BIOLOGY 21 ON-LINE LAB 3: SKELETOMUSCULAR SYSTEM For animals, one of the most basic life requirements is the ability to move around. We engage our bodies in hundreds of motions each day, even as we sleep. In fact, we find it is uncomfortable to stay “still” for very long – our necks start to hurt, our feet “fall asleep”, etc. Motion is the rule rather than the exception. This week we’ll learn more about the body’s skeletal and muscular systems. Materials needed for this week’s lab: From home: clothespin or other spring released clip, two “weights” of 5 to 8 pounds (can be books, etc.), pencil or pen, a piece of paper to record results (or this lab printed out). ACTIVITY 1: OVERVIEW OF BONES Refer to section 5.1 in your textbook to answer the following: 1. The skeletal system consists of three types of connective tissue. What are these? 2. Bones perform five important functions. List them. ACTIVITY 2: SKELETON ANATOMY VIEWER (ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY) Go to askabiologist.asu.edu/skeleton-viewer-game/ (also in Canvas under Lab 3) 1. Click on Introduction. Read the very short description. Next, click on How to Play and read its information. 2. Click on Play Game and under Explore, click on Play to see the Skeletal Anatomy Viewer. 3. Using the Skeletal Anatomy Viewer, you will identify postcranial bones (i.e. bones below the skull). Click on the feet of the figure (see next page). A magnified view will appear on the right. Inside of that view, click on the tips of the toes (the phalanges). Read the information about the foot phalanges, and look at the matching exercise on the next page to find the clue that matches foot phalanges. Repeat these steps until you have viewed all of the bones in the post crania. (You don’t have to go in any particular Human Biology: Lab 3 3.1 order through the Skeleton Anatomy Viewer). Note that you will have to click on Back to see some of the bones. Matching – postcranial bones _____Calcaneus a. A part of the shoulder that is common broken in bike accidents _____Carpals b. Bones on the back of your hand right above the hand _____Cervical vertebrae knuckles c. Bones that protect the heart and lungs _____Clavicle d. Breast bone _____Coccyx e. Consists of five fused vertebrae, connected to the pelvic bone _____Femur f. Fingers _____Fibula g. Foot bones commonly broken by soccer players h. In children, this bone is made of three bones (the ilium, _____Foot phalanges ischium, and pubis) that fuse together in young adults. _____Hand phalanges i. Kneecap(s) _____Humerus j. Largest of the metatarsals; bears the weight of the body in the heel of the foot. _____Lumbar vertebrae k. Long bone in your upper arm _____Manubrium l. Longest bone in the body m. Lower-most part of the sternum, susceptible to breakage _____Metacarpals especially in CPR _____Metatarsals n. One of two bones in your lower arm, referred to as the “elbow bone” _____Patella o. One of two bones in your lower arm; allow you to rotate _____Pelvic bone your hand palm up and palm down _____Radius p. One of two long bones in the lower leg; helps stabilize your ankle _____Ribs q. Shin bone _____Sacrum r. Shoulder blades s. Tailbone _____Scapula t. These vertebrae allow your head to twist _____Sternum u. Toe bones v. Upper part of the sternum that connects to clavicles and _____Thoracic vertebrae the first set of ribs _____Tibia w. Vertebrae of the mid-back that make up part of the rib _____Ulna cage x. Vertebrae that support the weight of the body _____Xiphoid process y. Wrist bones 4. Still using the Skeletal Anatomy Viewer, now identify some cranial bones (i.e. bones in the skull). There are 22 bones in the cranium (crania, plural), but we’ll only look at a few. Human Biology: Lab 3 3.2 Click on the head of the figure. A magnified view will appear on the right. Inside of that view, click on the chin (the mandible). Read the information about the mandible, and look at the following matching exercise to find the clue that matches mandible. Repeat these steps until you have viewed all of the bones shown in the matching list on the next page. (You don’t have to go in any particular order through the Skeleton Anatomy Viewer). Note that you will have to click on Back to see some of the bones. Matching –cranial bones _____Frontal bone _____Mandible _____Maxilla bones _____Nasal bones _____Occipital bone _____Temporal bones _____Zygomatics a. b. c. d. Cheek bones Forehead Has openings for the ear canals Lower back of the head (you can feel a bump if you feel the back of your head around