Oral Presentation Information Each oral presentation involves a ten-minute presentation with the use of visual aids and a question and answer session (your audience will ask you questions). Please review Chapter 15 for advice on preparation, organization, visual aids, delivery, etc., as well as the instructions provided in class prior to the oral presentations. Here are some reminders: Content For the introduction: • Capture the audience’s attention/get the audience involved (by asking a question, telling a brief relevant story, providing a startling fact, etc.) • Identify yourself • Establish your credibility • Preview your main points For the body of the report: • Limit the presentation to only a few main points • Provide explanations/illustrations/details to explain each point For the conclusion: • Review/summarize the main points • Provide a final focus (what the audience has learned , what they should do with the information, etc.) • Encourage the audience to ask questions Remember to provide transition words/phrases/sentences between the introduction, body, and conclusions and between each main point discussed in the body. Visuals Aids You are required to use visual aids in your oral presentation. Remember to test your disk in advance if you use computer slides and to edit/proofread all computer slides, overhead transparencies, and handouts. Pay attention to the appearance of your visual aids (regarding color scheme, font size, spacing of lettering, etc.) If you use power point slides, use words and phrases in outline form—not dense text (full sentences/paragraphs). Chapter 15 Speaking Skills Mary Ellen Guffey, Business Communication: Process and Product, 4e Copyright © 2003 Preparing an Oral Presentation Mary Ellen Guffey, Business Communication: Process and Product, 4e Ch. 15, Slide 2 Preparing an Oral Presentation • Identify your purpose. • Decide what you want your audience to believe, remember, or do when you finish. • Aim all parts of your talk toward your purpose. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business Communication: Process and Product, 4e Ch. 15, Slide 3 Preparing an Oral Presentation • Organize the introduction. • Get the audience involved. • Capture attention by opening with a promise, story, startling fact, question, quotation, relevant problem, or selfeffacing story. • Establish your credibility by identifying your position, expertise, knowledge, or qualifications. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business Communication: Process and Product, 4e Ch. 15, Slide 4 Preparing an Oral Presentation • Organize the introduction. • Introduce your topic. • Preview the main points. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business Communication: Process and Product, 4e Ch. 15, Slide 5 Preparing an Oral Presentation • Organize the body. • Develop two to four main points. Streamline your topic and summarize its principal parts. • Arrange the points logically: chronologically, from most important to least important, by comparison and contrast, or by some other strategy. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business Communication: Process and Product, 4e Ch. 15, Slide 6 Preparing an Oral Presentation • Organize the body. • Prepare transitions. • Use “bridge” statements between major parts (I’ve just discussed three reasons for X; now I want to move to Y). • Use verbal signposts (however, for example, etc.). • Have extra material ready. • Be prepared with more information and visuals if needed. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business Communication: Process and Product, 4e Ch. 15, Slide 7 Preparing an Oral Presentation • Organize the conclusion. • Review your main points. • Provide a final focus. Tell your listeners how they can use this information, why you have spoken, or what you want them to do. • Plan a graceful exit. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business Communication: Process and Product, 4e Ch. 15, Slide 8 Preparing an Oral Presentation Nine Techniques for Gaining and Keeping Audience Attention 1. A promise By the end of this presentation, you will be able to . . . . 2. Drama Tell a moving story; describe a serious problem. 3. Eye contact Command attention at the beginning by making eye contact with as many people as possible. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business Communication: Process and Product, 4e Ch. 15, Slide 9 Preparing an Oral Presentation Nine Techniques for Gaining and Keeping Audience Attention 4. Movement Leave the lectern area. Move toward the audience. 5. Questions Ask for a show of hands. Use rhetorical questions. 6. Demonstrations Include a member of the audience. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business Communication: Process and Product, 4e Ch. 15, Slide 10 Preparing an Oral Presentation Nine Techniques for Gaining and Keeping Audience Attention 7. Samples/gimmicks Award prizes to volunteer participants; pass out samples. 8. Visuals Use a variety of visuals. 