Paper 7: Final Problem-Solving Researched Proposal (20%) A persuasive researched-based proposal addressed to a specific, named decision maker (that is, a person who has the authority to implement a recommended solution to a specified problem), stating a REAL, managerial problem that affects a group in your local area (NOT a national or international issue of large-scale complexity with no single decision maker). This problem could be in your workplace or school, church, or volunteer organization, or any other entity governed by some specific decision maker who has the authority to approve and implement your recommended solution. Your proposal must offer an ORIGINAL solution to the decisionmaker (not simply endorse a solution some other person or group has advocated), and be presented in at least 3,500 but no more than 5,000 words (for the aggregate "package"), including, in this order: 1. Letter of Transmittal to the external decision maker OR Routing Slip to the internal decision maker via any required intermediate approval stops 2. Title Page (listing the decision maker's name and title, the title of your proposal, your name and position, and the date) 3. Executive Summary (the revised and graded version of your Discussion Topic response) 4. Table of Contents (listing every section and beginning page number) 5. List of Illustrations (the illustration/graphics titles and page numbers where your illustrations/graphics appear –– NOT the actual illustrations themselves) 6. Introduction 7. A series of Text sections separated by specific headings and including at least two integrated and sourced illustration/graphic aids (that is, incorporated on the same pages that discuss each) and in-text APA-format citations reporting at least eight external references that are listed alphabetically in the Works Cited page. 8. Conclusion(s) 9. Recommendations – a series of step-by-step actions for the decision maker to take to implement your proposed solution 10. An APA-style References page (so titled) with at least eight alphabetically-listed references in APA format (must follow APA format guidelines and must consist of at least three different TYPES of sources such as web, memo, regulation, newspaper, journal, book, or magazine – no more than three of any given type, except no more than two personal interviews). ALL references MUST be used in in-text APA-style citations in the body of the report. In-text citations contain the first word of the References entry and the page number, in parentheses. Although APA rules specify otherwise, please source interviews on the Reference page for grading ease. Graphics/illustrations MUST NOT be on stand-alone pages, only on the page with text that refers to them specifically. NO "clip art" accepted as one of the two required graphics/illustrations, but may be used in addition; graphics/illustrations must contribute something not explained by text alone. Graphics/illustrations created by you should be labeled "(Author)"; those created by you from another source, such as statistics you found in an article, should be labeled: "(Author, derived from Jones 3)" where Jones is the author and the 3 is the page number where input for that graphic is found. More than the maximum of any kind of reference can be used, if necessary – the additional sources just don't count toward the total of eight in combination required. "Internet" sources are references found ONLY on the Internet; a newspaper article obtained from the paper's website counts as a newspaper article, not as an Internet reference. Internet sources MUST be included on the References page, with each entry stating the author (if available), selection title, the home page title, the date of your access, the date of publication, in addition to the URL (in the order specified by the APA guidelines). Researched sources in this proposal are used to (1) prove that there IS a problem, (2) prove that inaction will impact lives negatively, (3) prove that the proposed solution is feasible, and/or (4) prove that the recommended action will eliminate the problem. PAGINATION: Neither the Letter of Transmittal (or Routing Slip) or Title page contain page numbers. The Executive Summary through the List of Illustrations are lower case Roman numerals. The first page of the report is not numbered. Page two of the report through the end of the document are labeled with Arabic numerals. Location on the page is up to the writer, but should be consistent. If the pagination feature of your word processor proves too troublesome, simply insert the page numbers manually (followed by a hard-page return to assure that the page numbers appear where they should). PEER REVIEW of this project will be accomplished by your drafting an Executive Summary in advance of creating this report and sharing the draft Executive Summary in the corresponding Discussion Forum. Grading criteria: • Contains ALL listed components in proper order, and developed according to the descriptions in the requirements. • Executive Summary addresses purpose (a PROPOSAL – not a "report" –– to address a problem), the problem, its impact, the proposed solution, and the decision maker's required steps to eliminate the problem by implementing the proposed solution • Proposal written TO the decision maker, not ABOUT him or her • States a specific, REAL, managerial problem that requires correction by the decision maker • Written to express what is to be done to correct the problem, NOT suggesting what "will be written" at some later date • Offers a specific