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Case Study Questions – Chapter 2: CT & MRI DIRECTIONS: After reading the case study on page 64 of your textbook, please answer the questions below. 1. What was the reason the woman was having the CT scan? What do you think the purpose is for injecting the contrast through an IV line? 2. What are the differences between the two different tests? What do CT and MRI represent? 3. Describe the challenge the woman had to deal with while having an MRI? What methods did she use to handle it? 4. List 4 or 5 medical terms that could be associated with this case study. Provide the definition of each term as well. REFLECTION QUESTION: Why do you think it is important for a healthcare worker assisting with diagnostic procedures to have good communication skills with the patient? Provide your answer in 1-2 well-written paragraphs. Medical Terminology A SHORT COURSE 8TH EDITION DAVI-ELLEN CHABNER 2 Table of Contents Cover image Title Page Copyright Dedication Preface to the 8th Edition Also Available Acknowledgments Reviewers Chapter 1 Basic Word Structure Word Analysis Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes In Person: Living With Type 1 Diabetes Exercises and Answers Pronunciation of Terms Practical Applications Picture Show Review Terminology Checkup Chapter 2 Organization of the Body Introduction Body Systems Body Cavities Divisions of the Back Planes of the Body Terminology Combining Forms In Person: CT and MRI Exercises and Answers 3 Pronunciation of Terms Practical Applications Picture Show Review Terminology Checkup Chapter 3 Suffixes Introduction Combining Forms Suffixes and Terminology In Person: Gallbladder Stones Exercises and Answers Pronunciation of Terms Practical Applications Picture Show Review Terminology Checkup Chapter 4 Prefixes Introduction Combining Forms and Suffixes Prefixes and Terminology In Person: Total Knee Replacement (TKR) Exercises and Answers Pronunciation of Terms Practical Applications Picture Show Review Terminology Checkup Chapter 5 Medical Specialists and Case Reports Introduction Medical Specialists Combining Forms and Vocabulary Case Reports In Person: Living With Crohn's Exercises and Answers Pronunciation of Terms Practical Applications Review Terminology Checkup 4 Appendix 1 Body Systems Cardiovascular System Digestive System Endocrine System Female Reproductive System Lymphatic System Male Reproductive System Musculoskeletal System Nervous System Respiratory System Skin and Sense Organs Urinary System Appendix 2 Diagnostic Tests and Procedures Appendix 3 Abbreviations, Acronyms, Symbols, and Eponyms Abbreviations Acronyms* Symbols* Eponyms Appendix 4 Quick Drug Reference Appendix 5 Allied Health Careers Glossary 1 Mini-Dictionary Glossary 2 Word Parts Section I: Medical Terminology → English Section II: English → Medical Terminology Glossary 3 English → Spanish Terms* Index 5 Copyright 3251 Riverport Lane St. Louis, Missouri 63043 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: A SHORT COURSE, EIGHTH EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323-44492-7 Copyright © 2018 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. Previous editions copyrighted © 2015, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher's permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds or experiments described herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. To the fullest extent of the law, no responsibility is assumed by Elsevier, authors, editors or contributors for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. ISBN: 978-0-323-44492-7 Senior Content Strategist: Linda Woodard Senior Content Development Specialist: Diane Chatman Senior Content Development Manager: Luke Held Publishing Services Manager: Julie Eddy Project Manager: Mike Sheets Design Direction: Brian Salisbury Printed in Canada Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 6 7 Dedication For my wonderful grandchildren whose laughter and love surround me, especially on Nantucket. Thank you, Ben, Louisa, Bebe, Gus, Solomon, and Amari! 8 Preface to the 8th Edition I wrote the first edition of Medical Terminology: A Short Course almost 30 years ago with the hope that it would fill a specific niche in the education of allied health professionals. My goal was to present a comprehensive introduction and overview of medical terminology in a straightforward and easy manner for students who had no previous background in biology or medicine. It is gratifying to know that this book is now widely used in colleges, career schools, universities, hospitals, and other medical settings in the United States and abroad, where allied health workers use medical language and interpret it for patients and their families. There is no doubt that the method used in Medical Terminology: A Short Course takes potentially complicated subject matter and makes it manageable and understandable. In this eighth edition, the text has been updated and carefully reviewed for clarity, simplicity, and practicality, but its essential elements remain. Here are its important features: Workbook-Text Format. In this book, you learn by doing. On nearly every page you are writing and interacting with medical terminology. You complete exercises (and check your answers), label diagrams, test your understanding with review sheets, and practice pronunciation. The best path to success is to write terms and their meanings as you test yourself. I really believe this method of learning will work for you! Easy to Read and Understand. Explanations of terms are worded simply and clearly, and repetition reinforces learning throughout the text. Answers to questions are located easily so that you can check and correct your responses while gaining additional explanation of terminology. Dynamic Illustrations and Photographs. 9 Medical terms come alive with images on nearly every page! Learning is reinforced by seeing parts of the body, diseases, conditions and real medical procedures. At the end of each chapter, “Picture Shows” highlight key images and allow you to apply your knowledge of terminology. Introduction to Body Systems. The Body Systems Resource, beginning on page 215, begins with the following five sections: • Anatomy—shows full-color images of each body system, labeled for easy reference with combining forms for each body part. • Terminology—repeats each combining form and gives a medical term illustrating the use of the combining form. Definitions are in the Mini-Dictionary at the end of the book. • Pathology—presents explanations of disease conditions related to each body system. • Diagnostic and Treatment Procedures—explains and defines common examples for each body system. • Matching Exercises—tests your understanding of the material, with answers included. 10 Practical Applications. Throughout the text, and on the Student Evolve website, you will find exciting images, medical case reports, and vignettes and exercises called Picture Shows that illustrate terminology in the context of stories about patients and procedures. In Person. These compelling first-person narratives describe procedures and conditions from a uniquely personal perspective. After reading each story, medical terms take on new meaning as you experience intimately how it feels to be in a patient's “shoes,” living through a diagnosis, disease, and treatment. Terminology Checkup. 11 This interactive and enhanced feature recaps and reinforces key concepts and easily confused terms in each chapter. Reference Guide for Medical and Hospital Work. This book is also a useful resource. Diagnostic Tests and Procedures (radiological, nuclear medicine, and clinical and laboratory tests) are found in Appendix 2. Abbreviations, symbols, acronyms, and eponyms are located in Appendix 3. NEW to this edition is a Quick Drug Reference located in Appendix 4. The Mini-Dictionary helps you study each chapter and also will be a reference for you in the workplace. Each definition has been crafted carefully to explain terms using plain, nontechnical language. 12 Also Available Student Evolve Website (access included with text purchase) The Evolve website included with this new edition contains additional information, images, and video clips to test and expand your understanding. Chapter by chapter, you will find case studies, games, and activities, as well as a wealth of images to illustrate medical terminology. In the Audio Program section you can hear the proper pronunciation with each medical term in the book. Visit http://evolve.elsevier.com/Chabner/medtermshort to access your resources. Medical Language Instant Translator (for sale separately) My Medical Language Instant Translator is a uniquely useful resource for all allied health professionals and students of medical terminology. It is a pocket-sized medical terminology reference with convenient information at your fingertips! Medical Terminology: A Short Course is exactly what you need to begin your medical career— whether in an office, hospital, or other medical setting. Use this handy book in a classroom with an instructor, or study it on your own. The combination of visually reinforced hands-on learning plus easily accessible reference material will mean success for you in your allied health career. My more comprehensive workbook-text, The Language of Medicine, 11th edition, may be of interest to you as you continue your study of medical terminology. It can also serve as a valuable reference in the workplace. I still experience the thrill and joy of teaching new students. I love being in the classroom and feel privileged to continue to write this text. I am available for help at any time. Please communicate your comments, questions, and suggestions to me at daviellenchabner@gmail.com. For technical assistance, please contact technical.support@elsevier.com. Most of all, I hope this book brings to you excitement and enthusiasm for the medical language. It can ignite your imagination for new challenges and make your job more interesting. Work hard and have fun learning medical terminology! 13 Davi-Ellen Chabner 14 Acknowledgments It is impossible to publish another edition of this book without the assistance and hard work of my extraordinary and exceptional editor, Maureen Pfeifer. On virtually every aspect of this edition, she has listened, advised, and delivered the best possible solutions … with great intelligence, thoughtfulness, and careful attention to detail. We are a TEAM! Thank you, Maureen, for not only being a superb cross-country working partner, but my loyal friend, as well. I appreciate the support and advocacy of Linda Woodard, Senior Content Strategist, Elsevier, Inc. She is always responsive to my concerns and willing to find solutions! Luke Held, Content Development Manager, continues to be a reliable resource and support for my books. Thanks, Luke, for being “in my corner.” I am also grateful to Diane Chatman, Senior Content Development Specialist, for her coordination and oversight of this edition. Mike Sheets, Project Manager, facilitated the complex production of this edition. I appreciate his hard work and flexibility in all aspects of the project. Thank you, Brian Salisbury, Designer, for creating the layout and design for this edition. I appreciate your patience and cooperation. Suzanne BeDell, Managing Director, Education, Reference and Continuity, took the time to become personally connected to me and my teaching. I appreciate her continuing involvement, insight, and vision for my work. Thanks also to other members of the Elsevier team: Michelle Harness, Director, Book Production; Julie Eddy, Publishing Services Manager, Book Production; and Kevin Herrin, Team Manager, Multimedia. A special thank you to the sales team for your continued support and promotion of my projects. Jim Perkins, assistant professor of medical illustration, Rochester Institute of Technology, was responsible for the excellent, first-rate individual drawings that illustrate this edition. As always, he has done an outstanding job. I am particularly grateful to the In Person contributors who shared their personal medical stories. Thanks so much to Ruthellen Sheldon, Cathy Ward, Elizabeth Chabner Thompson, Sidra DeKoven Ezrahi, and Nancy J. Brandwein. I appreciate