9. Self-interest Audience wants to know “What’s in it for me?” Mary Ellen Guffey, Business Communication: Process and Product, 4e Ch. 15, Slide 11 Designing and Using Graphics Mary Ellen Guffey, Business Communication: Process and Product, 4e Ch. 15, Slide 12 Designing and Using Graphics • Select the medium. • Consider the size of the audience and the degree of formality desired. • Consider cost, ease of preparation, and potential effectiveness. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business Communication: Process and Product, 4e Ch. 15, Slide 13 Designing and Using Graphics • Highlight the main ideas. • Focus on major concepts only. • Avoid overkill. Showing too many graphics reduces effectiveness. • Keep all visuals simple. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business Communication: Process and Product, 4e Ch. 15, Slide 14 Designing and Using Graphics • Ensure visibility. • Use large type for transparencies and slides. • Position the screen high enough to be seen. • Be sure all audience members can see. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business Communication: Process and Product, 4e Ch. 15, Slide 15 Designing and Using Graphics • Enhance comprehension. • Give the audience a moment to study a visual before discussing it. • Paraphrase its verbal message; don’t read it. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business Communication: Process and Product, 4e Ch. 15, Slide 16 Designing and Using Graphics • Practice using your visual aids. • Rehearse your talk, perfecting the handling of your visual aids. • Practice talking to the audience and not to the visual. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business Communication: Process and Product, 4e Ch. 15, Slide 17 Presentation Enhancers Mary Ellen Guffey, Business Communication: Process and Product, 4e Ch. 15, Slide 18 Presentation Enhancers • Overhead Projector • Cost: Low • Audience size: 2-200 • Formality level: Formal or informal Mary Ellen Guffey, Business Communication: Process and Product, 4e Ch. 15, Slide 19 Presentation Enhancers • Flipchart • Cost: Low • Audience size: 2-200 • Formality level: Informal Mary Ellen Guffey, Business Communication: Process and Product, 4e Ch. 15, Slide 20 Presentation Enhancers • Write-and-wipe Board • Cost: Medium • Audience size: 2-200 • Formality level: Informal Mary Ellen Guffey, Business Communication: Process and Product, 4e Ch. 15, Slide 21 Presentation Enhancers • Slide Projector • Cost: Medium • Audience size: 2-500 • Formality level: Formal Mary Ellen Guffey, Business Communication: Process and Product, 4e Ch. 15, Slide 22 Presentation Enhancers • Computer Presentation Slides • Cost: Low • Audience size: 2-200 • Formality level: Formal or informal Mary Ellen Guffey, Business Communication: Process and Product, 4e Ch. 15, Slide 23 Presentation Enhancers • Handouts • Cost: Varies • Audience size: Unlimited • Formality level: Formal or informal Mary Ellen Guffey, Business Communication: Process and Product, 4e Ch. 15, Slide 24 Overcoming Stage Fright Mary Ellen Guffey, Business Communication: Process and Product, 4e Ch. 15, Slide 25 Overcoming Stage Fright Symptoms of Stage Fright • Stomach butterflies • Wobbly knees • Pounding heart • Tied tongue • Shortage of breath • Sweaty palms • Dry throat • Unsteady voice • Trembling hands Mary Ellen Guffey, Business Communication: Process and Product, 4e Ch. 15, Slide 26 Overcoming Stage Fright Ways to Overcome Stage Fright • Select a familiar, relevant topic. Prepare 150 percent. • Use positive self-talk. • Convert your fear into anticipation and enthusiasm. • Shift the focus from yourself to your visuals. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business Communication: Process and Product, 4e Ch. 15, Slide 27 Overcoming Stage Fright Ways to Overcome Stage Fright • Give yourself permission to make an occasional mistake. • Ignore stumbles; keep going. Don’t apologize. • Make the listeners your partners. Get them involved. • Just before you speak, practice deep breathing. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business Communication: Process and Product, 4e Ch. 15, Slide 28 Effective Telephone Calls Mary Ellen Guffey, Business Communication: Process and Product, 4e Ch. 15, Slide 29 Effective Telephone Calls • Making Calls • Plan a mini agenda. • Use a three-point introduction: 1. Your name 2. Your affiliation 3. A brief explanation of why you are calling. • Be cheerful and accurate. • Bring it to a close. • Avoid telephone tag. • Leave complete voice-mail messages. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business Communication: Process and Product, 4e Ch. 15, Slide 30 Effective Telephone Calls • Receiving Calls • Identify yourself immediately. • Be responsive and helpful. • Be cautious when answering calls for others. • Take messages carefully. • Explain when transferring calls. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business Communication: Process and Product, 4e Ch. 15, Slide 31 End Mary Ellen Guffey, Business Communication: Process and Product, 4e Ch. 15, Slide 32 Persuasive Cover Letters • Should be submitted even when not requested The Purpose of Cover Letters • Introduce the resume • Highlight your strengths in terms of benefits to the reader • Attempt to gain an interview Three Primary Parts • An opening that introduces message and identifies position • A Body that sells the candidate • A closing that requests and interview and motivates action Introducing Your Message • Address the reader by name Openings for Solicited Jobs • Drop the name of anybody who tipped you off about the job. • If responding to an advertisement, explain in detail the name and date of publication, and the exact position advertised. • Identify your purpose, explaining how your qualifications are a good match for the job Openings for Unsolicited Jobs • Show you’ve done your research; convince the reader to read on • Explain how your background and skills will benefit the company Body of Letter • Promote your qualifications. • Spotlight receiver advantages • Choose your strongest qualifications; explain how they fit the targeted job • Discuss relevant personal traits—back them up with examples Closing • Ask for an interview • Review reader benefits • Provide phone number and best times to be reached There were some missed opportunities for bulleted lists which cause the report to be a bit text dense at times. This shouldn’t, however, create a problem for the presentation. Just make certain to don’t have a lot of text dense1 slides. Perhaps you could use some of the suggestions for category headings that I’ve provided below for the short bulleted headings or lists in the slides. Grade: 8.7 DATE: November 27, 2014 TO: Robert Marini FROM: Mohammed Bindakhil SUBJECT: PROPOSING A REPORT EXPAINING WHAT IS THE SOLAR ENERGY (PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM) AND SHOULD WE USE IT? A Photovoltaic System saves energy and reduces the importance of oil (“Get Your Power From the Sun,” 2003). It is good for people to know how a Photovoltaic system uses solar energy and why it is important and helpful. According to Knier (2002), “Photovoltaic is the direct conversion of light into electricity at the atomic level” (p. 1). Photovoltaic systems give off a pure energy without using oil (“Photovoltaic: Design and Installation Manual,” 2006). There are six types of Photovoltaic systems and they have different sizes and costs, but they all work the same way; however, Photovoltaic systems have advantages and disadvantages. Background Solar energy has a long history and proven track. In 1839, Becquerel discovered the Photovoltaic effect in France (“Renewable Energy,” 1996). After 1877, the first report was made about Photovoltaic (“Renewable Energy,” 1996). In 1883, a selenium solar cell was constructed by Fritts, which is similar to the silicon solar cells which we have today (“Renewable Energy,” 1996). Knier (2002) has mentioned that the first Photovoltaic system was built in 1954 by Laboratories and was much more expensive that Photovoltaic system today (p. 1). Also he explained that in 1960 the space industry built the first Photovoltaic on a spacecraft. The Six Kinds According to Solar Energy International (2004), Photovoltaic has six types of systems that are compatible with who need them. 1. Integrated Photovoltaic battery-charging system. This system has all the components in a single package and many applications. The integrated Photovoltaic battery-charging system is a small system completed with integrated Photovoltaic battery-charging and a rechargeable battery. 2. Day use system. It is a simple system and it is just for daytime use only. However, people use the day use system to pump water from the storage tank. • The Third system is the Direct current system with storage batteries. This system is powered by batteries that help the users use it any time they want. For example, they can use it in the night, or in inclement weather. • The Fourth one is the direct current system powering alternating current loads. This system has huge power, which is due to an alternating current. • The Fifth type is the utility grid interconnected system. This system does not have a battery because it is connected by a utility grid. If this system ever shuts down, the utility Robert Marini 2 November 17,2014 grid works automatically. • The Sixth which is the last system is the hybrid system. There is a large battery and it is integrated with a wind turbine, and that used in washing machines, dryers, and large tools (p. 4-7). The utility grid interconnected system is the most popular systems in Japan, Germany, and United State because these systems are on more than 400,000 rooftops (Heinderg, 2007, p. 46). Size and Cost People who want to have Photovoltaic have to know which’ size they need and how much the system costs. According to the Government's opinion, Photovoltaic providers have to know first about the old electric bills, than they must select the best size for the house. Users have to know about how much energy is produced, and they should compare the production of energy to their annual electricity usage. For example, to generate 4,000 watts from a 16% efficient system, the users only need 320 square feet to roof area. In (1-2) chart, the chart shows another examples that help the users to see how much area they need. Cost The price depends on roof to roof, place to place, and many other factors which the system the users need. One single photovoltaic systems produces $12 worth of electricity per watt. On the other hand, normal houses can cost $6 to $8 per watt. (“Get Your Power From the Sun,” 2003). Many industries think that in the early years of the next century, costs will fall to around $1.50 per watt, which is a very good thing ( “Renewable Energy,” Boyle 1996). 