solution, not a request for the decision maker to do research and then decide what to do • Requests specific action from specific decision maker that will solve the problem by implementing the recommended solution, not by performing additional research • Does not use passive voice or terms such as "we" or "our" to mask the writer's true role in producing the proposal (using those terms will result in a 75 percent reduction in the grade) • Contains at least eight external sources of three different types (but no more than two interviews), and uses all eight (or more) in APA-style in-text citations –– if no research is supplied, or only half the required sources, the resulting grade will be an "F" • Both in-text citations and References page are in APA format • Contains no spelling, grammar, structure, or usage issues • Contains section headings that match section titles in Table of Contents and occur on the page numbers specified in the Table of Contents Because each problem-solution is unique and each decision maker uniquely placed, there is no "model" for this assignment. The list of components and the order stated form the model for all such approaches to this assignment. The form of your proposal should be tailored to meet the needs of the specific decision maker and thus this proposal becomes a test of your ability to write managerial correspondence designed to change lives. PLANNING LONG REPORTS Edwin G. Sapp, Instructor University of Maryland University College INTRODUCTION It is axiomatic in business today that (1) no one has time to read anything, and (2) no one has time to write anything. As a consequence, the opportunities to write long reports are less frequent than in former times AND their perceived usefulness has diminished as managers have less time to read anything (thus less experience in comprehending lengthy missives). However, long reports are still necessary and thus their proper preparation is more critical than ever. That said, there are some specific “rules of the road” that will assure that a necessary long report you prepare will be read, comprehended, and acted upon. And it is these “rules of the road” you will find in the pages that follow. STRUCTURE A business-oriented long report is not a novel to be curled up with in front of a cheery fire on a cold winter’s night. It is a document with a purpose. Business writing is designed to inform or persuade. In fact, even “informational” writing usually has a bias and thus is a “set up” designed to persuade the reader to act or refrain from acting. So, it is safe to say, that all business writing is designed to persuade. So, how do you persuade a busy person? In cold call sales, successful sales people use the AIDA principle. Not an Egyptian slave princess from a Verdi opera, AIDA stands for ATTENTION  INTEREST  DESIRE  ACTION. So the long report must first capture the reader’s Attention, then pique his or her Interest, leading to a Desire to act, and ultimately to reader Action (obviously designed to be POSITIVE action) on the proposal contained in the long report. Through this entire machination, Mary Poppins was right: “Just a spoonful of sugar helps the medicine go down.” And so tone is a critical component of an effective long report. The structure has to satisfy four audiences: (1) the reviewers (gate keepers) on the way up to the targeted decision maker, (2) the decision maker, (3) the person or committee the decision maker asks to check portions for accuracy and impact, and (4) the group or individual called on to actually implement the proposal. None of these “audiences” will likely read the document once-through cover-to-cover. Often they will be interrupted or have to go back and re-read portions they consider critical. As a result, long reports are presented in segments introduced by headers and contain a series of expected sections. Also, because most long reports must be read progressively by a series of reviewers before they get to the ultimate decision maker, the very first component of a long report is either a Letter of Transmittal or a Routing Slip. This single sheet of paper shows the coordination route, forwarded comments, action required from the ultimate reader (the decision maker), and provides a one or two-sentence description of what the report is about and why the reader is reading it. The illustration on the right of this page, depicting a GSA Routing Slip, is typical of the type of component used to ship copies of the report up the chain of command. Typically, the routing document is attached to the decision maker’s copy, and other copies are included the resulting “package” so that each reader along the way can keep one for a resulting conference call or meeting. The Routing Slip is for a Decision Maker INTERNAL to your organization. Use a Letter of Transmittal if the Decision Maker is someone OUTSIDE your organization. With these principles in mind, begin assembly of a long report with the Letter of Transmittal or Routing Slip, and follow with an attractive Cover Sheet (or Title Page), one that invites the reader to open the report. The Cover Sheet should contain an appropriate title, the name and title of the person or group to whom the paper is addressed, the name of whom it is from (including the author’s position), and the date of preparation, plus any appropriate illustration. Immediately show appreciation for the reader’s limited time (on the next page) by providing an Abstract with key words (for a TECHNICAL report), or an Executive Summary (more