the valuable suggestions of the instructors who reviewed Medical Terminology: A Short Course for this new edition. They are listed with their credentials on page xv. Their helpful comments are incorporated in this text. My class at Partners in Career and Workforce Development (PCWD), Partners Healthcare System has been an important resource for this edition. My students’ enthusiasm and questions to inspire me. I appreciate them, and their commitment to beginning a career in healthcare. Teachers and students worldwide continue to contact me with insights and questions. Thank you to: Mary Beth Dylewski, Tamara Bohnett, Gloria Lay, Isabel Isalguez, Mary Streight, N. Lee Price, Hani Elgendi, Robin Maddalena, Mohammed Allibaih, Kaylar Griffin, Joyce Y. Nakano, Judith Lytle, Julie Cox, Wendy Peters, Teresa Mills, Dianna Kerr, Jared Rodriguez, Ernest Nino-Murcia, Rori Alexander and Susan Grady. My husband, Bruce A. Chabner, MD, and my daughter, Elizabeth Chabner Thompson, MD, MPH, are always available for expert medical advice and consultation. I am grateful for their availability no matter what else is going on in their busy lives and work. Special thanks for Dan L. Longo, MD, whom I continue to rely on for his infallible medical knowledge as well as his unwavering friendship. Bruce and I think continuously of our friends and family who are in the throes of medical issues ... real time. Their positive attitudes and courage give deeper meaning to our daily lives. Davi-Ellen Chabner 15 16 Reviewers Darci Brown PAC, MSPAS Director of Clinical Education, Assistant Professor Misericordia University Physician Assistant Program Misericordia University Dallas, Pennsylvania Bruce A. Chabner MD Director of Clinical Research Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center Professor of Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts Elizabeth Chabner Thompson MD, MPH CEO/Founder BFFL Co Scarsdale, New York Rosalie Griffith MSN, RN, MAEd Nursing Success Coordinator Chesapeake College Wye Mills, Maryland Dan L. Longo MD Deputy Editor New England Journal of Medicine Professor of Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts Emily L. McClung RN, MSN Instructor Hiram College Hiram, Ohio Deborah Harris O'Brien PhD, Licensed Psychologist Associate Professor Trinity Washington University Washington, DC Sean F. Peck MEd, EMT-P Associate Faculty-Allied Health Arizona Western College Yuma, Arizona Constance Phillips MA, MPH Director, Biomedical Laboratory and Clinical Sciences Boston University School of Medicine/Metropolitan College Boston, Massachusetts Dona Powell BS in Education Instructor 17 Technical Education Center, Osceola Kissimmee, Florida Mary M. Prorok RN, MSN Instructor South Hills School of Business & Technology Altoona, Pennsylvania Julie M. Weldon RN, MSN Education Coordinator and Adjunct Faculty Mercy Medical Center—Des Moines Mercy College of Health Sciences Des Moines, Iowa 18 CHAPTER 1 19 Basic Word Structure CHAPTER SECTIONS Word Analysis 2 Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes 5 In Person: Living With Type 1 Diabetes 21 Exercises and Answers 23 Pronunciation of Terms 33 Practical Applications 37 Picture Show 39 Review 42 Terminology CheckUp 45 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES • To divide medical terms into component parts • To analyze, pronounce, and spell medical terms using common combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes 20 Word Analysis If you work in a medical setting, you use medical words every day. In addition, you hear medical terms spoken in your doctor's office, read about health issues, and make daily decisions about your own health care and the health care of your family. Terms such as arthritis, electrocardiogram, hepatitis, and anemia describe conditions and tests that are familiar. Other medical words are more complicated, but as you work in this book, you will begin to understand them even if you have never studied biology or science. Medical words are like individual jigsaw puzzles. Once you divide the terms into their component parts and learn the meaning of the individual parts, you can use that knowledge to understand many other new terms. For example, the term HEMATOLOGY is divided into three parts: When you analyze a medical term, begin at the end of the word. The ending is called a suffix. All medical terms contain suffixes. The suffix in HEMATOLOGY is -LOGY, which means study of. Next, look at the beginning of the term. HEMAT is the word root. The root gives the essential meaning of the term. The root HEMAT means blood. The third part of this term, which is the letter O, has no meaning of its own but is an important connector between the root (HEMAT) and the suffix (-LOGY). It is called a combining vowel. The letter O is the combining vowel usually found in medical terms. Now put together the meanings of the suffix and the root: HEMATOLOGY means study of blood. Another familiar medical term is ELECTROCARDIOGRAM. You probably know this term, often abbreviated as ECG (or sometimes EKG). This is how you divide it into its parts: Start with the suffix at the end of the term. The suffix -GRAM means a record. Now look at the beginning of the term. ELECTR is a word root, and it means electricity. This medical term has two roots. The second root is CARDI, meaning heart. Whenever you see CARDI in other medical terms, you will know that it means heart. Read the meaning of medical terms from the suffix, back to the beginning of the term, and then across. Broken down this way, ELECTROCARDIOGRAM means record of the electricity in the heart. It is the electrical current flowing within the heart that causes the heart muscle to contract, pumping blood throughout the body. The sound made by contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle is called the heartbeat. Notice the two combining vowels in ELECTROCARDIOGRAM. Looking for the O in medical terms will help you divide the term into its parts. One combining vowel (O) lies between two roots (ELECTR and CARDI) and another between the root (CARDI) and the suffix (-GRAM). The combining vowel plus the root is called a combining form. For example, there are two combining forms in the word ELECTROCARDIOGRAM. These combining forms are ELECTR/O, meaning electricity, and CARDI/O, meaning heart. Notice how the following medical term is analyzed. Can you locate the two combining forms in this term? 21 The two combining forms are GASTR/O and ENTER/O. The entire word (reading from the suffix, back to the beginning of the term, and across) means study of the stomach and the intestines. Here are other words that are divided into component parts: In addition to roots, suffixes, combining forms, and combining vowels, many medical terms have a word part attached to the beginning of the term. This is called a prefix, and it can change the meaning of a term in important ways. For example, watch what happens to the meaning of the following medical terms when the prefix changes: 22 Let's REVIEW the important word parts: 1. Root—gives the essential meaning of the term. 2. Suffix—is the word ending. 3. Prefix—is a small part added to the beginning of a term. 4. Combining vowel—connects roots to suffixes and roots to other roots. 5. Combining form—is the combination of the root and the combining vowel. Some important rules to REMEMBER are: 1. Read the meaning of medical words from the suffix to the beginning of the word and then across. 2. Drop the combining vowel before a suffix that starts with a vowel. 3. Keep the combining vowel between word roots, even if the second root begins with a vowel. 23 Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes Presented in this section are lists of combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes that are commonly found in medical terms. Write the meaning of the medical term on the line that is provided. Some terms will be more difficult to understand even after you know the meanings of individual word parts. For these, more extensive explanations are given in italics. To check your work, see the MiniDictionary beginning on page 349, which contains meanings of all terms used in this book. In your study of medical terminology, you will find it helpful to practice writing terms and their meanings many times. You'll succeed when you follow these simple steps: 1. Complete Exercises beginning on page 23 for this chapter, and faithfully check your answers on pages 31 to 32. 2. Fill in the meanings in the Pronunciation of Terms list on pages 33 to 36. 3. Apply your knowledge in the Practical Applications and Picture Show features beginning on page 37. 4. Complete the Review of word parts beginning on page 42 and check your answers. 5. Make sure you understand the key medical terminology concepts in the Terminology CheckUp on page 45. Combining Forms Notice that the combining form is in bold type, while the root in the medical term is underlined. Combining Meaning Form aden/o gland arthr/o bi/o joint life carcin/o cancer, cancerous heart head cardi/o cephal/o cerebr/o Medical Term Meaning adenoma _____________________________________ -OMA means tumor or mass. adenitis ______________________________________ -ITIS means inflammation. arthritis ______________________________________ biology _______________________________________ -LOGY means study of. biopsy ________________________________________ -OPSY means (process of) viewing. Living tissue is removed and viewed under a microscope. carcinoma ____________________________________ cardiology ____________________________________ cephalic ______________________________________ -IC means pertaining to. If an infant is born with the head delivered first, it is a cephalic presentation. cerebrum, cerebral ______________________________________ largest part -AL means pertaining to. Figure 1-1 shows the cerebrum and its functions. of the brain 24 FIGURE 1-1 Functions of the cerebrum. cerebrovascular accident (CVA) _________________ -VASCULAR means pertaining to blood vessels; a CVA is commonly known as a stroke. What happens in a stroke? Blood is prevented from reaching areas of the cerebrum, and brain cells die. Depending on the location and extent of reduced blood flow, signs and symptoms may include loss of movement (paralysis), loss of speech (aphasia), weakness, and changes in sensation. cyst/o urinary bladder cystoscope ____________________________________ -SCOPE means instrument to visually examine. Figure 1-2 shows the urinary bladder and urinary tract in a male. Figure 1-3 shows a cystoscope placed through the urethra into the urinary bladder of a female during cystoscopy. FIGURE 1-2 Male urinary tract. Note that the prostate gland lies below the urinary bladder. It secretes fluid that combines with sperm to 25 form semen. Semen leaves the body through the urethra during ejaculation. (Modified from Chabner D-E: The Language of Medicine, ed 11, St. Louis, 2017, Elsevier.) FIGURE 1-3 cyt/o derm/o dermat/o electr/o cell skin skin electricity encephal/o brain enter/o intestines (often the small intestine) Female urinary tract. A cystoscope is placed into the urinary bladder through the urethra. (Modified from Chabner D-E: The Language of Medicine, ed 11, St. Louis, 2017, Elsevier.) cytology ______________________________________ dermal _______________________________________ dermatitis ____________________________________ electrocardiogram (ECG) ______________________ -GRAM means record. EKG is an older abbreviation for this test. electroencephalogram (EEG) ___________________ This record is helpful in determining whether a patient has a seizure disorder, such as epilepsy. enteritis ______________________________________ Figure 1-4 shows the small and large intestines. ENTER/O describes the small intestine and sometimes intestines in general. COL/O and COLON/O are combining forms for the large intestine (colon). 26 FIGURE 1-4 Location of the small and large intestines in the abdominal cavity. Note that the lungs, bronchial tubes, trachea, and esophagus are in the chest cavity, which is above the diaphragm. (Modified from Chabner D-E: The Language of Medicine, ed 11, St. Louis, 2017, Elsevier.) erythr/o red erythrocyte ___________________________________ -CYTE means cell. Figure 1-5 shows the three major types of blood cells. 