the shortage of Doctor’s as compared to the population. Most of the professional Doctor’s prefers to serve in the abroad instead to serve in Pakistan. There are the many determinants of turnover in the Health Department. The objective of this study is to investigate the factors such as Pay, Promotion, Job Safety and Security, Nature of the Work that effect the job satisfaction level and that are the cause of turnover of employee’s in the Autonomous Medical Health Institutions in the Pakistan. The factors of job satisfaction are such as Pay, Promotion, Job Safety and Security, Nature of the Work. The sample of the research is consist of 200 doctors, nurses, administrative and accounts staff working in Autonomous Medical Health institutions in the Punjab. Out of total 270 Questionnaires distributed in the Autonomous Medical Institutions of the Punjab 200 were received back and used for analysis. For data analysis/results the SPSS 20.0 is used. Received: January, 2014 1st Revision: April, 2014 Accepted: May, 2014 DOI: 10.14254/20718330.2014/7-1/11 Key words: Turnover, job satisfaction, Medical Institutions, Pakistan, doctors JEL Classification: J63, J28 INTRODUCTION In the organization the Human Resources are the life blood of life. It is difficult for the organization to compete in the current era of competition without the loyal and competent Human Resource. The loyal employees are the most productive and a source for the development of the organization and vice versa. It becomes challenge for the Human Resource Managers to retain the employees for long period and to minimize the turnover in the organization. The high turnover of employees in the organization increases the cost 122 Scientific Papers Alamdar Hussain Khan, Muhammad Aleem “Impact of job satisfaction on employee turnover: An empirical study of Autonomous Medical Institutions of Pakistan”, Journal of International Studies, Vol. 7, No 1, 2014, pp. 122-132. DOI: 10.14254/2071-8330.2014/7-1/11 Alamdar Hussain Khan, Muhammad Aleem Impact of job satisfaction on employee turnover: An empirical study of Autonomous Medical Institutions of Pakistan of hiring new workforce and decrease the productively. An organization can gain the competitive advantage due to retaining of qualified, productive and loyal work force. The turnover is the most focused area by the scholars, academicians, researchers and the human resource managers. The employee retention is also considered the input for improving the financial performance of the organization (Raikes & Vernier 2004). The outcome of the increased level of turnover in the organization is also in the form of indirect cost like burden on the existing workforce, loss of social capital and low morale. (Des & Shaw 2001). The increasing trend of turnover enhances the cost and reduces the productivity and efficiency of the organization. Hence, it is crucial to study the factors affecting the turnover in the organizations. For the opulence of the organization the human resource management becomes a momentous aspect for the organization. These are the human who are the foundation for the development and achieving the objectives of the organization. In this modern age, human are considered the most precious assets that impact on the performance. (Kabene et al, 2006). In the health sector, doctors are the most valuable assets and prominent role for the achieving the government objective to provide the maximum health facilities to the public. .Like other assets, human assets requires the proper management. Hence without the developed system of human resource, it is difficult to manage and retained the doctors. There is the emerging issue in Pakistan is the doctor’s strikes against the government in the hospitals that their demands are not fulfilled. The young doctor’s protests also affect the patients in the hospitals. Due to the absence of the doctors, 60% clinics and hospitals were shut down and resultantly 500 patients were expired. (Kazmi,2011). Moreover again on 16th April 2012, there was strike in the hospitals and demanded the service structure from the government. As per daily-times newspaper 2 July 2012, there is the service structure for the doctors but is not implemented with letter and spirit which requires improvement according to Masood sheikh. With the proper implementation of the service structure 13000 doctors awaited from the last 16 to 20 years will be promoted in the next grade. Hence, this is the most crucial issue and requires the government attention as the government has to provide the health facilities to the public. The patients are only treated by the doctors and there is no alternative available. (FRANKLIN, 2006). The employee turnover, absentism, is the outcome of the job dissatisfaction. The employee job satisfaction is very vital for the organization to retain the employees for the longer period. The objective of this paper is to find out the factors like Pay, Promotion, Job Safety and Security, Nature of the Work that effect the level of job satisfaction. Furthermore the effect of job satisfaction on turnover of Medical Sector employees from Pakistan to abroad and retaining the employees for the longer period in the Department. LITERATURE REVIEW In this section the factors affecting the turnover in the organization are explained. Impact of Rewards/pay on Job satisfaction and Employee Turnover The scholars studied the public sector managers to find out the determinants of job satisfaction and it was concluded that the job satisfaction level of a employee is significantly effected by the compensation practices in the organization (Sokoya 2000). 