at about the same level as the top of your ears) e. Lower jawbone f. The bone that includes the roof of your mouth (one on each side) g. Upper part of the nose (forms the “bridge” of the nose) ACTIVITY 3: TEST YOURSELF! Go back to https://askabiologist.asu.edu/skeleton-viewer-game/play.html but this time you will play the Bone ID Game. Under Choose a skeleton, click on All. Start with Bone name. Click Play. The Skeleton Anatomy Viewer will appear with a blank screen and ? boxes. Look at a ? to see what you are supposed to identify. Below, for example, you see Ribs. Position your mouse or cursor over the person’s torso until you see the skeleton in the “Magnification” window. Click on the ribs in this window, and it will appear in the ? box. A few hints: 1) you will need to toggle between the front and the back of the person, depending on what bone you are looking for; 2) sometimes you’ll need to change the magnification to see smaller bones; and 3) you’ll see questions for bones in the head that were not covered in Activity 2, but do your best to answer them – this is a great way to learn! Human Biology: Lab 3 3.3 1. How did you do? Record your “accuracy” ___________________________. (You can take this quiz again if you don’t like your score!) Lastly, do this activity again, but this time with Clue rather than Bone Name. Go back to the Skeleton Anatomy Viewer (click Menu, and select Go to go to the Game Mode if prompted; you can also go directly via https://askabiologist.asu.edu/skeleton-viewergame/play.html ). Click on All and Clue, and Play. Use the same process as you did above, click on general region of the person’s body and then select the bone the clue is asking for. Some of these are challenging! (Especially those inner ear bones). Again, these weren’t covered in Activity 2 but this quiz is a good way to expand your knowledge. 2. How did you do? Record your “accuracy”. ___________________________. (You can take this quiz again if you don’t like your score!) ACTIVITY 4: EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF BONE 1. In preparation for a fairly detailed (but short) video on the anatomy of the bone, look at Figure 5.1 in your text (page 102) and identify 1) the major sections of a long bone; and 2) the specific features pointed to by each arrow. Human Biology: Lab 3 3.4 ACTIVITY 5: STRUCTURE OF BONE To learn about the internal anatomy of bones, go to www.youtube.com/watch?v=XSyWgLz47c8 (also on Canvas under Lab 3). Answer the following as you watch this short (~5 minute) video: 1. Bone tissue has a spongy mesh-like inner layer that provides ________________ while the minerals that surround it (i.e. calcium and phosphorus) provide ________________________. 2. What is compact bone? Where is it found? 3. What are osteons? Label an osteon in the figure and in the close up photograph below. 4. What canal is D pointing to in the figure below? What canal is C pointing to? What does the canal marked by C do? 5. What are osteocytes? Where are they in the figure below? (Hint: look at the close up photograph in the figure below.) 6. What are canaliculi? What is their function? 7. What specifically is bone matrix made up of? MORE Human Biology: Lab 3 3.5 8. What is “remodeling” in bones? 9. Three cell types play an important role in remodeling. What are these cell types and what does each one do? 10. It is the balance between __________________ and _____________________ that maintains bone tissue and makes bone homeostasis possible. ACTIVITY 6: MUSCLES Skeletal muscles are the main organs of the muscular system and are composed primarily of skeletal muscle tissue. Skeletal muscles are connected to bones by dense fibrous connective tissue called tendons. When a skeletal muscle contracts, movement may or may not occur. If the skeletal muscle is allowed to shorten, the bone moves as does some part of the body. On the other hand, if the skeletal muscle does not shorten, the tension in that muscle and its tendons increases. All skeletal muscles exhibit tension or muscle tone. This tension maintains the position of the body against the pull of gravity. The ability to hold the body erect is called posture. What follows next is a somewhat deeper look into how muscle actually contracts. Refer to Chapter 6 in your textbook to answer the following: 1. What are the two general purposes of muscles? (Hint: see 6.1.) a. _______________________________________________________________________ b. _______________________________________________________________________ 2. How is skeletal muscle