27 FIGURE 1-5 Blood cells: erythrocytes (carry oxygen), leukocytes (five different types help fight disease), and thrombocytes or platelets (help blood to clot). (Modified from Chabner D-E: The Language of Medicine, ed 11, St. Louis, 2017, Elsevier.) gastr/o gnos/o stomach gastroscopy ___________________________________ -SCOPY means process of visual examination using an instrument, or “scope.” knowledge diagnosis _____________________________________ -SIS means state of; DIA- means complete. A diagnosis is the complete knowledge gained after testing and examining the patient. The plural of diagnosis is diagnoses. Table 1-1 shows other plural formations. prognosis _____________________________________ PRO- means before. A prognosis is a prediction (before knowledge) that is made after the diagnosis. It forecasts the outcome of treatment. TABLE 1-1 FORMATION OF PLURALS Consult the Mini-Dictionary beginning on page 349 for pronunciations of all terms. 1. Words ending in a retain the a and add e: Singular Plural Meaning (of singular term) vertebra vertebrae Backbone bursa bursae Sac of fluid near a joint 2. Words ending in is drop the is and add es: Singular Plural Meaning (of singular term) diagnosis diagnoses Determination of the nature and cause of a disease psychosis psychoses Abnormal condition of the mind 3. Words ending in ex or ix drop the ex or ix and add ices: Singular Plural Meaning (of singular term) apex apices Pointed end of an organ cortex cortices Outer part of an organ varix varices Enlarged, swollen vein 4. Words ending in on drop the on and add a: Singular Plural Meaning (of singular term) ganglion ganglia Group of nerve cells; benign cyst near a joint (such as the wrist) 5. Words ending in um drop the um and add a: Singular Plural Meaning (of singular term) bacterium bacteria Type of one-celled organism ovum ova Egg cell 28 6. Words ending in us drop the us and add i*: Singular Plural Meaning (of singular term) bronchus bronchi Tube leading from the windpipe to the lungs calculus calculi Stone *Exceptions to this rule are viruses and sinuses. gynec/o hem/o, hemat/o hepat/o woman, female blood liver gynecology _________________________________ hemoglobin ___________________________________ -GLOBIN means protein. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells (erythrocytes) that helps carry oxygen in the blood. hematoma ____________________________________ -OMA means mass or tumor. In this term, -oma indicates a mass or swelling containing blood. hepatitis _____________________________________ Be careful about spelling this term! The combining form is gynec/o. A gynecologist specializes in diseases of the female reproductive organs. Gynecology involves both surgical and internal medicine expertise, and is often practiced with obstetrics (care of pregnant women and delivery of a fetus). Hematoma A hematoma is a mass of blood trapped in tissues of the skin or in an organ. It often results from trauma and is commonly called a bruise or “black-and-blue” mark. Figure 1-6 A and B shows hematomas. FIGURE 1-6 lapar/o abdomen (area between the chest and hip) A, Subungual hematoma. This collection of blood under (SUB-) a nail (UNGU/O = nail) resulted from trauma to the toe. B, Hematoma from broken ribs. (A, From Habif TP: Clinical Dermatology, ed 4, St. Louis, 2004, Mosby.) laparotomy ___________________________________ -TOMY means cutting into. In an exploratory laparotomy the surgeon makes a large incision in the abdominal wall to inspect organs for evidence of disease. See Figure 1-7A. Laparoscopy is visual examination of the abdomen using several small incisions for a laparoscope and other instruments. See Figure 1-7B. Another combining form for abdomen is ABDOMIN/O, as in abdominal. FIGURE 1-7 A, Laparotomy. This large incision was closed with surgical staples. B, Laparoscopy. The abdomen is examined making small incisions and using a laparoscope. 29 leuk/o white leukocyte _____________________________________ Figure 1-5 on page 9 shows five different types of leukocytes. nephr/o kidney nephrectomy _________________________________ -ECTOMY means cutting out—an excision or resection of an organ or other part of the body. neur/o nerve neurology ____________________________________ onc/o tumor oncologist ____________________________________ (cancerous) -IST means a specialist. ophthalm/o eye ophthalmoscope ______________________________ Figure 1-8A is an image of ophthalmoscope. Figure 1-8B shows an ophthalmologist, a medical doctor, examining a patient's eye. Figure 1-8C the retina, lining the back of the eye (fundus) as seen through an ophthalmoscope. FIGURE 1-8 A, Ophthalmoscope. This instrument allows the ophthalmologist to view both the outer and inner areas of the eye. B, Ophthalmoscopic examination. C, The inner or back area (retina) of a normal eye as seen through an ophthalmoscope. (A, Modified from Jarvis, Physical Examination and Health Assessment, St. Louis, 2016, Saunders. B, From Jarvis C: Physical Examination and Health Assessment, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2000, Saunders. C, Courtesy of Dr. Jay Rosen, The Eye Gallery, Scarsdale NY, and Louisa Thompson.) oste/o bone osteoarthritis ________________________________ Figure 1-9 shows a normal knee joint and a knee joint with osteoarthritis. Degenerative changes with thinning and loss of cartilage occur. Inflammation of the joint membrane occurs late in the disease. FIGURE 1-9 path/o disease psych/o mind ren/o kidney rhin/o sarc/o nose flesh thromb/o clotting Normal knee joint and knee joint with osteoarthritis. pathologist ______________________________ A pathologist is a medical doctor who views biopsy samples to make a diagnosis and examines dead bodies (in an autopsy) to determine the cause of death. AUT- means self, and -OPSY means (process of) viewing. Thus, an autopsy is an opportunity to see for oneself what caused a patient's death. psychosis ____________________________________ -OSIS means abnormal condition. In this serious mental condition, the patient loses touch with reality. Psychotic symptoms include hallucinations (unreal sensory perceptions, such as hearing voices when none are present) and delusions (fixed, false beliefs that can't be changed by logical reasoning). renal ________________________________________ Sometimes there are two combining forms for the same part of the body. Often, one comes from Latin and the other from Greek. REN- is the Latin root meaning “kidney,” and NEPHR- is the Greek root meaning “kidney.” The Greek root describes abnormal conditions and procedures, whereas the Latin root is used with -AL, meaning “pertaining to.” rhinitis ______________________________________ sarcoma _____________________________________ Sarcomas and carcinomas are both cancerous tumors. Sarcomas grow from the fleshy (connective) tissues of the body, such as muscle, fat, bone, and cartilage, whereas carcinomas arise from skin tissue and the linings of internal organs. thrombocyte _________________________________ A thrombocyte (platelet) is a small cell that helps blood to clot. Platelets are shown in Figure 1-5 (see page 9). thrombosis __________________________________ Formation of a thrombus (blood clot) occurs when thrombocytes and other clotting factors combine. Thrombosis describes the condition of forming a 30 clot (thrombus). Pathologist/medical examiner/coroner A medical examiner (M.E.) is a pathologist who specializes in forensic (legal) medicine related to criminal issues. A coroner, however, is an elected official (administrator) who investigates any suspicious death. This official may or may not be a medical examiner. Suffixes Each suffix is in bold in the Suffix column and underlined in the Medical Term column. Suffix -al Meaning Medical Term Meaning pertaining to neural _______________________________________ Other suffixes meaning pertaining to are listed on page 385 in Glossary of Word Parts. -algia condition of arthralgia ____________________________________ pain -cyte cell leukocyte _____________________________________ cutting out; gastrectomy __________________________________ ectomy removal, In a partial or subtotal gastrectomy, only a portion of the stomach is removed. excision -emia blood leukemia _____________________________________ condition Large numbers of immature, cancerous cells are found in the bloodstream and bone marrow (inner part of bone that makes blood cells). -globin protein hemoglobin ___________________________________ -gram record arthrogram ___________________________________ This is an x-ray record of a joint. -ia condition neuralgia _____________________________________ -IA means condition and is part of the larger suffix -ALGIA meaning condition of pain. -ic pertaining to gastric _______________________________________ -ism condition, hyperthyroidism ______________________________ process HYPER- means excessive. The thyroid gland is in the neck. It secretes the hormone thyroxine, which helps cells burn food to release energy. See 1-10. FIGURE 1-10 Hyperthyroidism (Graves disease). The thyroid gland produces too much hormone, which causes signs and symptoms such as rapid pulse, nervousness, excessive sweating, and swelling of tissue behind the eyeball (resulting in exophthalmos, or “bulging” of the eyes). Notice the enlarged thyroid gland in the neck. (Modified from Seidel H, et al: Mosby's Guide to Physical Examination, ed 4, St. Louis, 1998, Mosby.) -itis -logist -logy -oma -opsy -osis inflammation gastroenteritis ________________________________ specialist in neurologist ___________________________________ the study of study of nephrology ___________________________________ See Table 1-2 on page 16 for a list of other terms using -LOGY. tumor, mass hepatoma ____________________________________ This is a cancerous (malignant) tumor, also called hepatocellular carcinoma. to view biopsy ________________________________________ abnormal nephrosis _____________________________________ condition leukocytosis __________________________________ This is an increase in numbers of normal white blood cells as a response to infection. TABLE 1-2 31 TERMS USING -LOGY (STUDY OF) Cardiology Dermatology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Gynecology Hematology Neurology Oncology Ophthalmology Pathology Psychology Rheumatology Urology -scope instrument to visually examine -scopy process of visual examination Study of the heart Study of the skin Study of the endocrine glands Study of the stomach and intestines Study of women and women's diseases Study of the blood Study of the nerves and the brain and spinal cord Study of tumors (cancerous or malignant diseases) Study of the eye Study of disease Study of the mind and mental disorders Study of joint diseases (RHEUMAT/O = flow or watery discharge, which was once thought to cause aches and pains, especially in joints) Study of the urinary tract (surgical specialty) gastroscope ___________________________________ laparoscope ___________________________________ laparoscopy ___________________________________ Small incisions are made near the navel, and instruments are inserted into the abdomen for viewing organs and performing procedures such as tying off the fallopian (uterine) tubes. See Figure 1-11. FIGURE 1-11 Laparoscopy for tubal ligation (interruption of the continuity of the fallopian tubes) as a means of preventing future pregnancy. The vaginal speculum keeps the vaginal cavity open. The uterine cannula is a tube placed into the uterus to manipulate the uterus during the procedure. Forceps and tenaculum are used for grasping or manipulating tissue. (Modified from Chabner D-E: The Language of Medicine, ed 11, St. Louis, 2017, Elsevier.) arthroscopy ___________________________________ See Figure 1-12 (page 18). 