123 Journal of International Studies Vol. 7, No.1, 2014 Opkara (2002) in the study found that there are the certain factors that influence the level of job satisfaction of the employee. These are the compensation, promotion opportunities, the work itself, relationships with co-workers and the supervision. The pay was considered the dominant factor in measuring the job satisfaction of employee. Similarly another study was conducted by the Frye (2004) and it was concluded that the compensation is the most critical factor for the organizations to magnetize the right workforce and retain them for the long period of time. In addition to that the compensation is positively correlated with the job satisfaction of a employee in the organization. Another study was also conducted that to found the effect of pay on the job satisfaction and it was concluded that the there is positive relationship between job satisfaction and pay (Nguyen et al. 2003) It was found that the lower level of compensation is the cause of employee turnover (Abassi and Hollman 2000). The study also concluded that improper recruitment, bad working conditions, less compensation has negative effect on the employee turnover (Milman 2002). Furthermore the job satisfaction increases with better pay and fringe benefits and decreases the turnover of the employees (Beilock and Capelle 1990). In the context of Literature Review we Hypothesis: H1: Pay is positively correlated with the job satisfaction. H2: Pay is negatively correlated with the employee turnover. Impact of Promotion on Job satisfaction and Employee Turnover The scholars investigated the relationship of jobs satisfaction with demographic determinants as well as the other factors like job autonomy, leadership behavior and promotion system. I was concluded that the factors significantly affect the job satisfaction of employees (Dawson, 1987). Furthermore the Nguyen, Taylor, & Bradley (2003) also found the satisfaction level of employee is affected with existence of promotion opportunities in the organization. An organization to retain its workforce for a long period of time has to make investment for the career advancement of Human Resource. (Hall & Moss, 1998; Hsu, Jiang, Klein & Tang, 2003; Steel et al., 2002; Woodruffe, 1999). The absence of promotion and training opportunities is the cause for the talented employees to quit the organization. Due to high ratio of turnover the career growth in such organization are decreased. (Shore & Griffeth, 2003; Steel et al., 2002). The organizations require the brilliant workforce to get the competitive advantage and employees want to grow and develop their career. (Prince, 2005). In the light of previous research we hypothesis that: H3: Promotion is positively correlated with the job satisfaction. H4: Promotion is negatively correlated with the employee turnover. Impact of Working Conditions on Job satisfaction and Employee Turnover Hytter (2008) explained that the work environment is considered in the context of industrial environment like clamor, lifts etc. The attributes of work environment are different in the service sector as compared to industrial sector as it deals with the clients (Normann 1986). The working environment is considered the most significant factor of job satisfaction. (Spector 2008). The other researcher in their study found that work environment is also a superior predictor of employee job satisfaction in the organization setting (Reiner and Zhao, 1999; Carlan, 2007; Ellickson and Logsdon, 2001; Forsyth and Copes, 1994). Moreover 124 Alamdar Hussain Khan, Muhammad Aleem Impact of job satisfaction on employee turnover: An empirical study of Autonomous Medical Institutions of Pakistan variation exists in terms of pay packages, working conditions, incentives, recognition and fringe benefits for the employees (Lavy, 2007). In the past studies it was found by the scholars that there are numerous factors are crucial in retaining the workforce. These are like work life balance, work environment and career opportunities (Cappelli 2000:104). The Literature Review thus supported the hypothesis as under: It supports the following hypothesis: H5: The working conditions are