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Prompt: Kant writes: “Autonomy of the will is that property of it by which it is a law to itself independently of any property of objects of volition. Hence the principle of autonomy is: Never choose except in such a way that the maxims of the choice are comprehended in the same volition as a universal law [441].” Explain what Kant means by each part of this quote and how it relates to a good will, human dignity and the realm of ends, Essay: (Please paraphrasing the sentences as much as possible and write a 200 words conclusion paragraph. Thank you!) Immanuel Kant, in his book “Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals”, tries to build a system for moral philosophy. Morality, for Kant, has to be judged based on an individual’s subjective will. The only thing that we are able to control is our intention. We have to think whether the thing we are doing is a universal law and what is the consequence if everyone else intended to do the same. Intending to find the objective moral law, Kant brought up many concepts such as good will, human dignity and the realm of ends. A good will does not relate to the effects of an action, nor influenced by outside standard. Any empirical effects that the will causes should not affect how people judge its morality. Similarly, a good will does not necessarily cause good effects. For instance, the fact that a salesman chooses to sell his product at a reasonable price and never fool his customers cannot prove that he has a good will. His choice to sell products honestly might be because his father forces him to do so. Maybe he finds out it is the best way to earn money in the short term. Or, it is simply that he does not care how much profit he can earn. Either way he is doing his job out of his selfish outlook. Only when the salesman is intentionally willing to sell his product honestly, he can be counted as possessing a good will. In other words, when the salesman acknowledges the value of honesty, his decision to obey honesty can be viewed as good will. A good will, for Kant, should be the only thing that can be called good without qualification. The will is good is simply because of its virtue of the personal volition. In other word, it is good in itself. Whether an action is moral depends on whether the person has the good will while doing it. The multiple choices that salesman has implies that the will has the capacity to adopt one action over another. Different will might cause different actions, and therefore engender multiple effects. Since Kant believes everyone is a rational moral agent, he assumes that these agents know the effect of their actions and is able to access the moral values of the actions reasonably. In the process of making rational choice and exerting will, individuals have their own “subjective principle of volition,” which is called the maxim, therefore, is the rule that the will acts according to. Each individual has their own principle to assist them making choices, controlling reason, and commanding them to act accordingly, which shows the diversity of volition. Since maxim is subjective, however, it cannot be used as an objective standard to judge morality. To find the unconditional good, Kant brought up the concept of the moral law to measure the moral value of the will. Moral law is the consensus that defines what is moral behavior and what is not. It creates genuine moral obligation that postulates what people should act. To make it universally applicable to all rational creatures and acceptable to every human being, the principle needs to be a priori, free from all empirical influence, since any empirical reference can harm its objectivity. This objective principle is shown in the form of imperatives, which expresses the relationship between objective laws and human will. There are two kinds of imperatives: hypothetical and categorical. Hypothetical imperative is the command of reason that constrains the will as a means to achieve empirical goals. For example, a person takes care of a baby for free, because he merely wants to stay with the baby or increase his happiness. Then his behavior can be viewed as hypothetical imperative, because the value of his action is built on the empirical benefits. To fulfill his purpose to touch a baby, he takes care of the baby. His action is not commanded absolutely and universally applied, because it is just a replaceable means to achieve his purpose without intrinsic value. Without the desire to achieve his goal, the babysitting would be pointless to him. In contrast, categorical imperative is the command that determines the will without reference to another end. It is objective necessity in itself, resting solely on a priori ground. Duty, therefore, is a practical and unconditional necessity that can only be expressed in categorical imperatives. Any application of the categorical imperative must contain the principle of duty. Only in this way, it can create a law for all human will that is not based on any empirical interest or benefits, and, therefore, is unconditional. In this sense, the will becomes the faculty of acting according to the conception of law. A good will, therefore, must be the volition to act with respect to moral law. To possess of a good will, people need to appreciate the necessity of categorical imperative and their ability to decide their own end. Although people tend to be distracted by inclination or personal desire, if they want to be moral, they have to let reason determines their will and act for the sake of duty. The ability to determine for oneself, in Kant’s notion, is the human dignity. This ability of self-determination means that “man or any rational being exists as an end in itself.” In other words, rational being are able to step out of the causal chain, acting according to his own will, rather than simply reacting to other events. The capacity to determine his own will is not relational, but has objective ends, possessing its intrinsic worth, since it does not relate to any empirical end. This ability to determine his will is called the autonomy of will, which is the basis of the dignity of human and of every rational being. Because of this valuable quality, an individual is only subject to the law of his own giving, though it appears that he is bounded by the outside standard. An individual only binds himself to the law that he accepts. He acts according to his own will, which he designed out of the respect to the moral law. In this process, a rational being is not only the subject but also the legislator of his moral obligation. He is able to acknowledge the freedom of his will, realize the value of duty, and then acting out of respect to categorical imperative. In conclusion,
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Prompt:
Kant writes: “Autonomy of the will is that property of it by which it is a law to itself
independently of any property of objects of volition. Hence the principle of autonomy is: Never
choose except in such a way that the maxims of the choice are comprehended in the same
volition as a universal law [441].” Explain what Kant means by each part of this quote and how
it relates to a good will, human dignity and the realm of ends,

Essay: (Please paraphrasing the sentences as much as possible and write a 200 words conclusion
paragraph. Thank you!)

Immanuel Kant, in his book “Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals”,
defines the elements for moral philosophy. According to Kant, one has to judge morality with
regard to an individual’s subjective will. Intention is the only thing that we are able to control.
Individuals should be concerned about the universal law and the consequences when everyone
else intended to do the same. In his attempts to gather information on the objective moral law,
Kant brought up many concepts such as good will, human dignity and the realm of ends.
Thus, a good will does not relate to the effects of an action. As well, it is not influenced
by outside standard. Good will results in empirical effects and this should not have an impact on
how people judge morality. Besides, it is not obvious that a good will result in good effects. For
example, when a salesman decides to sell his product at reasonable price and never fool his
customers does not imply that he has a good will. Maybe the salesman could have been forced by
his father to sell the product at such reasonable prices....


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