32 FIGURE 1-12 -sis -tomy state of process of cutting into; incision Arthroscopy of the shoulder. A surgeon (orthopedist) performs an arthroscopic examination to make a diagnosis or treat disease of the joints (courtesy of Michael J. Curtin, MD, St. Luke’s Clinic, Boise, Idaho). prognosis _____________________________________ neurotomy ____________________________________ Prefixes Each prefix is in bold type in the Prefix column and underlined in the Medical Term column. Prefix Meaning a-, an- no, not aut- self Medical Term Meaning anemia ____________________________________ Literally, anemia means a condition of “no blood.” Actually, it is a decrease in the number of red blood cells or in hemoglobin, the protein that helps in their ability to carry oxygen. autopsy ______________________________________ Viewing and examining a dead body with one's own (self) eyes. Here the root OPS- (viewing) is embedded in the suffix -OPSY (process of viewing). Where is the root? Some suffixes can contain roots. In the term anemia, notice that the root EM- (from HEM, meaning blood) is embedded in the suffix -EMIA. dia- complete, through diagnosis _____________________________________ In this term, DIA- means complete. diameter _____________________________________ The suffix -METER means measurement. DIA- means through in this term. dysbad, painful, dysentery _____________________________________ difficult, abnormal The suffix -Y means condition or process. endo- within endocrine glands ______________________________ CRIN/O means to secrete (to form and give off). Examples of endocrine glands are the thyroid gland, pituitary gland, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes. All of these glands secrete hormones within the body and into the bloodstream. endocardium __________________________________ The valves and chambers within the heart are lined with endocardium. The suffix -UM indicates a structure. exooutside exocrine glands _______________________________ Examples of exocrine glands are sweat, tear, and mammary (breast) glands, which secrete substances to the outside of the body. hyper- excessive, more hyperglycemia ________________________________ than normal,too GLYC/O means sugar. Hyperglycemia may be a sign of diabetes mellitus. Mellitus means “sweet.” much hypo- below, lessthan hypoglycemia _________________________________ normal,under This condition results from too much insulin in the bloodstream. Symptoms are weakness, headache, and hunger. peri- surrounding pericardium __________________________________ Hyperglycemia and diabetes People with hyperglycemia lack insulin (type 1 diabetes) or have ineffective insulin (type 2 diabetes). Insulin is a hormone normally released by the pancreas, an endocrine gland near the stomach. Insulin allows sugar to leave the bloodstream and enter cells. When insulin is either absent or not working, sugar remains in the blood, resulting in hyperglycemia and diabetes. See In Person: Living with Type 1 Diabetes on page 21. pro- before, forward prostate gland ________________________________ This exocrine gland “stands” (-STATE) before or in front of the urinary bladder in males (see Figure 1-13). 33 FIGURE 1-13 Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). The resectoscope contains a light, valves for controlling irrigating fluid, and an electrical loop that cuts tissue and seals blood vessels. (From Chabner D-E: The Language of Medicine, ed 11, St. Louis, 2017, Elsevier.) re- back retro- behind subbelow, under trans- across, through resection _____________________________________ -SECTION means cutting into an organ, but RESECTION means removing some or all of an organ in the sense of cutting back or away. The Latin resectio means “a trimming or pruning.” retrogastric ___________________________________ subhepatic ____________________________________ transdermal __________________________________ transurethral _______________________________ The urethra is a tube that leads from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. Transurethral resection of the prostate gland (TURP) This is a surgical procedure to remove noncancerous (benign) growth of the prostate gland. Pieces of the enlarged gland are removed through the urethra. See Figure 1-13. 34 In Person: Living With Type 1 Diabetes The following first-person narrative describes the reality of living with a particular medical condition—type 1 diabetes in a teenager. In each of the subsequent chapters, you'll find other first-person accounts of diseases and procedures that will make your study of medical terminology more relevant to real-life situations. Jake Sheldon has type 1 diabetes, which was diagnosed when he was 8 years old. The following narrative was written by his mother, Ruthellen Sheldon, based on his teenage years. On school days, I wake Jake up at 6:30 AM. He tests his blood sugar by pricking his finger until it bleeds, and then sticks a test strip into the drop of blood. Then he inserts the strip into a small handheld glucometer and waits 3 to 5 seconds for a reading of his blood sugar. If this is 120 mg/dL or higher, he gives himself insulin 10 to 15 minutes before breakfast. He has an insulin pump, so he types in the amount of carbohydrates he will eat, plus his current blood sugar reading. The pump calculates how much insulin he needs to cover the carbs and any extra insulin he may need to bring down a high blood sugar. If Jake's blood sugar is less than 120 mg/dL when he wakes up, he will wait until he takes his first bite of food to give himself his insulin to avoid hypoglycemia. Throughout the school day, if his blood sugar is high or low, he visits the nurse. If it's high, he gives himself an insulin bolus, or correction, by pump. If his blood sugar is positive for ketones, he is sent home from school. If his blood sugar is low or less than 70, he eats or drinks some fast-acting sugar (Skittles, Smarties, or Sprite) and waits in the healthroom for his blood sugar to rise so he can return to class. During the night, his dad and I set an alarm to wake up around 3 hours after bedtime. If his blood sugar is high while he sleeps, we use his pump to give him extra insulin, “a correction.” If it is low, we wake him and have him drink Sprite or eat Smarties. The insulin pump is connected to his body with a small cannula [tube]. It is inserted manually through a needle into his hip region. The needle is then removed and the tiny Teflon cannula remains in his body, delivering fast-acting insulin under the skin. His pump is always connected to him with plastic tubing, and he carries it with him in his pants pocket. When he bathes, he can disconnect the pump, and when he sleeps, he places it on the mattress next to his body. When Jake is playing sports, he times his meals with the start of the activity so his blood sugar is around 150 mg/dL. He disconnects his pump during sports, and at halftime he tests his blood sugar. If it is low, he needs to eat. If it is high, he needs to reconnect his pump and administer more insulin. In general, Jake's diabetes doesn't disrupt his life other than for his nighttime checks, wearing an insulin pump, and paying attention to how many carbs he eats. We encourage him to make good nutritional choices and to limit certain foods (doughnuts, Slurpees, candy) to special occasions. He also must carry a glucometer with him at all times and a sugar to take when his blood glucose is low. Having a child with diabetes forces me to carefully plan the preparation and timing of meals. I always have certain foods and medical supplies in the house, and I also carry snacks and sugar sources wherever I go. My husband and I hope that keeping Jake's blood sugar in tight control will 35 help avoid many of the complications frequently encountered later in life by people with type 1 diabetes. Throughout high school, Jake took over all diabetes management tasks and managed his diabetes 100 percent independently before his graduation. Moving out of state to college, Jake has had to learn how cafeteria foods, late nights, and new social situations affect his blood sugars. Jake is also learning how to manage ordering and maintaining a vast number of diabetes supplies and prescriptions in his dorm room. Jake will also be transitioning from his pediatric endocrinologist to an adult endocrinologist this year. Ruthellen Sheldon and her son, Jake, now 18 years old. 36 Exercises and Answers These exercises give you practice writing and understanding the terms presented in the chapter. An important part of your work is to check your answers with the Answers to Exercises beginning on page 31. If you cannot answer a question, then please look at the answer key and copy the correct answer. You may want to photocopy some of the exercises before you complete them so that you can practice doing them many times. Remember the 3 “Rs”—wRite, Review, Repeat—and you will succeed! Visit the Evolve website (http://evolve.elsevier.com/Chabner/medtermshort) for additional information, images, games, videos, and interactive activities. A Using slashes (/), divide the following terms into their component parts and give the meaning for the whole term. The first term is completed as an example. 1. aden/oma _tumor of a gland___________________________________________________ 2. arthritis _____________________________________________________________________ 3. biopsy _______________________________________________________________________ 4. cardiology ___________________________________________________________________ 5. dermal ______________________________________________________________________ 6. cytology _____________________________________________________________________ 7. cystoscope ___________________________________________________________________ 8. cerebral _____________________________________________________________________ 9. cephalic _____________________________________________________________________ 10. adenitis _____________________________________________________________________ B Complete the following sentences using the medical terms given below. diagnosis electrocardiogram electroencephalogram enteritis erythrocyte gynecology 37 hematoma hemoglobin hepatitis prognosis 1. A mass of blood, or “black-and-blue” mark, is a/an _____________________________. 2. A red blood cell is a/an _______________________________________________________. 3. Inflammation of the small intestine is ________________________________________. 4. The prediction about the outcome of an illness is a/an _________________________. 5. The record of electricity in the brain is a/an ___________________________________. 6. The study of women and women's diseases is __________________________________. 7. The record of electricity in the heart is a/an ___________________________________. 8. Complete knowledge of a patient's illness on the basis of tests and other information is a/an __________________________________________________________. 9. A protein found in red blood cells is __________________________________________. 10. Inflammation of the liver is __________________________________________________. C Name the tissue or part of the body contained in the following terms and give the meaning of the entire term. Tissue/Body Part 1. laparotomy ________________________ 2. nephrectomy ______________________ 3. neuritis ___________________________ 4. ophthalmoscope ___________________ 5. osteotomy _________________________ 6. renal _____________________________ 7. rhinitis ___________________________ 8. sarcoma __________________________ Meaning of Term _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ D Give the meanings of the following terms. 1. oncologist ____________________________________________________________________ 2. pathologist ___________________________________________________________________ 3. psychosis ____________________________________________________________________ 4. leukocyte ____________________________________________________________________ 38 5. thrombocyte _________________________________________________________________ 6. gastritis _____________________________________________________________________ 7. adenoma ____________________________________________________________________ 8. thrombosis ___________________________________________________________________ E Give the meanings of the following suffixes. 