positively correlated with the job satisfaction. H6: The working conditions are negatively correlated with the employee turnover. Impact of Nature of work on Job satisfaction and Employee Turnover The other important determinant of turnover is the nature of work. The focus on it has been amplified due to increase in the level of education in the country. Before this much attention was not given on it due to low level of awareness, education. The researchers found in their studies that the work has effect the turnover intention and satisfaction level of employees in the organization settings. Ting (1997) Locke (1995) found the significant relationship of job satisfaction and turnover. Robbins et al. (2003, p. 77) refer to the work itself as “the extent to which the job provides the individual with stimulating tasks, opportunities for learning and personal growth, and the chance to be responsible and accountable for results.” The work that related to the aptitude of employees is most fascinated for them. (Robbins,1993). It was found during the study of clerical employees in the banking sector that the turnover intention has negative correlated with nature of work (Koh and Goh 1995). In the Light of above supplement we Hypothesis as under: H7: The Nature of work is positively correlated with the job satisfaction. H8: The Nature of work is negatively correlated with the employee turnover. Impact of Job satisfaction on Employee Turnover In the Literature, the turnover topic is studied to find out the relationship it with job satisfaction. Most of the researchers found the negative association between job satisfaction and turnover. (e.g., Cotton & Tuttle, 1986; Arnold & Feldman, 1982; Bluedorn, 1982; Mobley, 1982; Price, 1977, and many others), The job satisfaction is the critical factor in delivering the quality products/services and s ultimately for the success of the company (Silva 2006). The researchers found that job satisfaction is significant towards the turnover and absenteeism. (Koh, and Boo, 2004; Lee and Liu, 2007). Hence the Literature ropes to devise the following Hypothesis H9: Job Satisfaction is negatively correlated with the employee turnover. 125 Journal of International Studies Vol. 7, No.1, 2014 Theoretical Frame Work In the light of the aforesaid literature review we can develop the following theoretical framework: Pay Promotion Employee Turnover Working Conditions Nature of the Work Job Satisfaction Fig. 1. Theoretical Frame Work METHODOLOGY The study examines the relationship of the factors such as Pay, Promotion, Job Safety and Security, Nature of Work on job satisfaction and employee turnover. The data was gathered from 200 Doctors, Nurses, Administrative and Accounts & Finance staff from Basic Pay Scale 7-19 of Autonomous Medical Institution of the Punjab. The statistical technique of convenient sampling was used to collect the data from the target population. The questionnaires were send to the target population i.e. AMI’s of Punjab and received back by hand or mail. Instrument The questionnaire was divided into two sections; the first section pertained to the questions of independent variables i.e. pay, promotion, job safety and security, working conditions, relationship with supervisor, nature of work mediating variable job satisfaction and dependent variable turnover. The second section was about the demographic factors like age, designation, education, experience, gender, job relevancy and nature of job. The alpha range was found .901 that is ample. To get the response from the target population the Likert scale was used demonstrating a score of 1 for strongly disagree, 2 for disagree, 3 for undecided, 4 for agree and 5 for strongly agree. Data analysis procedure Many scholars are the view that statistical packages are the most reliable instruments to get the precise and inclusive results on the large scale. (Buglear, 2005). Due to reliability and accuracy most of the scholars in their research has used the statistical packages like SPSS. In the current study to find out the results of data, the SPSS with 20 versions is used. (version 11 was used by Okpara, 2004). 126 Alamdar Hussain Khan, Muhammad Aleem Impact of job satisfaction on employee turnover: An empirical study of Autonomous Medical Institutions of Pakistan RESULTS AND FINDINGS Response rate In the Autonomous Medical Institution’s of the Punjab 250 questionnaires were distributed and 200 were received back. The 80% response was received from the target sample. Demographics frequency table The information regarding the demographics are elaborated in the given below table. Table 1 Description Age Gender Qualification Job Level Organizational Tenure Nature of Employment 18-24 25-31 32-38 39-45 46-52 Above 52 Male Female Matriculation Intermediate Graduation Master M.Phil / Phd BPS 7-16 BPS 17-18 Above 18 1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 Above 20 