personal, includes persuasion) that provides a synopsis of the issue, background, required action, and recommended implementation steps. This is a half-page summary of what the report contains, lacking the proof for each claim that examples and external citations will offer in the report. Next follows a Table of Contents with section headings and the page each section begins. Following the Table of Contents will be a List of Illustrations containing only the title of each illustration and its page number. These sections are included to aid the reader in RE-locating any passage needed for follow-up review or discussion of any point in the paper. Hence the titles MUST be accurate and the page numbers precise. Finally, we come to the BODY of the report. This is a series of text sections addressing these expected elements: an Introduction, a Statement of the Problem, the Background, a Proposed Solution, and an Implementation Process. Your actual titles may vary as driven by the specific situation. Usually these segments are supported by external research and documentation -- and may include graphic selections to illustrate points. The most effective graphics serve to illustrate key points and should never be “cute” “clip art” selections that fail to move the message forward. Graphics are always sourced either as by “author” (you) or “author, derived from [some other source],” or from some original source. After all of these components comes the Works Cited (MLA) or References (APA) page. This page lists the researched works ACTUALLY USED in the report or proposal. [A Bibliography is a list of documents readers might find useful, but were not actually used in the creation of the report.] This is an exploded view of a nontechnical, MLA citation-supported report or proposal. Simply substitute References for Works Cited and Abstract for Executive Summary for an APAstructured technical report or proposal. Use the Letter of Transmittal if the Decision Maker is EXTERNAL to your organization (or to you as an individual; use the Routing Slip instead is the Decision Maker is INTERNAL to your organization. GETTING THERE AND BACK AGAIN Bilbo Baggins discovered that “getting there” can be quite an adventure in itself – and then there is always the return trip – in this case creating each component and submitting an assembled “package” that connects all the dots in the requested manner. There is no “correct” way to write a long report, but there are some ways that not only will NOT work but are guaranteed to give you writer’s block and double the time required to do the task. Preparing a Letter of Transmittal or Routing Slip, blank Table of Contents, List of Illustrations pages are not only logical tasks to begin your effort, but highly commendable “no-brainers.” You might think that, logically, you should write the Abstract/Executive Summary after you have written the body of the paper. However, the opposite is true. You should write the Abstract/Executive summary before you have written the body of the paper. The reason for this approach is that, if you create a half-page pattern of the final report in advance (a draft Abstract or Executive Summary), you will discover every logical hole and need for adjustment before investing hours trying to discover why your composition of the body of the report is not working. So, write the Executive Summary or Abstract first, then compose the segments of the report, then return to the Executive Summary or Abstract and adjust it to fit the new reality. Likewise, references usage needs some re-thinking. In high school you most likely prepared a researched report to demonstrate you knew how to do the research. In business, the only research required is that which either proves there is a problem, the impact of the problem, or there is a solution, and that the solution has worked for others. In other words, the research boosts your credibility as a problem solver. Here is where research fits in this process: So, in a business setting, research is only required when the boss does not see the problem or recognize your solution as being correct (those circumstances merely require a note on a notepad, not a lengthy, researched report). In the academic environment, if you are requested to produce a researched report, you need to seek a situation where research is actually required: i.e., problem denial or solution doubt, or both. Finally, create the alphabetically-ordered Works Cited or Reference page; then double check the actual body of the report you have now written. Every source listed on the Works Cited/Reference page must be used at least once in the text. Now, doesn’t getting there seem a bit easier? Remember that “by the yard, it’s hard; but by the inch, it’s a cinch! Creating and Using a Gannt Chart A Gantt chart is a type of bar chart that illustrates a project schedule. Gantt charts illustrate the start and finish dates of the terminal elements and summary elements of a project and the dependency relationships between activities. Gantt charts can be used to show current schedule status using percent-complete shadings and a vertical "TODAY" line. The first known Gantt chart was developed in 1896 by Karol Adamiecki, who called it a harmonogram. Adamiecki did not publish his chart until 1931, however, and then only in Polish. The chart is commonly known after Henry Gantt (1861–1919), who designed his chart sometime between 1910 and 1915. Although now regarded as a common charting technique, Gantt charts were considered revolutionary when they were