1. -cyte ________________________________________________________________________ 2. -ism _________________________________________________________________________ 3. -ectomy _____________________________________________________________________ 4. -al __________________________________________________________________________ 5. -emia _______________________________________________________________________ 6. -gram _______________________________________________________________________ 7. -algia _______________________________________________________________________ 8. -itis _________________________________________________________________________ 9. -globin ______________________________________________________________________ 10. -ic __________________________________________________________________________ F Complete the following medical terms to end each sentence. 1. Nerve pain is neur__________________________________________________________. 2. Presence of large numbers of immature, cancerous white blood cells is a blood condition known as leuk_____________________________________________________. 3. An x-ray record of a joint is arthro___________________________________________. 4. Study of the kidney is nephro________________________________________________. 39 5. Tumor of the liver is hepat___________________________________________________. 6. Visual examination of the abdomen is laparo_________________________________. 7. An incision of a joint is called arthro_________________________________________. 8. Abnormal condition of the skin is dermat_____________________________________. 9. Inflammation of the skin is dermat___________________________________________. 10. A specialist in the study of blood is a hemato_________________________________. G Give the meanings of the following prefixes. 1. hyper_______________________________________________________________________ 2. sub_________________________________________________________________________ 3. dys_________________________________________________________________________ 4. trans_______________________________________________________________________ 5. retro_______________________________________________________________________ 6. dia_________________________________________________________________________ 7. exo_________________________________________________________________________ 8. aut_________________________________________________________________________ 9. hypo_______________________________________________________________________ 10. endo_______________________________________________________________________ 11. peri________________________________________________________________________ H Give the meanings of the following medical terms. 1. autopsy _____________________________________________________________________ 2. hyperthyroidism _____________________________________________________________ 40 3. anemia ______________________________________________________________________ 4. dysentery ___________________________________________________________________ 5. endocrine glands _____________________________________________________________ 6. hypoglycemia ________________________________________________________________ 7. exocrine glands ______________________________________________________________ 8. resection ____________________________________________________________________ 9. transdermal _________________________________________________________________ 10. hyperglycemia _______________________________________________________________ I Complete the following medical terms related to the stomach. 1. _____________________ gastric 2. gastr_______________________ 3. gastr_______________________ 4. _____________________ gastric 5. gastr_______________________ 6. _____________________ gastric 7. gastr_______________________ 8. gastr_______________________ 9. gastr_______________________ 10. gastr_______________________ Pertaining to under the stomach Pain in the stomach Inflammation of the stomach Pertaining to across or through the stomach Process of visually examining the stomach Pertaining to behind the stomach Study of the stomach and intestines Incision of the stomach Excision of the stomach Instrument to visually examine the stomach J On the line provided, give the meaning of the term in bold. 1. An oncologist treats abnormal conditions such as sarcomas and carcinomas. _____________________________________________________________________________ 2. After explaining the diagnosis, Dr. Jones outlined the treatment and assured the patient that the prognosis was hopeful. ________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Elderly Mrs. Scott has constant arthralgia in her knees and hips. Her physician prescribes anti-inflammatory drugs and aspirin to treat her osteoarthritis but advises that joint replacement may be necessary. ________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. A pathologist is a medical doctor who performs autopsies and examines biopsy samples._____________________________________________________________________ 5. Thrombosis is a serious condition that may result in blockage of blood vessels. _____________________________________________________________________________ 6. Hyperglycemia results from lack of insulin (hormone) secretion from the pancreas 41 (endocrine gland near the stomach). Without insulin, sugar cannot enter cells and remains in the blood. ________________________________________________ 7. Schizophrenia is an example of a psychosis, in which the patient loses touch with reality and displays abnormal behavior (delusions and hallucinations may occur). ______________________________________________________________________ 8. Minimally invasive surgery of the abdomen may be performed using laparoscopy. For example, a gallbladder or appendix can be removed with instruments inserted through small incisions. ________________________________________________________________________________________ 9. Clinical signs of hyperthyroidism include an enlarged thyroid gland and protruding eyeballs (exophthalmos). ________________________________________________________________________________________ 10. Sally's diagnosis of dysentery was made after she returned from a trip to Mexico with abdominal pain, fever, and severe diarrhea (loose, watery stools). _____________________________________________________________________________ 11. Mr. Smith died of a cerebrovascular accident. Confirmation at autopsy revealed a thrombus blocking one of his cerebral arteries. ________________________________________________________________________________________ 12. Erythrocytes contain hemoglobin, which enables them to carry oxygen throughout the body. _________________________________________________________ 13. Leukemia was confirmed after a bone marrow biopsy and high white blood cell counts. ______________________________________________________________________ 14. Certain types of bleeding or clotting disorders may be caused by reduced numbers of thrombocytes, also known as platelets. _____________________________________ 15. An example of anemia is iron deficiency anemia. ________________________________________________________________________________________ 16. Transdermal delivery by patch is used for administering drugs such as nicotine, nitroglycerin, and scopolamine (for motion sickness). ________________________________________________________________________________________ 17. When Bill had difficulty urinating (urinary retention), his doctor discovered that his prostate gland was enlarged. ________________________________________________________________________________________ 18. To relieve his symptoms related to urinary retention, Bill's urologist performed a transurethral resection of his enlarged prostate gland. ________________________________________________________________________________________ 19. Although the small intestine is longer (20 feet) than the large intestine (5 feet), the diameter of the large intestine (colon) is greater. ________________________________________________________________________________________ K Refer to Table 1-1, page 10, to form the plurals of the following terms. 42 1. psychosis ____________________________________________________________________ 2. ovum ________________________________________________________________________ 3. vertebra _____________________________________________________________________ 4. bronchus ____________________________________________________________________ 5. spermatozoon ________________________________________________________________ 6. apex ________________________________________________________________________ L In the following medical vignettes, circle the bold term that best completes the meaning of the sentences. 1. Selma ate a spicy meal at an Indian restaurant. Later that night she experienced (osteoarthritis, dermatitis, gastroenteritis). Fortunately the cramping and diarrhea subsided by morning. 2. Christina was feeling very sluggish, both physically and mentally. Her hair seemed coarse, she had noticed weight gain in the past weeks, and she had hot and cold intolerance. Her internist ordered a blood test that revealed low levels of a hormone normally secreted from a gland in the neck. She was referred to a specialist, a/an (gynecologist, endocrinologist, pathologist). The physician ordered a blood test that confirmed low levels of the hormone. The diagnosis of (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, psychosis) was thus made, and proper treatment prescribed. 3. Dr. Fischer examined the lump in Bruno's thigh. An imaging technique using magnetic waves and radio signals (MRI scan) revealed a suspicious mass in the soft connective tissue of the thigh. Suspecting a cancerous mass of flesh tissue, or (hematoma, carcinoma, sarcoma), Dr. Fischer ordered a/an (prognosis, biopsy, autopsy) of the mass. 4. On her seventh birthday, Susie fell down during her birthday party. Her mother noticed bruises on Susie's knees and elbows that seemed to “come up overnight.” Her pediatrician ordered a blood test, which demonstrated a decreased platelet count and an elevated (leukocyte, erythrocyte, thrombocyte) count at 40,000 cells. Susie was referred to a/an (dermatologist, nephrologist, oncologist), who made a diagnosis of (hepatitis, anemia, leukemia). 5. When Mr. Saluto collapsed and died while eating dinner, the family requested a/an (laparotomy, gastroscopy, autopsy) to determine the cause of death. The (hematologist, pathologist, gastroenterologist) discovered that Mr. Saluto had died of a (cardiovascular accident, dysentery, cerebrovascular accident), otherwise known as a stroke. Answers to Exercises 43 A 1. Tumor of a gland 2. Inflammation of a joint 3. Process of viewing living tissue under a microscope 4. Study of (process of study of) the heart 5. Pertaining to the skin 6. Study of (process of study of) cells 7. Instrument to visually examine the urinary bladder 8. Pertaining to the cerebrum (largest part of the brain) 9. Pertaining to the head 10. Inflammation of a gland B 1. hematoma 2. erythrocyte 3. enteritis 4. prognosis 5. electroencephalogram 6. gynecology 7. electrocardiogram 8. diagnosis 9. hemoglobin 10. hepatitis C 1. abdomen: incision of the abdomen (this is also called exploratory surgery) 2. kidney: excision (removal, resection) of the kidney 3. nerve: inflammation of a nerve 4. eye: instrument to visually examine the eye 5. bone: incision (to cut into, section) of a bone 6. kidney: pertaining to the kidney 7. nose: inflammation of the nose 8. flesh tissue: tumor (cancerous or malignant) of flesh tissue 44 D 1. Specialist in the study of tumors (cancerous or malignant tumors) 2. Specialist in the study of disease (examines biopsy samples and erforms autopsies) 3. Abnormal condition of the mind 4. White blood cell 5. Clotting cell or platelet 6. Inflammation of the stomach 7. Tumor of a gland (this is a benign or harmless tumor). An adenocarcinoma is a malignant tumor (CARCIN/O means cancerous). 