Contract Permanent Ad hock/other Frequency %age 9 66 47 33 31 14 138 62 11 33 52 92 12 94 92 14 67 50 28 17 38 39 137 24 4.5 33.0 23.5 16.5 15.5 7.0 69.0 31.0 5.5 16.5 26 46 6 47 46 7.0 33.5 25.0 14.0 8.5 19.0 19.5 68.5 12.0 Source: own calculation The questionnaire consists of mixture of the respondents included in the demographic section. In the sample most of the employee’s age range is 25-31 years. These employees have the less tenure in the service as the minimum age to quality the Public Sector job in Pakistan is 18 years. The satisfaction level in these employees is less as compared to the employees has the more years in the employment. The other brackets of age are also included in the sample. In the Pakistan there is not much trend of female employment in the labour market as in the sample there is majority of male. The major portion in the sample consist of Master Degree holders because the sample consist of doctors, paramedics, accounts and admin staff and most 127 Journal of International Studies Vol. 7, No.1, 2014 of the them have the master qualification. In the Public Sector of Pakistan, the compensation paid to the employees range in BPS 7-16 is less as compared the employees of BPS 17 to onward. The employees of BPS 7-16 cover the maximum portion of sample as the turnover ratio of these employees is higher as compared to employees in BPS 17 and above. The intention to leave the job in employee’s has less tenure is higher as compared to employee’s has more tenure in the Department. The major portion of the sample covers the employees having the tenure of 1-5 years. The maximum employees are recruited on permanent basis in the Health Department; hence the 68.5% in the sample are permanent employees. The job satisfaction is the mediation factor under the reference study and the method of Judd and Kenny (1981) and Baron & Kenny (1986) has been adopted. For the analysis of the data we have used three equations. The exogenous variables in the model such as Pay, Promotion, Working Conditions and Nature of Work were regressed on the mediating variable i.e. Job Satisfaction in the Equation No.01. Then the regression of the exogenous variables on the endogenous variable employee turnover was performed in the Equation No. 02. The exogenous variables Pay, Promotion, Working Conditions and Nature of Work and mediating variable Job Satisfaction are also regressed on the endogenous variable Employee Turnover in the Equation No. 03. The output of the three equations is elaborated in the Table-II. Table 2 Regression equations of exogenous variables and mediation variable job satisfaction and the endogenous variable employee turnover. Eqn. Dependent variable 1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d 3a Job Satisfaction Job Satisfaction Job Satisfaction Job Satisfaction Employee Turnover Employee Turnover Employee Turnover Employee Turnover Employee Turnover 3b Employee Turnover 3c Employee Turnover 3d Employee Turnover Independent variable Pay Promotion Working Conditions Nature of work Pay Promotion Working Conditions Nature of Work Pay Job Satisfaction Promotion Job Satisfaction Working Conditions Job satisfaction Nature of Work Job Satisfaction Beta T .250 .236 .288 .243 -.027 -.111 -.147 -.215 -.010 -.067 -.100 -.045 -.138 -.029 -.210 -.018 3.639 3.424 4.238 3.527 -.373 -1.571 -2.090 -3.092 -1.34 -.909 -1.377 -.625 -1.882 -.397 -2.931 -.252 R-Square F .063 .056 .083 .059 .001 .012 .022 .046 .005 13.243 11.726 17.962 12.443 .139 2.469 4.368 9.52 .483 .014 1.426 .022 2.254 0.046 4.790 Source: own calculation To find out that the job satisfaction is the mediating variable and has its significance with the Pay, Promotion, Working conditions, Nature of the Work and the Employee Turnover in the Autonomous Institutions of the Health Department we have performed the regression analysis in the equation 1a, 2a and 3a. To investigate the effect of exogenous variables on the mediation variable job satisfaction the regression of equation No. 1a was used and found that the level of job satisfaction is affected by the Pay, Promotion, Working Conditions, Nature of the Work. Moreover the results of the exogenous variables on the endogenous variable Employee Turnover were also found significant as predicted in the equation 2a. At the end in the equation 3a the relationship of Employee Turnover with the mediating variable job satisfaction and 128 Alamdar Hussain Khan, Muhammad Aleem Impact of job satisfaction on employee turnover: An empirical study of Autonomous Medical Institutions of Pakistan exogenous variables was also concluded and found that the job satisfaction is the mediating variable. As the beta of pay is .250 in the equation 1a and decreased in the equation 2a with -.147 and 3a with -0.010. The said equations results stated that the job satisfaction is the mediating variable in such case and the employee with the low level of job satisfaction resulted into the increase in the rate of employee turnover. We have regressed the Employee Turnover on the independent variables and the mediating variable job satisfaction. The results indicate that the Beta in the equation 2(a) was -.147 and in the equation 1(a) was .250. It predicts that the job satisfaction is the mediating variable in this model. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS The said study pertained to the employees of the Autonomous Medical Institutions of Health Department in the Province of Punjab in order to find out the factor affecting the job satisfaction level and the impact of job satisfaction on the employee turnover. The findings suggested that the variables like Pay, Promotion, Working Conditions and Nature of Work are the prominent for the job satisfaction level of the employees. The management of the Autonomous Medical Institutions may take the appropriate steps to enhance the job satisfaction level of employees. Furthermore it is suggested management should take into the account of the factors such as Pay, Promotion, Working Conditions and Nature of Work in order to minimize the turnover level of the employees in the Autonomous Medical Institutions. Limitation and future directions of the study We have conducted the research by taking the variables Pay, Promotion, Working Conditions and Nature of Work in this study. In order to more general results, the other factors may also be included in the future research. The sample size was also limited that can also be increased to find out other determinants. A comparative study of public and private hospitals may also be conducted to find out the differences in both sectors. REFERENCES Abassi, S. M. and Hollman, K. W. (2000), Turnover: the real bottom line, Public Personnel Management, 2(3), pp. 33342. 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M., & Coyle-Shapiro, J. A. M. (Ed) (2003), New developments in the employee organization relationship, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, pp. 443-450. Sias, P.M., & Cahill, D.J. (1998), From coworkers to friends: The development of peer friendships in workplace, Western Journal of Communication, 62, pp. 273-299. Silla, I., Gracia, F., Peiró, J.M. (2005), Job insecurity and health-related outcomes among different types of temporary workers, Eco, Ind.Democracy, 26, pp. 89–117. Silva, P. (2006), Effects of disposition on hospitality employee job satisfaction and commitment, International journal of contemporary hospitality management, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 317-328. 131 Journal of International Studies Vol. 7, No.1, 2014 Smith, P.C., Kendall, L.M. and Hulin, C.L. (1969), The Measurement of Satisfaction in Work and Retirement: A Strategy for the Study of Attitudes, Rand McNally, Oxford. Sokoya, S. K. (2000), Personal Predictors of Job Satisfaction for the Public Sector Manager: Implications for Management Practice and Development in a Developing Economy, Journal of Business in Developing Nations, available at www.rh.edu/Ismt/jbdnv40.htm. Spector, P. (2008), Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Research and Practice, 5th ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY. Yen, T.-H., & McKinney, W. R. (1992), The relationship between compensation satisfaction and job characteristics: A comparative study of public and private leisure service professionals, Journal of park and recreational administration, 10 (4), pp. 15-36. 132 International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 4 No. 7; July 2013 The Relationship between Employees’ Income Level and Employee Job Satisfaction: An Empirical Study Prof. Dr. Ismail Bakan Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University Kahramanmaras Turkey Assist. Prof. Dr. Tuba Buyukbese Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences Hasan Kalyoncu University Gaziantep Turkey Abstract The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between employees’ income level and employees’ job satisfaction. For this purpose, an empirical study was conducted in a British company. The results of the empirical study show that there is a significant relationship between employees’ income level and employees’ job satisfaction. Although the study found the possibility that job satisfaction and employees’ income levels are related to each other, it did not analyze the direction of the causality. Key Words: Income level, job satisfaction. 