1-2 Its Parts and How It Works Photovoltaic systems have three parts that are connected to each other, and they work in a way that creates great amounts of electricity. • The Photovoltaic system: This is the most important part, without this there is no way the cell could function or generate energy whatsoever. The solar cell is made of semi- Robert Marini • • 3 November 17,2014 conductive materials, like silicon, that help the energy outputs increase greatly. The modules. This part is connected by a lot of solar cells. The last part is The arrays: This is connected by many modules. Solar cells are surrounded by an electric field formed by a thin semiconductor wafer that is specially treated. When light energy strikes the solar cell electricity is formed. (Knier, 2002). The Advantages Photovoltaic technology has advantages that help the people and give them better services. According one of the biggest draws to solar energy is that once the user has bought a Photovoltaic system there are • • • • Little to no upkeep costs. Very durable. In harsh conditions the Photovoltaic system will not face power outages which probably damage the system of the user requires a continuous energy Can still work more than twenty five years under normal conditions. Fixing the system is not a problem it costs a little money, so if the system breaks down the users will not worry about that. Aare always safe to the user if they are installed and designed correctly. These are the industries' opinions. 2-2 Disadvantages Even though the Photovoltaic systems have a lot of advantages, they have some disadvantages that they always have to face. According to the public's opinions, people cannot choose any home and location if they want effective system. That depends from where the users are (Heinberg, 2007, p. 35). In chart (2-2), the chart shows the countries the Photovoltaic systems does not work as well as other countries such as the countries on the north side of the globe. “Get Your Power from the Sun” (2003) has mentioned that Photovoltaic systems do not work in the night, they just work when the sun shines. Moreover, if there is shadow from trees, or Robert Marini 4 November 17,2014 shadows from buildings above the Solar cells, there are big problems for the system because the system needs a clear view. According to “Photovoltaic: Design and Installation Manual” (2006), the volatility of weather affects the power outputs. In other words, the volatility of weather makes solar cells less efficient; efficiency improvement for photovoltaic system is quite difficult and will cost a lot if the users try to fix it, and even if they do manage to fix it, it will not be like when it was first. Many people do not have enough information or knowledge about Photovoltaic system because the system is not easy to use. Conclusion The Photovoltaic system is one of the most popular energy systems because it has 6 different types, and for each one there is a different job and employment and they also have a lot of sizes and different costs to secure the user's requirements; however, Photovoltaic system must have great wattage to work. The Photovoltaic system has many advantages with a few major disadvantages which lead to its popularity. Photovoltaic system helps the world by reduce the gases which cause the green house effect because Photovoltaic system dose not cause any gases. From the advantages which Photovoltaic provided, we can see how this system is important, and also according to “Get Your Power From the Sun” (2003 US Dept of Energy), Photovoltaic system will reduce the worlds dependancy upon oil and have great environmental impacts that could keep the Earth alive and thriving for generations to come. Robert Marini 5 November 17,2014 References Boyle, G. (1996). Renewable Enerhy. In Boyle, G (Eds). Solar Photovoltaics (pp. 89-135). New York: Oxford University Press. Heinberg, R. (2007, Jan). The Citizen-Powered Energy Handbook Community Solutions to a Global Crisis Greg Pahl. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing Copany. Knier, G. (2002). How Do Photovoltaic work? National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Retrieved from http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2002/solarcells/ Photovoltaic: Design and Istallation Maunal. (2004). Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers. U.S Department of Energy (DOE) (2003, Dec). Get Your PowerFrom the Sun. Retrieved from http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf
Purchase answer to see full attachment