introduced. In recognition of Henry Gantt’s contributions, the Henry Laurence Gantt prize is awarded for distinguished achievement in management and in community service. This chart is used also in Information Technology to represent data that has been collected. (first three paragraphs appear in Wikipedia Gantt chart entry, citing these three sources: H.L. Gantt, Work, Wages and Profit, published by The Engineering Magazine, New York, 1910; republished as Work, Wages and Profits, Easton, Pennsylvania, Hive Publishing Company, 1974, ISBN 0879600489. Blokdijk, Gerard (2007). Project Management 100 Success Secrets. Lulu.com. "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0980459907" 0980459907. http://books.google.com/books?id=dgBQWHlnrUC&pg=PA76&dq=Adamiecki+Gantt&as_brr=3&sig=Jp- mgVODNRJpxqBRM1PYJbs7mOU. p. 76. ISBN HYPERLINK Peter W. G. Morris, The Management of Projects, Thomas Telford, 1994, ISBN 0727725939, Google Print, p.18) There are two easy ways to create a Gantt chart to incorporate in the status report for a project in this class: (1) use free software, or (2) create a table in MS Word or Corel WordPerfect. CREATING A GANTT CHART USING FREE SOFTWARE: One free Gantt chart creator can be found on http://www.ganttproject.biz/ and an example of its output appears below: This chart depicts milestones in completing “The Johnson Genealogy Project.” The goal of the project is “to provide a written history and genealogy of the Johnson family from 1730 to the present for sale and distribution to family and historical organizations.”  Birth, death, marriage, and issue information must be from official sources or verified by at least one other source to be considered “firm” rather than “tentative.”  Generation stories must be documented by notation as to WHO said WHAT about an ancestor, WHEN it was said, and HOW it was known. “Traditional” stories may be used if labeled as such, but every effort must be made to identify the SOURCE of the story.  Only events and activities actually affecting a particular generation should be developed for the book. For example, the flu epidemic of 1917 impacted most Americans—did any Johnson contractor die from the flu?  Identification of subjects of photographs, portraits, and related graphic items must be documented. The time period and circumstances surrounding the picture should be described wherever possible. Note that the entire project is addressed in this depiction – not merely the collection, processing, and verification of the information involved. Note also that the actual Gantt chart for a complex project would have many more elements and the resulting interdependences would also be included. This depiction of a project leads to a NETWORK DIAGRAM, also called a PERT CHART (Program Evaluation Review Technique) or CRITICAL PATH chart. All of these techniques are used in Project Management, together with Lean Manufacturing concepts, including Six Sigma. If you are writing for managers using any of these applications, you should become thoroughly familiar with them. To insert a Gantt chart from this program into your text file, export the completed chart as a JPG file and paste it in as a picture. CREATING A GANTT CHART USING TABLE TOOLS: You can create a simple Gantt chart by creating a table in MS Word or Corel WordPerfect. Because this involves creating a cell for each unit of time, we will reduce the detail to weeks and create a 13 by 9 cell table (which is NOT as precise as the Gantt Project software, but will do for your proposal to produce a researched proposal for a company or community). Now we will adjust the cell width and fill in the X and Y axes information: Johnson Family Book Dec Week 1 2 Research Family Get Pictures Anecdotes Verify Draft Review Publish Jan 3 4 1 Feb 2 3 4 1 2 Finally, we can adjust lines, color cells to distinguish different activities and their specific durations, and remove the lines between the cells that are colored to represent the activities (using the “merge cells” command). Here is the finished product: Dec Week 1 2 Research Family Get Pictures Anecdotes Verify Draft Review Publish OHNSON AMILY OOK 3 Jan 4 1 2 3 Feb 4 1 2 Note that the activities that take less time than the time period selected (in this example, one week) lose their accuracy in this scale (note the Review and Publish time lines); however, using a cell to represent a day would create a 76-cell width which, if reduced, would result in a Gantt chart that would be too small to read. The number of steps required to explain the sequence and relationship of tasks you will need to complete to turn in your researched proposal on time are small and the time can be expressed accurately enough in whole weeks, so the table version is adequate as a planning effort for this assignment. The Gantt Chart is a very useful planning and status checking tool that can keep a manager on track in completing a complex project on time. A good Gantt Chart (one that includes all of the key steps needed to complete a project) can avert disaster as you complete a complex project bounded by non-negotiable time constraints (such as a paper due on a specific day). PERT CHARTS A PERT chart is a project management tool used to schedule, organize, and coordinate tasks within a project. PERT stands for Program Evaluation Review Technique, a methodology developed by the U.S. Navy in the 1950s to manage the Polaris submarine missile program. A similar methodology, the Critical Path Method (CPM) was developed for project management in the private sector