1. Introduction Improving employee satisfaction has become one of the main corporate objectives in recent years (Garcia-Bernal et al., 2005). It is realized that organizations cannot achieve competitive levels of quality, either at a product level or a customer service level, if their employees do not feel satisfied or do not identify with the company (Stewart, 1996; Garcia-Bernal et al., 2005). The topic of job satisfaction is an crucial one because of its relevance to the physical and mental well-being of employees, and its implications for job related behaviours such as productivity, absenteeism or turnover. Work is an important aspect of people’s lives and most employees spend a large part of their working life at work. An understanding of the factors affecting job satisfaction is relevant to improving the well being of a huge number of people (Oshagbemi, 1999). Improving job satisfaction has become an important subject in both the professional world and the academic world (Garcia-Bernal et al., 2005). Therefore, job satisfaction is perhaps one of the single most frequently researched variable in the field of organizational behaviour or organizational psychology. Job satisfaction is a main variable in both research and theory of organizational phenomenon ranging from job design to supervision. Really thousands of job satisfaction studies can be found in the literature of the organizational behaviour and related fields. Locke (1976) estimated that, as of 1976, nearly 3,350 articles and dissertations had been written on the topic. According to Oshagbemi (1996), this estimate would most probably be doubled if a count of relevant articles and dissertations were made today. These researches are based on the implicit assumptions that job satisfaction is a potential determinant of absenteeism, turnover, productivity, in-role job performance and extra-role behaviour. For instance, numerous studies have established job satisfaction as a significant predictor of employee turnover (Griffeth et al., 2000; Hom et al., 1992). Poon (2004) hypothesized that job satisfaction will be negatively related to turnover intention and by conducting an empirical study he found that reduced job satisfaction led to greater intentions to quit their jobs. Some researchers have reported a negative relationship between job satisfaction and absenteeism (Porters and Steers, 1973; Scott and Taylor, 1985). In his study Oshagbemi (2000) analyzed the assumption that the less satisfied workers tend to resign while the more satisfied ones tend to remain in a job. 18 © Center for Promoting Ideas, USA www.ijbssnet.com He found that the overall job satisfaction of university teachers is significantly correlated with length of service in present university but not with length of service in higher education. A number of studies concentrated on the relationship between organizational commitment and job satisfaction. While some of them (Williams and Hazer, 1986; Liou, 1995; Wong et al., 1995; Fletcher and Williams, 1996; Bhuian et al., 1996) found a relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment, others (such as Curry et al., 1986) did not find any association between the two variables. Researchers have shown that various demographic characteristics of employees (such as age, gender, tenure, income) have relevance to their level of job satisfaction (Finlay et al., 1995; Clark et al, 1996; Howard and Frink, 1996; Miles et al., 1996; Ganzach, 1998; Robie et al, 1998; Gaertner, 1999; Groot and Maasen van den Brink, 1999; Sousa-Poza and Sousa-Poza, 2000; Eskildsen, et al., 2003). These studies report different and sometimes contradictory findings with respect to the effect that employee characteristics such as gender, age and educational level have on work motivation and job satisfaction. Although many studies have focused on job satisfaction, there are still many unanswered questions about its nature (Lam, et al., 2001). Therefore, the relationship between employees’ demographic characteristics and their job satisfaction occurs as an important subject to be studied. In this paper the relationship between income and employee satisfaction is investigated. Job satisfaction is defined as an “employee’s state of emotion and affective responses to specific aspects of the job (Williams and Hazer, 1986). Locke (1976) defined the job satisfaction as “a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one’s job or fob experiences” or as “a function of the perceived relationship between what one wants from one’s job and what one perceives it as offering” (Locke, 1969) . According to Lam and his friends (2001) job satisfaction is the discrepancy between what an employee values and what the situation provides. Job satisfaction is conceptualized as a general attitude toward an object, the job (Oshagbemi, 1999). Linz (2003) stated that “job satisfaction generally implies a positive evaluation of work and a positive effect deriving from it”. Price and Muller (1986) define job satisfaction by the degree to which individuals like their job. Churchill et al., (1974) define job satisfaction by taking into account both all the characteristics of the job itself and of the work environment in which employees may find rewards, fulfillment and satisfaction, or conversely, sentiments of frustration and/or dissatisfaction (Garcia-Bernal et al., 2005). In the