American University China and US Climate Change Policy Discussion

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American University

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It is a debate about China-US climate change policy. Part of the work has been finished. Please make sure you have enough ability to handle this, it is graduate-level work.

Climate Change: Envoy John Kerry has called for the Chinese to consider climate change as "a critical stand-alone issue.” However, China is not incentivized to do so, and better meet its interests by issuing a quid pro quo to the U.S. that it will only work jointly on climate change if the U.S. does not push the genocide designation in Xinjiang.

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DEBATE THEME 2/ Team 1/ China is not incentivized to treat climate change as a stand-alone issue. (PRO) Framing the Issue ● The president’s special envoy affirmed that the US must deal with China to ensure that the Paris Climate Accord is actualized even though the two counties are still solving their issues. ● The envoy claims that the climate issue must be treated exclusively and should not be associated with other matters, including the genocide designation in Xinjiang. ● China remains adamant and continues issuing a quid pro quo to the US and has confirmed that it will only participate if the US cooperates by removing all the sanctions. ● Pollution will significantly impact China's GDP, and the lack of stringent regulation provides opportunities for unscrupulous companies to participate in worsening the problem. ● The efforts made by the US to curb climate change will not matter if other nations do not participate in the cause. China accounts for 30% of the world's emissions, The US accounts for 15%, and if the two countries are combined with the EU, the number is significantly higher than 55%. COMMON GROUND: The China-US relationship is currently severed by the multiples issues they have against each other. The two countries were more likely to maintain this type of relationship over crucial security issues, including Hong Kong's sovereignty, cyber espionage, human rights violations, and the South China Sea's malicious ambitions. However, the two countries will be forced to put their differences aside and work together towards solving the imminent global issues. The unity may influence the two nations to conform to international policies and act as examples to other conflicting countries that may not have a common goal. LARGE-SCALE MITIGATION: According to the union of concerned scientists (2018), China’s per capita emission nearly doubled that of the US, accounting for 28% of the total value. Even though China is still allowing emission-intensive power plants to function, it is also venturing into renewable energy as a quick alternative. The second option has enhanced the country's interest in the innovation and development of solar power. As a result, the global market share of photovoltaic units had grown to 18% by 2015. The Chinese companies promised to increase the capacity by 1800 MW before 2022. Consequently, investors established more companies such as Global solar and Aleo to fill the market gap and provide more job opportunities to Chinese citizens. Besides, solar water heating panels are used by numerous citizens who participate in strategies to save energy. Nonetheless, it has embarked on multiple projects, including the Green wall, an ecological initiative to restore the environment by planting trees on a nine million-acre farm and car regulations in the city. STRICT FOCUS ON MULTINATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS: The issue has compelled China to defend itself against the grievous claims. In China, the government officials affirmed that the country was being punished for becoming the geographical location where the US outsourced its pollution. Companies such as Walmart imported manufactured products from the country and did not consider the creation process. They were more determined to gain profits than to force their suppliers to adhere to the environmental policies. Thus, the DEBATE THEME 2/ Team 1/ China is not incentivized to treat climate change as a stand-alone issue. (PRO) counterargument will force the US to review its multinational organizations and assess the credibility of the assertions. Additionally, it may place more sanctions to reduce China's market share in the US. Consequently, the move will force the companies to produce fewer products meaning lesser emission. DEBATE THEME 1/ Team 1/ China’s outreach to Pakistan via CPEC has effectively neutered any potential QUAD action (CON) Framing the Issue • The development of Gwadar Port is a key element of the greater China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). It speaks to both the strength