at about the same time. A PERT chart presents a graphic illustration of a project as a network diagram consisting of numbered nodes (either circles or rectangles) representing events, or milestones in the project linked by labeled vectors (directional lines) representing tasks in the project. The direction of the arrows on the lines indicates the sequence of tasks. In the diagram, for example, the tasks between nodes 1, 2, 4, 8, and 10 must be completed in sequence. These are called dependent or serial tasks. The tasks between nodes 1 and 2, and nodes 1 and 3 are not dependent on the completion of one to start the other and can be undertaken simultaneously. These tasks are called parallel or concurrent tasks. Tasks that must be completed in sequence but that don't require resources or completion time are considered to have event dependency. These are represented by dotted lines with arrows and are called dummy activities. For example, the dashed arrow linking nodes 6 and 9 indicates that the system files must be converted before the user test can take place, but that the resources and time required to prepare for the user test (writing the user manual and user training) are on another path. Numbers on the opposite sides of the vectors indicate the time allotted for the task. The PERT chart is sometimes preferred over the Gantt Chart, another popular project management charting method, because it clearly illustrates task dependencies. On the other hand, the PERT chart can be much more difficult to interpret, especially on complex projects. Frequently, project managers use both techniques. ( http://searchsoftwarequality.techtarget.com/definition/PERT-chart) APPLICATION EXAMPLE: At the CIA, Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) compliance verification required analysis of overhead photography to discover any alteration to Soviet missile silos (nuclear warheads were larger, requiring visible construction modifications). Discrepancies spotted then required a check of millions of photographs by six analysts requiring at least 72 hours (432 analyst hours). I developed a PERT program that allowed one analyst to recover critical stage photos in less than two hours. This chart depicted visible stages in the construction process, the time required for each stage, with other factors including weather and holiday stand-downs. One analyst could search backwards from the date of the photo depicting the current stage of modifications to the silo by searching only the dozen or so photos from the most likely date for the preceding identifiable stage. While it could be argued by the Soviets that a single photo did not represent a violation; an aggregate of photos showing the stages of modifying the silo could not be contested. Memorandum To: XXXXX From: XXXXX Date: XXXXX Re: Final Project Proposal Introduction Good morning Dr. Clark. I am writing this memo to ensure that the topic I have selected for research and solutions to is a topic that meets your expectations. This memo will address a specific problem within the company I work for and propose a solution to resolve the specific situation. The specified problem and proposed solution will be reinforced with several accredited resources that add depth to the overall end goal of the proposal. Actual Problem RWBinMotion Company is a technology and innovation industry leader that specializes in defense, security and civil markets around the globe. They employ over 61,000 people worldwide and have several billion dollars in sales every quarter (RWBinMotion Company, n.d.). RWBinMotion employs a myriad of people with different skill sets and specialties to include but not limited to; engineers, information technology specialists, managers, customer relations specialists, analysts, scientists and logistics personnel. RWBinMotion offers numerous different incentives and benefits to employees and their dependents on long-term international assignments to include but not limited to:        Household goods shipments Cost of Living Allowances (COLA) Dependent education Travel for dependents Rest and relaxation leave Emergency evacuation Emergency leave The problem is that non-custodial parents that have their children part time are NOT eligible for ANY of the benefits and incentives stated above. According to RWBinMotion Company Policy 210-RP (2011), RWBinMotion defines dependents 1 as a spouse or dependent children who are unmarried, under 19 and are considered a legal dependent according to the laws of the home country. Unfortunately for noncustodial parent who have less than 50% physical custody of their children, RWBinMotion does not consider them to be dependents. This means that not only are RWBinMotion employees in this situation not eligible for these benefits, but they also have to pay out of pocket for; travel costs for visits with their children, shipping expenses for all of their children’s household goods, educational expenses, emergency evacuation expenses, emergency leave and bereavement leave expenses. This issue places an enormous financial burden on these specific RWBinMotion employees. This problem can also cause undo financial stress and anxiety on the employees and their families as well as cause tension on their already strained parttime relationships with their non-dependent children. This will have a negative effect on employee morale and happiness, which will decrease productivity and engagement ultimately creating the possibility of attrition. Figure 1 shows percentages of people who leave their jobs