literature, some empirical studies investigated the relationship between income and job satisfaction. Ward and Sloane (2000) concluded that males, who consider themselves underpaid, to be less satisfied in the Scottish academic labour market. By using the data from 5,000 British workers Clark and Oswald (1996) tested the hypothesis that satisfaction depends on income relative to a comparison or reference level. They used a comparison income variable measured as the difference between actual income and income predicted using an earnings equation. They found that the higher an individual’s income relative to the predicted income, the higher the job satisfaction. In their study Mekkelholt and Hartog (1989) found that quasi rents or temporary wage differentials have a positive but small effect on job satisfaction (Groot et al., 1999). 2. The Evaluation of the Empirical Study 2.1. The Aim, Design, Sample and the Analytic Procedure of the Survey Aim of the Study: The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between employees’ income level and employee job satisfaction. This is a quantitative study where the data were gathered by using the questionnaire method. The unit of analysis is the individuals who responded to the questionnaire, and the study is cross sectional. Sample: The population for the study consisted of employees in a British consultant company. 1,000 questionnaires were mailed and a total of 934 returns were received – a response rate of 93.4 percent. Of these returns, 921 were usable for further analysis. Thirteen had to be discarded because too many of the questions were left unresponded. Measures of the Study Variables: Employees’ job satisfaction: In order to measure the essence of employee satisfaction, five specific aspects of satisfaction were measured in the study: satisfaction with compensation, social satisfaction, satisfaction with the work itself, with promotion, and with supervisor. For each specific aspects of satisfaction, the multiple item scale was used. The items were taken from the Long’s (1978) and Graen’s (1966) studies. 19 International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 4 No. 7; July 2013 In the questionnaire respondents were presented with a series of statements and asked to mention their personal opinions about each one. On the research questionnaire, the respondents were given 7-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (“strongly disagree”) to 7 (“strongly agree”) to record their answers. For comparison of satisfaction level of employees with high performance and employees with low performance, a scale for each aspects of satisfaction was constructed by averaging the responses across relevant items by using COMPUTE MEAN option of SPSS for Windows programme. Analytic Procedure (Statistical Analysis): Prior to statistical analysis, all questionnaire data were computercoded for use with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows. Frequency analysis was used to indicate the respondents’ opinions for each questionnaire items. Then, as the main aim of the study is to find out the relationship between employees’ income level and employee job satisfaction correlation analysis and the t statistic were used. With t statistic the study compares the levels of satisfaction as perceived by employees’ with high income and employees’ with low income level. Demographic Characteristics of Survey Respondents The administration of the questionnaire resulted in 921 usable returns, an overall response rate of 92.1%. Of all respondents, when asked to specify their job status, the following was reported: senior manager (above team managers) (3.6%), team manager (6.2%), senior/principal consultant (22.4%), consultant (29.2%), clerical or secretarial (11.9%), technical (e.g., scientific officer) (19.4%), and “other” (7.2%). When asked to specify their personal characteristics, 68% were male and 32% were female. Regarding their marital status, 61.8% were married, 29.5% were singe, and remaining 8.7% were others (widowed, divorced or separated). Regarding their age, 25.1% were less than 31 years old, 48.6% were the ages of between 31 and 46, and the remaining 26.3% were over 46 years old. When asked to specify their highest education level, the following was reported: completed secondary school (9.1%), some university or technical training beyond secondary school (29.15), bachelor’s degree (44.3%), master’s degree (10.2%), and doctoral degree (7.3%). 84.6% of respondents had been with the company for two years or longer, while remaining 15.4% had been with the company for less than two years. 