8. Abnormal condition of clotting (occurring in a blood vessel) E 1. cell 2. condition, process 3. process of cutting out, excision, resection, removal 4. pertaining to 5. condition of blood (blood condition) 6. record 7. pain; condition of pain 8. inflammation 9. protein 10. pertaining to F 1. neuralgia 2. leukemia 3. arthrogram 4. nephrology 5. hepatoma or hepatocellular carcinoma 6. laparoscopy 7. arthrotomy 8. dermatosis 9. dermatitis 10. hematologist 45 G 1. excessive, above, more than normal 2. under, below 3. abnormal, bad, difficult, painful 4. across, through 5. behind, back 6. complete, through 7. out, outside 8. self 9. below, deficient, less than normal 10. within, in, inner 11. surrounding H 1. Examination of a dead body to determine the cause of death 2. Excessive activity of the thyroid gland 3. Deficiency of hemoglobin or numbers of red blood cells; literally, “no” (AN-) “blood” (-EMIA) 4. Condition of painful intestines; marked by inflammation, abdominal pain, and frequent and bloody stools and often caused by bacteria 5. Organs that produce (secrete) hormones directly into the bloodstream 6. Blood condition of decreased sugar (lower-than-normal levels) 7. Organs that produce (secrete) chemicals to the outside of the body (through tubes or ducts) 8. Removal (excision) of an organ or structure 9. Pertaining to through the skin 10. Blood condition of increased sugar (higher than normal levels) I 1. subgastric or hypogastric 2. gastralgia 3. gastritis 4. transgastric 5. gastroscopy 6. retrogastric 7. gastroenterology 46 8. gastrotomy 9. gastrectomy 10. gastroscope J 1. Specialist in the study (and treatment) of tumors 2. Prediction of the outcome of an illness or treatment 3. Inflammation of bones and joints (including degeneration of joints) 4. Specialist in the study of disease 5. Abnormal condition of clotting (clot formation) 6. Blood condition of increased sugar (high blood sugar) 7. Abnormal condition of the mind 8. Visual examination of the abdomen 9. Condition of increased secretion of hormone from the thyroid gland 10. Condition of painful intestines 11. Stroke; trauma to blood vessels of the brain (cerebrum) 12. Red blood cells 13. Increase in cancerous (malignant) white blood cells in blood and bone marrow 14. Clotting cells 15. Deficiency of hemoglobin and/or decrease in number of red blood cells; results in reduced oxygen to cells 16. Pertaining to through the skin 17. Gland in males located in front of the urinary bladder (the prostate is an exocrine gland) 18. Removal of portions of the prostate gland through the urethra (procedure is called TURP) 19. Measurement of the width across a circle K 1. psychoses (drop -is and add -es) 2. ova (drop -um and add -a) 3. vertebrae (add -e) 4. bronchi (drop -us and add -i) 5. spermatozoa (drop -on and add -a) 6. apices (drop -ex and add -ices) L 47 1. gastroenteritis 2. endocrinologist, hypothyroidism 3. sarcoma, biopsy 4. leukocyte, oncologist, leukemia 5. autopsy, pathologist, cerebrovascular accident 48 Pronunciation of Terms The terms that you have learned in this chapter are presented here with their pronunciations. The capitalized letters in BOLDFACE indicate the accented syllable. Pronounce each word out loud; then write the meaning in the space provided. All meanings of terms are found in the Mini-Dictionary beginning on page 349, and on the audio section of the Evolve site (http://evolve.elsevier.com/Chabner/medtermshort). After you write all of the meanings, it is a good idea to cover the Term column and write each term from its meaning. Term adenitis adenoma anemia arthralgia arthritis arthrogram arthroscope arthroscopy autopsy biology biopsy carcinoma cardiac cardiology cephalic cerebral cerebrovascular accident cystoscope cystoscopy cytology dermal dermatitis dermatosis diagnosis diameter dysentery electrocardiogram electroencephalogram endocardium endocrine glands endocrinology enteritis erythrocyte exocrine glands gastrectomy gastric gastritis gastroenteritis gastroenterology gastroscope gastroscopy gastrotomy gynecologist gynecology hematoma hemoglobin hepatitis hepatoma hyperglycemia hyperthyroidism hypoglycemia hypothyroidism laparoscope laparoscopy laparotomy leukemia leukocyte leukocytosis nephrectomy nephrology Pronunciation Meaning ad-eh-NI-tis ____________________________________________ ah-deh-NO-mah _________________________________________ ah-NE-me-ah ___________________________________________ ar-THRAL-jah __________________________________________ ar-THRI-tis _____________________________________________ AR-thro-gram ___________________________________________ AR-thro-skope __________________________________________ ar-THROS-ko-pe ________________________________________ AW-top-se ______________________________________________ bi-OL-o-je ______________________________________________ BI-op-se ________________________________________________ kar-sih-NO-mah ________________________________________ KAR-de-ak _____________________________________________ kar-de-OL-o-je __________________________________________ seh-FAL-ik _____________________________________________ seh-RE-bral ____________________________________________ seh-re-bro-VAS-ku-lar AK-sih-dent _______________________ SIS-to-skope ____________________________________________ sis-TOS-ko-pe ___________________________________________ si-TOL-o-je _____________________________________________ DER-mal _______________________________________________ der-mah-TI-tis __________________________________________ der-mah-TO-sis _________________________________________ di-ag-NO-sis ____________________________________________ di-AM-eh-ter ____________________________________________ DIS-en-teh-re ___________________________________________ e-lek-tro-KAR-de-o-gram _________________________________ e-lek-tro-en-SEF-ah-lo-gram _____________________________ en-do-KAR-de-um _______________________________________ EN-do-krin glanz ________________________________________ en-do-krih-NOL-o-je _____________________________________ en-teh-RI-tis ____________________________________________ eh-RITH-ro-site _________________________________________ EK-so-krin glanz ________________________________________ gas-TREK-to-me ________________________________________ GAS-trik _______________________________________________ gas-TRI-tis _____________________________________________ gas-tro-en-teh-RI-tis _____________________________________ gas-tro-en-ter-OL-o-je ____________________________________ GAS-tro-skope __________________________________________ gas-TROS-ko-pe ________________________________________ gas-TROT-o-me _________________________________________ gi-neh-KOL-o-jist _______________________________________ gi-neh-KOL-o-je _________________________________________ he-mah-TO-mah ________________________________________ HE-mo-glo-bin __________________________________________ hep-ah-TI-tis ___________________________________________ hep-ah-TO-mah _________________________________________ hi-per-gli-SE-me-ah _____________________________________ hi-per-THI-royd-izm _____________________________________ hi-po-gli-SE-me-ah ______________________________________ hi-po-THI-royd-izm ______________________________________ LAP-ah-ro-skope ________________________________________ lap-ah-ROS-ko-pe _______________________________________ lap-ah-ROT-o-me _______________________________________ loo-KE-me-ah __________________________________________ LOO-ko-site ____________________________________________ loo-ko-si-TO-sis _________________________________________ neh-FREK-to-me ________________________________________ neh-FROL-o-je __________________________________________ 49 nephrosis neural neuralgia neuritis neurology neurotomy oncologist ophthalmoscope osteitis osteoarthritis pathologist pericardium platelet prognosis prostate gland psychosis renal resection retrogastric rhinitis rhinotomy sarcoma subgastric subhepatic thrombocyte thrombosis transdermal transgastric transurethral neh-FRO-sis ____________________________________________ NU-ral ________________________________________________ nu-RAL-jah _____________________________________________ nu-RI-tis _______________________________________________ nu-ROL-o-je ____________________________________________ nu-ROT-o-me ___________________________________________ ong-KOL-o-jist __________________________________________ of-THAL-mo-skope ______________________________________ os-te-I-tis _______________________________________________ os-te-o-ar-THRI-tis ______________________________________ pah-THOL-o-jist ________________________________________ peh-rih-KAR-de-um _____________________________________ PLAYT-let ______________________________________________ prog-NO-sis _____________________________________________ PROS-tayt gland _______________________________________ si-KO-sis _______________________________________________ RE-nal _________________________________________________ re-SEK-shun ____________________________________________ reh-tro-GAS-trik ________________________________________ ri-NI-tis ________________________________________________ ri-NOT-o-me ____________________________________________ sar-KO-mah ____________________________________________ sub-GAS-trik ___________________________________________ sub-heh-PAT-ik _________________________________________ THROM-bo-site _________________________________________ throm-BO-sis ___________________________________________ tranz-DER-mal _________________________________________ tranz-GAS-trik __________________________________________ tranz-u-RE-thral ________________________________________ 50 Practical Applications Medical Conditions and Specialists Match the following physician specialists with the condition each would treat. cardiologist dermatologist endocrinologist gastroenterologist gynecologist hematologist neurologist oncologist ophthalmologist urologist 1. Cerebrovascular accident __________________________________ 2. Skin cancer __________________________________ 3. Dysentery __________________________________ 4. Anemia __________________________________ 5. Lung cancer __________________________________ 6. Prostate gland enlargement __________________________________ 7. Hyperglycemia __________________________________ 8. Cataract (clouding of the lens of the eye) __________________________________ 9. Heart attack __________________________________ 10. Abnormal bleeding of the uterus from the vagina ___________________________ What's Your Diagnosis? Case Study This seven-year-old boy presents with fever, sore throat, runny nose, and persistent fatigue [feeling of being tired all the time]. Physical examination reveals multiple bruises [contusions] of his lower extremities and arms, an erythematous [red] pharynx [throat] with white plaques on the tonsils, and pale gums, lips, and nailbeds. CBC [complete blood count] was performed. Increasing fever prompted immediate admission to the children's ward of the hospital. During the course of admission, the patient's pharyngitis was monitored and subsided. Tonsillitis was ruled out. Fatigue and contusions on his arms and legs were noted and addressed with the parents while taking his social history. A lab hematologist reviewed the high WBC [white blood cell] count, and a WBC differential [percentages of the various types of these cells] shows immature cells. A bone marrow biopsy confirms the diagnosis of WBC malignancy. Using the information presented in this case study, what's your diagnosis? 51 A. Hyperthyroidism B. Leukemia C. Fever D. Contusions—arms/legs E. Leukocytosis Answers to Practical Applications Medical Conditions and Specialists 1. neurologist 2. dermatologist 3. gastroenterologist 4. hematologist 5. oncologist 6. urologist 7. endocrinologist 8. ophthalmologist 9. cardiologist 10. gynecologist What's Your Diagnosis? Answer: B. Leukemia 52 Picture Show Answer the questions that follow each image. Answers are found on page 41. A Blood smear. (Modified from Carr JH, Rodak BF: Clinical Hematology Atlas, Philadelphia, 1999, Saunders.) 1. The arrows in this photo of a blood smear are pointing to cells that are necessary in blood clotting. These cells are: a. leukocytes b. thrombosis c. platelets d. erythrocytes 2. The other blood cells in the photo contain a protein that helps the cell carry oxygen. These cells are: a. leukocytes b. thrombosis c. platelets d. erythrocytes 3. The protein contained in the cells is: a. hemoglobin b. anemia c. sarcoma d. carcinoma 53 B (From Miller MD, Howard RF, Plancher KD: Surgical Atlas of Sports Medicine, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders.) 1. The image shows a minimally invasive procedure used to visually examine the knee. This procedure is: a. laparotomy b. arthroscopy c. laparoscopy d. arthrectomy C Blood smear. (Courtesy Dr. Robert W. McKenna, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas; from Kumar V, Cotran RS, Robbins SL, editors: Basic Pathology, ed 8, Philadelphia, 2007, Saunders.) 