of the China-Pakistan relationship and the reach of China’s grand strategy. CPEC has been called a “monument of Pakistan-China friendship” • With Pakistan’s two other major ports operating near capacity (no room for expansion), projects in Gwadar can handle 1MT of cargo annually with significant industrial & oil infrastructure. • PLA Navy (PLAN) access to Gwadar is an invaluable link for China’s maritime Indo-Pacific maritime presence, having PLA soldiers provide security also increases China’s presence. • Pakistan-Chinese cooperation has a strong history of “all-weather friendship.” • While India opposes CPEC because it goes through disputed territory [Gilgit-Baltistan and Kashmir], it has not been able to rally the Quad in any effective way; the Indo-Pacific remains an inchoate concept and the US distracted – including, now, by CVID-19 and upcoming elections. PAKISTAN-CHINA RELATIONS AND CPEC: The China-Pakistan relationship has been labeled by the leaders of both counties as an “all-weather friendship” and described as “higher than the mountains, deeper than the oceans, stronger than steel and sweeter than honey.” Relations between the two have become even closer with the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) beginning to take shape. The two countries are wooing Afghanistan, Iran, and Russia to join CPEC. The $62 billion project will link Xinjiang Province of China with Gwadar port on the Makran Coast west of Karachi. Note: China is extremely concerned about the safety and security of its workers engaged in CPEC project; Pakistan is raising a Special Security Division comprising approximately 15,000 personnel to provide security and there are plans for PLA soldiers. Besides Gwadar port, CPEC will include transport infrastructure, oil pipelines, power plants, and industrial zones with a capital outlay of nearly $60 billion. GWADAR PORT - PLANS AND PROGRESS: According to the Gwadar Port Authority’s vision statement, “Gwadar deep sea port is the second great monument of Pakistan-China friendship after the Karakoram Highway linking Pakistan and China.” It is located close to the mouth of the Persian Gulf just below the Straits of Hormuz. Two older ports (Karachi and Qasim) handle 95 %of Pakistan’s seaborne trade. Their capacities are fully exploited. Gwadar will have three 200-meter-long berths and one Ro-Ro (roll on-roll off ) facility. Funds are provided through AIIB & direct government-to-government soft loans. To help China to recover its capital investment, COPHC will get a 91 percent share of the revenue from the operations of the port and the terminal and 85 percent of the revenue generated by the free zone. WE WIN-WIN, QUAD LOSES: Both China and Pakistan view the development of Gwadar port as a win-win situation. The CPEC is part of China’s Belt and Road Initiative, extending China’s strategic outreach deep into the Indo-Pacific region and countering U.S. influence in the Indo-Pacific. It is also designed to give a fillip to China’s slowing economy by generating large-scale construction activity, building an alternative route for oil and gas supplies and creating new markets for China’s products. Although India will protest and the Quad has been somewhat revitalized since 2017, other issues – including US and Indian domestic politics – distract from any real Quad effectiveness. ASEAN continues to hedge between China and the US; as long as China courts some ASEAN countries via other initiatives, ASEAN is unlikely to be a loud, concerted voice against Chinese/Pakistan cooperation. DEBATE THEME 1/ Team 1/ The Quad can counter China’s strategic outreach to Pakistan, as manifest by CPEC and development of Gwadar Port, by networking with Like-Minded and ASEAN to highlight the threat (PRO ARGUMENT) DEBATE THEME 1/ Team 1/ The Quad can counter China’s strategic outreach to Pakistan, as manifest by CPEC and development of Gwadar Port, by networking with Like-Minded and ASEAN to highlight the threat (PRO ARGUMENT) Framing the Issue • The development of Gwadar Port is a key element of the greater China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), the $62 billion project linking Xinjiang Province (China) with Gwadar [west of Karachi.] • CPEC speaks to the ambition & aggressiveness of China’s grand strategy • Pakistan historically willing to collude with China (e.g. nukes) • Significant misgivings on both sides about CPEC: the safety of Chinese workers, the resentment of Baloch nationalists, and the growing debt trap created by the project. • India can engage the Quad by highlighting that CPEC is being built through disputed territory (Gilgit-Baltistan & Kashmir.) The presence of large numbers of PLA personnel (including PLAN) in Pakistan also can be used as a rallying point. • The Quad (India, Japan, Australia, US) should network with