2.2. The Relationship between Employees’ Income Level and Employees’ Satisfaction As mentioned earlier in the paper, five specific aspects of satisfaction were measured in the study: satisfaction with compensation, social satisfaction, satisfaction with the work itself, with promotion, and with supervisor. In here, the relationship between employees’ income level and employees’ satisfaction is analysed by using the study data. Income level and satisfaction with compensation The respondents’ satisfaction with their compensation was measured by using 3 questionnaire items with sevenpoint Likert scale, from 1 “strongly disagree” to 7 “strongly agree” (see Table 1). Table 1: Satisfaction with Compensation 1* % N 8,6 78 21,2 195 2 % N 15,5 140 21,1 194 3 % N 13,0 118 16,6 152 4 % N 23,1 209 9,2 84 5 % N 18,7 169 13,0 119 6 % N 19,2 174 16,2 149 7 % N 2,0 18 2,7 25 Fringe benefits in the company are good Considering my skills and the efforts I put into my work I am satisfied with my pay. Compared to what others 15,2 16,3 15,7 15,7 13,6 20,4 3,1 earn in the company, may 139 149 144 144 125 187 28 pair is fair. * 1= Strongly disagree 5=Slightly agree 20 2=Disagree 6=Agree 3=Slightly disagree 7=Strongly agree Total Mean Std. Dev. 3,93 1,63 100 906 3,31 1,86 100 918 100 916 3,70 1,82 4=Neither agree nor disagree © Center for Promoting Ideas, USA www.ijbssnet.com To find out the employees satisfaction with fringe benefits, respondents were requested to rate the following comment “Fringe benefits in the company are good”. There were 906 applicable responses for this analysis. 24, 1% of them had strongly disagreed (8,6%) or disagreed (15,5%) with the statement, 13% of them had slightly disagreed, on the other hand 21,2% had strongly agreed (2%) or agreed (19,2%) and 18,7% had slightly agreed with the statement. The remaining 23,1% of them had chosen “neither agree nor disagree” option. To the statement of “Considering my skills and the efforts I put into my work I am satisfied with my pay” 918 respondents were given their opinion. Slightly more than half of the respondents (58,9%) had disagreed with the comment, while 31,9% of the respondents had agreed with it. The remaining 9,2% of them had chosen the “neither agree nor disagree” option. In order to find out their opinion on the fairness of they pay, the respondents were given a statement of “compared to what others earn in the company, my pay is fair”, and 916 responses were received. 31,4% of them had strongly disagreed (15,2%) or disagreed (16,3%), and 15,7% had slightly disagreed with the statement, while 34% had agreed or slightly agreed and 3,1% had strongly agreed with the statement. The remaining 15,7% of them had chosen the “neither agree nor disagree” option. In sum, as Table 1 shows, for none of the three items measuring satisfaction with compensation, more than half of the respondents had chosen the “agree” options (slightly agree, agree, strongly agree). It means, in general, the respondents are not satisfied with their compensation in this company. This result is proved by the mean values of the three items (see Table 1). The mean values for three items measuring satisfaction with compensation are below the average (4 point) which forms the “disagree” area of a 7-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 “strongly disagree” to 7 “strongly agree”. Table 2: The Comparison of Employees Regarding their Satisfaction with Compensation Satisfaction with compensation * p
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You’re Name 1
Background
 Human Resources are the life blood of life
 Pay is positively correlated with the job satisfaction
 employees always have expectations
 Pay, Promotion, Working Conditions and Nature of Work are the prominent for the job
satisfaction
 compensation appears to be rising in importance in relation to other factors
 Intention to Leave and Intention to Search
 study is to investigate the relationship between employees’ income level and employee
job satisfaction
 hypothesis that satisfaction depends on income relative to a comparison
 satisfaction with compensation, social satisfaction, satisfaction with the work itself
Problem Statement
 Hypothesis
o dimensions of pay satisfaction will be negatively correlated with the components
of turnover
o turnover has become a trend in industrial and organization field
o commitment will be negatively related to the components of turnover intention
o the tradeoff between a satisfying job and a satisfying paycheck
o job security and opportunities to use skills/abilities
o respondents are not satisfied with their compensation in this company
o investigates the relationship between employees’ income levels and employees
job satisfaction
o the competitive advantage due to retaining of quali ed, productive and loyal work
force.
o Promotion is positively correlated with the job satisfaction
o turnover behavior and turnover-related attitude such as turnover intention
o negative correlations between affective commitment and components of turnover
intention
Purpose of Study
 pay satisfaction and performance outcomes at the organizational level
 study examined the effect...


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