1. In this blood smear, the arrows point to an increased number of large, immature cells (that would normally fight infection). These cells are: a. hepatocytes b. erythrocytes c. thrombocytes d. leukocytes 2. The name of the abnormal condition in which these cells predominate is: 54 a. iron deficiency anemia b. sickle cell anemia c. leukemia d. hyperglycemia D (From Forbes CD, Jackson WF: Color Atlas and Text of Clinical Medicine, ed 3, London, 2003, Mosby.) 1. Notice that the left leg of the patient is swollen (edema), resulting from blood flow that is slow and sluggish. Fluid seeps out of tiny vessels into tissue spaces. The abnormal condition often associated with this problem is caused by a blood clot in a blood vessel. The condition is called: a. hyperglycemia b. deep vein thrombosis c. cerebrovascular accident d. hematoma E 1. The lesion pictured in A is a/an: a. hepatoma 55 b. sarcoma of muscle c. adenoma d. basal cell carcinoma 2. The lesion pictured in B is a/an: a. hepatoma b. sarcoma of muscle c. adenoma d. basal cell carcinoma F (Courtesy American Rheumatism Association; from Noble J: Textbook of Primary Care Medicine, ed 3, St. Louis, 2001, Mosby.) 1. The image in A shows degeneration of the hip (pelvic) joint with narrowed joint spaces (see arrow). The image in B shows a normal hip for comparison (see arrow). The patient with the hip changes has arthralgia, stiffness, and joint tenderness. Your diagnosis? a. osteoarthritis b. gastroenteritis c. hyperthyroidism d. osteogenic sarcoma Answers to Picture Show A 1. c 2. d 3. a B 1. b 56 C 1. d 2. c D 1. b E 1. b 2. d F 1. a 57 Review Here is your chance to test your understanding of all the combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes that you have studied in this chapter. Write the meaning of each term in the space provided and check your answers with the Answers to Review section on page 44. All of the meanings for word parts are found in Glossary of Word Parts beginning on page 385. Remember the 3 “Rs”—wRite, Repeat, Review. Combining Forms Combining Form Meaning 1. aden/o _____________________ 2. arthr/o ___________________ 3. bi/o ________________________ 4. carcin/o ____________________ 5. cardi/o _____________________ 6. cephal/o ____________________ 7. cerebr/o __________________ 8. crin/o _____________________ 9. cyst/o ___________________ 10. cyt/o _______________________ 11. derm/o, dermat/o ____________ 12. electr/o __________________ 13. encephal/o _______________ 14. enter/o _________________ 15. erythr/o __________________ 16. gastr/o ___________________ 17. glyc/o ____________________ 18. gnos/o __________________________ 19. gynec/o _________________________ 20. hem/o, hemat/o _________________ 21. hepat/o _________________________ 22. lapar/o ________________________ 23. leuk/o __________________________ 24. nephr/o _______________________ 25. neur/o _____________________ 26. onc/o _________________________ 27. ophthalm/o _____________________ 28. oste/o ________________________ 29. path/o _________________________ 30. psych/o ______________________ 31. ren/o _________________________ 32. rhin/o __________________________ 33. sarc/o _________________________ 34. thromb/o _______________________ Suffixes Suffix Meaning 1. -al _________________________ 2. -algia 3. -cyte _______________________ 4. -ectomy _____________________ 5. -emia _______________________ 6. -globin _________________ 7. -ia _________________________ 8. -ic _________________________ 9. -ism ________________________ 10. -itis ____________________ 11. -logist ______________________ 12. -logy ___________________________ 13. -oma ___________________________ 14. -opsy ___________________________ 15. -osis ___________________________ 16. -scope _______________________ 17. -scopy _______________________ 18. -sis ___________________________ 19. -tomy ______________________ 58 Prefixes Prefix Meaning 1. a-, an- ______________________ 2. aut- _______________________ 3. dia- _____________________ 4. dys- _____________________ 5. endo- _______________________ 6. exo- ___________________ 7. hyper- ____________________ 8. hypo- ___________________________ 9. peri- _________________________ 10. pro- ___________________________ 11. re- ____________________________ 12. retro- __________________________ 13. sub- ____________________________ 14. trans- ________________________ Answers to Review Combining Forms 1. gland 2. joint 3. life 4. cancer (cancerous) 5. heart 6. head 7. cerebrum 8. secrete 9. urinary bladder 10. cell 11. skin 12. electricity 13. brain 14. intestines (often small intestine) 15. red 16. stomach 17. sugar 18. knowledge 19. woman, female 20. blood 21. liver 59 22. abdomen 23. white 24. kidney 25. nerve 26. tumor 27. eye 28. bone 29. disease 30. mind 31. kidney 32. nose 33. flesh 34. clotting Suffixes 1. pertaining to 2. pain (condition of) 3. cell 4. cutting out; removal; excision 5. blood condition 6. protein 7. condition 8. pertaining to 9. condition; process 10. inflammation 11. specialist in the study of 12. study of 13. tumor, mass 14. to view (process of viewing) 15. abnormal condition 16. instrument to visually examine 17. process of visual examination 60 18. state of 19. cutting into; incision Prefixes 1. no, not 2. self 3. complete, through 4. bad, painful, difficult, abnormal 5. within 6. out, outside 7. excessive, more than normal, too much 8. below, less than normal, under 9. surrounding 10. before 11. back 12. behind 13. below, under 14. across, through 61 Terminology Checkup Before you leave this chapter, here are important concepts that you should thoroughly understand. In your own words, write the answers on the lines provided. Confirm your answers on the next page. Check the box next to each item when you know you've “got” it! □ 1. What is the difference between endocrine glands and exocrine glands. Give an example of each. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ □ 2. What is the difference between a diagnosis and a prognosis? _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ □ 3. What is the difference between a carcinoma and a sarcoma? Give an example of each. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ □ 4. What is the difference between anemia, leukemia, and leukocytosis? ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ □ 5. What is the difference between laparotomy and laparoscopy? _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Answers to Terminology Checkup 1. Endocrine glands secrete chemicals called hormones within the body. Examples are thyroid, pituitary, and adrenal glands. Exocrine glands secrete chemicals to the outside of the body through ducts. Examples are sweat, tear, and salivary glands. 2. A diagnosis is complete knowledge gained after examining and performing tests on a patient. A prognosis is a prediction made after the diagnosis. It forecasts and describes the likely outcome of an illness. 3. A carcinoma is a cancerous tumor arising from lining cells of internal organs. An example is an adenocarcinoma. A sarcoma is also a cancerous tumor, but arising from bone, cartilage, muscle, and fat (connective tissues). An example is an osteosarcoma. 4. Anemia is deficiency of red blood cells (erythrocytes) or deficiency in hemoglobin within red blood cells. Leukemia is a cancerous condition of high numbers of abnormal white blood cells (leukocytes). Leukocytosis is only a slight increase in normal white blood cells as a response to infection. 5. A laparotomy is a large incision of the abdomen to explore or remove organs and tissues. A laparoscopy is visual examination of the abdomen using small incisions for insertion of instruments (laparoscope) to view and remove organs and tissues. 62 63 CHAPTER 2 64 Organization of the Body CHAPTER SECTIONS Introduction 48 Body Systems 48 Body Cavities 51 Divisions of the Back 54 Planes of the Body 56 Terminology 59 In Person: CT and MRI 65 Exercises and Answers 66 Pronunciation of Terms 73 Practical Applications 76 Picture Show 78 Review 81 Terminology CheckUp 83 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES • To name the body systems and their functions • To identify body cavities and specific organs within them • To list the divisions of the back • To identify the three planes of the body • To analyze, pronounce, and spell new terms • To apply medical terms in real-life situations 65 Introduction All the parts of your body are composed of individual units called cells. Examples are muscle, nerve, epithelial (skin, and lining of internal organs and cavities), and bone cells. Similar cells grouped together are tissues. Groups of muscle cells are muscle tissue, and groups of epithelial cells are epithelial tissue. Collections of different tissues working together are organs. An organ, such as the stomach, has specialized tissues, such as muscle, epithelial, and nerve, that help the organ function. Groups of organs working together are the systems of the body. The digestive system, for example, includes the mouth, throat (pharynx), esophagus, stomach, and intestines, which bring food into the body, break it down, and deliver it to the bloodstream. Figure 2-1 reviews the differences between cells, tissues, organs, and systems. FIGURE 2-1 Cells, tissues, organs, and systems. 66 Body Systems There are 11 systems of the body, and each plays an important role in the way the body works. The circulatory system (heart, blood, and blood vessels such as arteries, veins, and capillaries) transports blood (containing all types of blood cells) throughout the body. The lymphatic system includes lymph vessels, and nodes that carry a clear fluid called lymph. Lymph contains white blood cells called lymphocytes that fight against disease and play an important role in immunity. The digestive system brings food into the body and breaks it down so that it can enter the bloodstream. Food that cannot be broken down is then removed from the body at the end of the system as waste. Organs in the digestive system include the mouth, stomach, and intestines. The endocrine system, composed of glands, sends chemical messengers called hormones into the blood to act on other glands and organs. Examples of endocrine glands are the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and pituitary gland. The female and male reproductive systems produce the cells (eggs and sperm) that join to form the embryo, which develops in the uterus of a female. Male (testes) and female (ovaries) sex organs produce hormones as well. The musculoskeletal system, including muscles, bones, joints, and other connective tissues such as cartilage, supports the body and allows it to move. The nervous system carries electrical messages to and from the brain and spinal cord. The respiratory system controls breathing, a process by which air enters and leaves the body. Organs of the respiratory system include the trachea (windpipe), bronchial tubes and lungs. The skin and sense organ system, including the skin and eyes and ears, receives messages from the environment and sends them to the brain. The retina is a layer of sensitive receptor tissue in the back of the eye. The urinary system produces urine and sends it out of the body through the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. You can find a table of specific organs/structures and the systems to which they belong on the Evolve site for Chapter 2 in the resources section. In a separate section of this book, you will find useful information about each body system, with diagrams, terminology, pathology, laboratory tests, and diagnostic and treatment procedures. At the end of the book, you will find helpful information. Use these resources as you study: • Appendix 1, Body Systems, page 215 • Appendix 2, Diagnostic Tests and Procedures, page 295 • Appendix 3, Abbreviations, Acronyms, Symbols, and Eponyms, page 317 • Appendix 4, Quick Drug Reference, page 335 • Appendix 5, Health Careers Information, page 339 • Mini-Dictionary, page 349 • Glossary of Word Parts, page 385 • Glossary of English–Spanish Terms, page 403 67 Body Cavities Figure 2-2 shows the five body cavities. A body cavity is a space that contains organs. Label the figure in the spaces provided as you read the following paragraphs. FIGURE 2-2 Body cavities. (Modified from Chabner D-E: The Language of Medicine, ed 11, St. Louis, 2017, Elsevier.) The cranial cavity (1) is located in the head and surrounded by the skull (CRANI/O means skull). The cranial cavity contains the brain and other organs, such as the pituitary gland (an endocrine gland located below the brain). The thoracic cavity (2), also known as the chest cavity (THORAC/O means chest), is surrounded by the breastbone and ribs. The lungs, heart, windpipe (trachea), bronchial tubes (leading from the trachea to the lungs), and other organs are in this cavity. 