like-minded countries on cooperative security frameworks to ensure a free, open, prosperous, and inclusive Indo-Pacific region. SAFETY/SECURITY ISSUES ON BOTH SIDES: China is extremely concerned about the safety and security of its construction workers on CPEC projects. Pakistan is raising a Special Security Division of approximately 15,000 personnel to provide security for the CPEC against terrorist attacks, but the experience of Chinese dam construction in Gilgit-Baltistan argues that eventually PLA soldiers will be needed. The presence of PLA personnel in Pakistan in large numbers will further vitiate the security environment in South Asia--and can be used as a rallying point. DEBT-TRAP DIPLOMACY: Gwadar is being developed by the China Overseas Port Holding Company (COPHC), to which it was leased by the Pakistan government for 40 years in April 2017. The final expansion of the port and ancillary systems will be undertaken by the Chinese. COPHC will get a 91% share of the revenue from the operations of the port and the terminal (85% of free zone revenue). Although the port is expected to handle 1MT of cargo annually, the impression in Pakistan is that benefits will accrue mainly to the Chinese. Also, there are misgivings within Pakistan regarding the debt trap from the huge investment in CPEC. The Pakistani elite should examine the disaster that the developments of Hambantota port and international airport have been for Sri Lanka. RESENTMENT: Balochistan (13 million) is Pakistan’s least developed province. There have been several uprisings– most recently 2005. Ethnic Baloch have been marginalized/deprived of their rights; thousands have been picked up by the Pakistan army and police forces; resource theft. Separatists are thwarting Pakistan’s energy plans & hampering efforts to build transnational gas pipelines from Iran and Turkmenistan (royalties worth $700-800 million annually.) Accepting responsibility for an attack on construction workers near Gwadar in which 10 laborers died in May 2017, Jeander Baloch, the BLA spokesperson, said in a statement, “This conspiratorial plan [CPEC] is not acceptable to the Baloch people under any circumstances. Baloch independence movements have made it clear several times that they will not abandon their people’s future in the name of development projects or even democracy.” Some Chinese workers also have been targeted. DEBATE THEME 1/ Team 1/ The Quad can counter China’s strategic outreach to Pakistan, as manifest by CPEC and development of Gwadar Port, by networking with Like-Minded and ASEAN to highlight the threat (PRO ARGUMENT) TRACK RECORD: China’s track record in the South China Sea, its handling of the dispute over the Senkaku (Diaoyu) Islands, and its failure to intervene effectively to curtail North Korea’s nuclear ambitions, can be highlighted by the Quad to argue that China is not looking to play a positive role. Full credit for the material and analysis in the actual brief from which these samples were drawn goes to Brig. (Ret.) Gurmeet Kanwal is former director Center for Land Warfare Studies (CLAWS), New Delhi, and an adjunct fellow with the Wadhwani Chair in U.S.-India Policy Studies at CSIS. The actual brief is part of “China’s Maritime Silk Road: Strategic and Economic Implications for the Indo-Pacific Region.”
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Climate change debate argument CON
Debate theme 2/team 2
China’s development of the decarbonization plan enhances its stand for a quid pro quo
agreement
Framing the issue








The administration of the United States is eager to ensure collaboration with China to
ensure that they implement effective policies to deal with the issue of climate change.
China claims that the United States wants to treat the issue of climate change separately
from the relationship maintained between the two countries.
The United States targets creating a protected lane that focuses specifically on the
conversation about climate change shutting down all other conversations.
China criticized the idea by the secretary of state Antony Blinken's claims of genocide
against the oppression of Uighurs in Xinjiang claiming that the United States should not
involve in Chinese internal issues.
The Chinese government aims at remaining stubborn on the issue of climate change
policy until the US acknowledges its sovereignty over the South Chinese sea region.
To counter the United States’ participation in the climate change policy, China
announced the decarbonization plan which is aimed at attaining neutralization by 2060.

China-US relationship: the relationship between the US and China is associated with great
obstacles. The issue of sovereignty between the two countries is considered to be the main cause
of differences betw...


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