for several different reasons. Lack of compensation and the inability to be effective are some of the top reasons for people leaving their current jobs. Top 5 reasons employees leave current jobs 80.00% 60.00% 40.00% Reason for leaving current job 20.00% 0.00% Figure 1. Globoforce. (2012). Mood Tracker Fall 2012 – Revealing Key Practices for Effective Recognition. Specific Decision Maker(s) The primary decision maker for this issue is the Senior Vice President of RWBinMotion Human Resources Randa Newsome. RWBinMotion policy 210-RP 2 is authorized by and can be changed by the Senior Vice president of Human Resources. Additionally, the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of RWBinMotion Thomas Kennedy will have to authorize a change to policy. Proposed Solution Proposal 1: Propose a change to policy to allow for non-custodial parents with partial custody of their children to be allotted all of the benefits offered. In order to effectively endorse change to the policy, the following should be performed:    Needs analysis Impact study Competitor benefits if available Proposal 2: Propose a policy exception that will enable part-time parents to receive benefits while their children are in their physical custody. In order to effectively endorse an exception to the policy, the following should be performed:    Needs analysis Impact study Competitor benefits if available These solutions will lessen the likelihood of attrition due to unhappy and financially strained employees. Additionally, it will save RWBinMotion a large amount of money. Attrition during long-term international assignments in highly skilled technical career fields will cause large profit losses to RWBinMotion for many reasons: The employee must be repatriated back to their home country; a new employee must be re-trained; a new employee and possible family members must be expatriated to the assignment location. Lastly, the loss of experience from the formerly assigned employee will cause a large long-term gap in adequate customer service and mission support. Ultimately resulting in profit loss and the weakening of RWBinMotion’s credibility. Problem/Solution Report Spring-2 2015 Competitor benefits research Conduct a needs analysis Conduct impact study Compile data for solution Draft report Final edit March Week 3 April Week 4 Week 5 May Week 6 Week 7 3 Conclusion In conclusion, RWBinMotion has a problem with allotting benefits to non-custodial parents on long-term international assignments. This problem is against RWBinMotion Policy 210-RP. Part-time parents who do not receive these benefits have become financially strained and emotionally stressed. This can lead to unhappiness and low morale in the workplace, which can cause disengagement from work and decreased productivity. Overall, employees in this situation may be forced or chose to move to a different location, a different program or a different company ultimately leaving an experience gap in the program of assignment. A resolution to RWBinMotion’s problem would be to implement a policy change in two possible ways: 1. Implement a full a complete policy change that includes non-custodial parents to the benefits packages 2. Implement an exception to the policy that gives benefits to non-custodial parents during physical custody of their children. If RWBinMotion changes their company policy, they will significantly reduce the chance of attrition, increase productivity, increase morale and increase employee loyalty for non-custodial parent employees. This will result in higher profits, better customer service and better customer loyalty. 4 References Globoforce. (2012). Mood Tracker Fall 2012 – Revealing Key Practices for Effective Recognition. Retrieved from http://www.globoforce.com/resources/research-reports/mood-tracker-fall2012-revealing-key-practices-for-effective-recognition/ RWBinMotion Company. (n.d.) RWBinMotion Company: History. Retrieved from http://www.RWBinMotion.com/ourcompany/history/index.html RWBinMotion Company. (2011). Company Policy: 210-RP Long-Term International Assignment and Guidelines. Retrieved from https://webvpn.RWBinMotion.com/resources/cs/groups/internal/@pfg/docu ments/document/,DanaInfo=onertn.ray.com+000000210-rp.pdf 5 Feedback Comments Here are some comments on your proposal. Well-written introduction. First paragraph of Problem section could be a little more concise. Thanks for telling me about RWBinMotion, but the first sentence should state the problem. Fig. 1 is well-placed and effective. Yes, the Senior VP of HR seems to be the correct decision maker. And yes, of course the CEO is a secondary decision maker with veto power. It will be interesting to see the results of the needs analyses and impact studies. If you can get ahold of competitor's benefit packages that would definitely be helpful, especially if they do offer these benefits. Also, goodwill and morale, although hard to measure, are important considerations to include. The last sentence of your solution section is a fragment. Chart: For our purposes, you may not have time to complete the needs analyses and impact studies, but you can do enough research to recommend that they be commissioned. Conclusion: Delete “In conclusion,” as it’s already apparent by the title of this section. Sources: Internal documents, surveys, and interviews are good, but also check out articles in human resource journals, business trade journals, psychiatric journals (effects of separation from parents, etc.). 6
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