68 Figure 2-3 shows a front view of the thoracic cavity. The lungs are each surrounded by a double membrane known as the pleura. The space between the pleural membranes is the pleural cavity. The large area between the lungs (yellow in Figure 2-3) is the mediastinum. The heart, esophagus (food tube), trachea, and bronchial tubes are organs within the mediastinum. FIGURE 2-3 Thoracic cavity. In Figure 2-2, the abdominal cavity (3) is the space below the thoracic cavity. The diaphragm is the muscle that separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities. Organs in the abdomen include the stomach, liver, gallbladder, and small and large intestines. The organs in the abdomen are covered by a double membrane called the peritoneum (Figure 24). The peritoneum attaches the abdominal organs to the abdominal muscles and surrounds each organ to hold it in place. FIGURE 2-4 The peritoneum (side view) is a double membrane surrounding the organs (including the liver, stomach, small and large intestines) in the abdomen. The peritoneal cavity is the space between the peritoneal membranes. The retroperitoneal area is behind the peritoneum. The kidneys are in the retroperitoneal cavity. 69 Double membranes You can visualize the way organs are surrounded by a double membrane by imagining your fist pushing deep into a soft balloon. The balloon is then in two layers folded over your fist, just the way the pleura surrounds the lungs and the peritoneum surrounds the abdominal organs. Double wrapping around organs provides protection and cushioning, as well as a site for attachment to muscles. In the event of inflammation or disease of organs or membranes, fluid may collect in the space between the membranes surrounding the organs. This collection of fluid in the pleural cavity is called a pleural effusion. A collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity is called ascites (see page 63). Turn back to Figure 2-2 and locate the pelvic cavity (4), below the abdominal cavity. The pelvic cavity is surrounded by the pelvis (bones of the hip). The major organs located within the pelvic cavity are the urinary bladder, ureters (tubes from the kidneys to the bladder), urethra (tube from the bladder to the outside of the body), rectum, and anus, and the uterus (muscular organ that nourishes the developing embryo and fetus) in females. Label the spinal cavity (5) on Figure 2-2. This is the space surrounded by the spinal column (backbones). The spinal cord is the nervous tissue within the spinal cavity. Nerves enter and leave the spinal cord and carry messages to and from all parts of the body. As a quick review of the terms presented in this section, match the term with its meaning and write it in the space provided. Term Abdominal cavity Cranial cavity Diaphragm Mediastinum Pelvic cavity Pelvis Peritoneum Pleura Spinal cavity Thoracic cavity Meaning 1. Membrane surrounding the lungs ___________________ 2. Space between the lungs, containing the heart _____________________________________ 3. Bones of the hip _____________________________________ 4. Space containing the liver, gallbladder, and stomach; also called the abdomen ____________________________ 5. Space within the backbones, containing the spinal cord _____________________________________ 6. Membrane surrounding the organs in the abdomen _____________________________________ 7. Space within the skull, containing the brain _____________________________________ 8. Space below the abdominal cavity, containing the urinary bladder _____________________________________ 9. Muscle between the thoracic and abdominal cavities _____________________________________ 10. Entire chest cavity, containing the lungs, heart, trachea, esophagus, and bronchial tubes ___________________________________________________________________________ 70 Divisions of the Back The spinal column is a long row of bones from the neck to the tailbone. Each bone in the spinal column is called a vertebra (backbone). Two or more bones are called vertebrae. A piece of flexible connective tissue, called a disk (or disc), lies between each backbone. The disk, composed of cartilage, is a cushion between the bones. If the disk slips or moves out of its place, it can press on the nerves that enter or leave the spinal cord, causing pain. Figure 2-5 shows a side view of vertebrae and disks. FIGURE 2-5 Vertebrae and disks (discs). The divisions of the spinal column are pictured in Figure 2-6. Label them according to the following list: 71 FIGURE 2-6 A, Divisions of the back (spinal column). B, MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) study of a herniated disk at the L4-L5 level of the spinal column. (Modified from Chabner D-E: The Language of Medicine, ed 11, St. Louis, 2017, Elsevier.) Division 1. Cervical (neck) region 2. Thoracic (chest) region 3. Lumbar (loin or waist) region 4. Sacral (sacrum or lower back) region 5. Coccygeal (coccyx or tailbone) region Bones 7 bones 12 bones 5 bones 5 fused bones 4 fused bones Abbreviation C1-C7 T1-T12 L1-L5 S1-S5 72 Planes of the Body A plane is an imaginary flat surface. Organs appear in different relationships to one another according to the plane of the body in which they are viewed. Figure 2-7 shows three planes of the body. Label them as you read the following descriptions: FIGURE 2-7 1. Frontal (coronal) plane 2. Sagittal (lateral) plane 3. Transverse (axial) plane Planes of the body. A vertical plane that divides the body, or body part such as an organ, into front and back portions. Anatomically, anterior means the front portion and posterior means the back portion. A vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides. The midsagittal plane divides the body vertically into right and left halves. A horizontal plane that divides the body or organ into upper and lower portions, as in a cross section. (Think of cutting a long loaf of French bread into circular sections.) Knowing the planes of the body is helpful in looking at imaging studies such as x-ray films (radiographs) and computed tomography (CT) scans. See Figure 2-8. 73 FIGURE 2-8 X-ray views of the chest. A, Frontal (coronal) plane. This radiographic image is an anterior-posterior view of the chest. B, Sagittal (lateral) plane. This is a lateral (side) x-ray view of the chest. C, Transverse (axial) plane. This computed tomography image is a snapshot of structures at a specific level of the body. (A, Modified from Black JM, Matassarin-Jacobs E: MedicalSurgical Nursing: Clinical Management for Continuity of Care, ed 5, Philadelphia, 1997, Saunders.B, Modified from Weir J, Abrahams PH: An Imaging Atlas of Human Anatomy, ed 2, London, 2000, Mosby. C, From Chabner D-E: The Language of Medicine, ed 11, St. Louis, 2017, Elsevier.) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is another technique for producing images of the body. With MRI, magnetic waves instead of x-rays are used to create the images, which show organs and other structures in specialized detail and in all three planes of the body (Figure 2-9). Figure 2-10 shows a patient undergoing MRI. See In Person: CT and MRI on page 65. 74 FIGURE 2-9 Magnetic resonance images. Basic views are frontal, transverse, and sagittal. A, Frontal (coronal) plane of the head. B, Transverse (axial) plane of the head. C, Sagittal (lateral) plane showing the head and side of the brain. (A and B, From Frank ED, et al: Merrill's Atlas of Radiographic Positioning and Procedures, ed 12, St. Louis, 2012, Elsevier. C, From Reynolds PA, Abraham PH: McMinn's Interactive Clinical Anatomy: Head and Neck, ed 2, London, 2001, Mosby Ltd.) FIGURE 2-10 Patient entering an MRI unit surrounded by a superconducting 1.5-Tesla magnet. Magnetic field changes are picked up by the surrounding machine and processed by a computer to create images. For this examination, the patient must lie very still and have no metal objects on or within the body. (Courtesy GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.) 75 76 Terminology Write the meanings of the medical terms on the line provided. Check your answers with the MiniDictionary, page 349. 77 Combining Forms Combining Form abdomin/o anter/o Meaning Medical Term abdomen front bronch/o abdominal ___________________________________ anterior ___________________________________ The suffix -IOR means pertaining to.See Table 2-1 for additional useful positional and directional terms. bronchoscopy _________________________________ Pronunciation hint: bron-KOS-ko-pe bronchial tubes (leading fromthe windpipeto the lungs) neck of the body or cervical ___________________________________ neck (cervix) of the You must decide from the context of what you are reading whether cervical means pertaining to the neck of the body or pertaining to the uterus uterine cervix (lower portion of the uterus). Figure 2-11 shows the uterus and the cervix. cervic/o Meaning FIGURE 2-11 chondr/o coccyg/o crani/o epitheli/o esophag/o hepat/o lapar/o laryng/o later/o lumb/o The uterus and cervix. The cervix is the lower portion of the uterus opening to the vagina. cartilage (connective tissue attached to bones) chondroma ___________________________________ This is a benign tumor. chondrosarcoma ______________________________ This is a malignant tumor. The root SARC, meaning flesh, indicates that the malignant tumor arises from a type of flesh or connective tissue. coccyx, tailbone coccygeal ___________________________________ -EAL means pertaining to. skull craniotomy ___________________________________ skin, surface tissue epithelial ___________________________________ The term epithelial was first used to describe the surface (EPI- means upon) of the breast nipple (THELI/O actually means nipple). More correctly, it describes the cells on the outer layer (surface) of the skin as well as the lining of the internal organs that lead to the outside of the body. esophagus (tube esophageal ___________________________________ from the throat to the stomach) liver hepatitis ___________________________________ abdomen laparoscopy ___________________________________ larynx (voice box) laryngeal ___________________________________ The larynx (pronounced LAR-inks) is found in the upper part of the trachea. See Figure 2-3, page 51. laryngectomy ________________________________ side lateral ___________________________________ loin (waist) lumbar ___________________________________ -AR means pertaining to. A lumbar puncture (“spinal tap”) is the placement of a needle within the membranes in the lumbar region of ...
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Running head: CANCER TREATMENT

1

Cancer Treatment
Institutional Affiliation
Date

CANCER TREATMENT
1.

The woman was having a CT scan because the doctors wanted to see if cancer on her

scalp had spread into her skull’s bones. Generally, CT scans are performed to diagnose muscle as
well as bone disorders. They help in pinpointing the locations or the extent to which a certain
disorder has spread in a patient’s body.
IV contrasts are injected and used to enhance X-ray as well as CT images. The purpose
of injecting the contrast through an IV line was to improve diagnostic accuracy. The injection
through an IV line allowed reliable delivery of the contrast’s rapid flow rates.
2.

CT scans use X-rays to create images of a patient’s body. In contrast, MRIs use powerful

magnetic fields as well as radiofrequency to produce comprehensive organs’ pi...


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