different from smooth and cardiac muscle? __________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 3. Many skeletal muscles occur as “antagonistic” pairs. This means that in order for movement to occur, one muscle must relax while the other contracts. See p. 124 in textbook and give an example of one such pair, describing what the motion is, what muscle(s) are contracting and what muscle is relaxing. _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ Human Biology: Lab 3 3.6 4. A single skeletal muscle is actually a group of bundles of muscle fibers called __________________________. (Hint: see Figure 6.4) 5. A muscle cell contains many individual _________________. (Hint: see Figure 6.5.) 6. Myofibrils are packed with contractile proteins called _____________ and ____________. 7. What is a sarcomere? ______________________________________________________ 8. Draw a sarcomere below and label the different types of myofilaments. (Hint: see Figure 6.6.) ACTIVITY 7: MUSCLE FATIGUE (from www.lcboe.net) Muscles that are continually stimulated will eventually get tired. You can’t hold a barbell over your head forever due to the buildup of lactic acid (a waste product). The following experiments will demonstrate muscle fatigue. Part 1: The big muscles Find two “weights” of about 5 to 8 pounds each. These can be filled gallon-sized water containers, heavy books, or even yes, hand weights if you have them. You also need a timer (watch, kitchen timer, timer on your phone, etc.). Hold one “weight” in each hand. Raise one arm straight out parallel to the ground. Leave the other arm down at your side. Start the timer. Hold this position until fatigue takes over and you have to lower your arm. 1. How long were you able to hold the “weight”? ______________ About how heavy were your “weights” __________________ 2. Which muscles experienced the most fatigue – biceps, triceps, deltoids, or pectoralis major? (See Figure 6.1 in your textbook.) _________________________________________________________________________ Human Biology: Lab 3 3.7 Part 2: Hands and clothespin calisthenics Hold a clothespin between your thumb and index finger. You can use either hand, but for maximum effect, use your non-dominant hand (that is, if you are right handed, use your left and vice versa). Squeeze the clothespin open and closed rapidly for one minute, counting the number of repetitions. Quickly record the number below. Now, without resting, repeat opening and closing the clothespin rapidly for a second minute. Record the number below. Repeat for a third minute if you haven’t experienced muscle fatigue yet. Number of squeezes Minute 1 Minute 2 Minute 3 3. Did you experience fatigue in your fingers, hand or lower arm? ______________________ You likely experienced fatigue in your hand or lower arm, but not in your fingers. The reason for this is that there are no muscles in the fingers – only tendons that connect to muscles that do the flexing and extending (see figure below). If you are interested in learning more about the hands, check out functionalanatomyofthehand.wordpress.com/2016/04/14/precision-pinch-grip-2/ You might be wondering what your body does with lactic acid from this activity. The body converts lactic acid to lactase to squeeze out the last bit of energy. The liver then clears any excess lactase in the blood. If you want to know more about exercise and lactic acid, check out www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326521 (also on Canvas under Lab 3). Human Biology: Lab 3 3.8 ACTIVITY 8: OSTEOPOROSIS ON THE WEB Go to www.WebMD.com and type osteoporosis in the search window. Answer the following: 1. What is osteoporosis and what are the causes of osteoporosis? 2. Who is at risk for osteoporosis? (Think about age, lifestyle, etc.). 3. How can you prevent osteoporosis from developing? What advice would you give to your family members (especially mothers, aunts, grandmothers, etc.)? You will need to surf WebMD (or another reputable site) for this information. Human Biology: Lab 3 3.9 ACTIVITY 9: CALCIUM ON THE WEB Good sources of calcium are typically found in dairy foods (good for your bones). However, many dairy foods are also high in saturated fat (bad for your heart). The key is to include in your diet a wide variety of foods that are calcium-rich but unsaturated in fat. Go to the USDA’s Food Composition Database at fdc.nal.usda.gov/ (also on Canvas under Lab 3) to research dairy-based and plant-based calcium-rich foods you can incorporate into your diet. In the box FoodData Central, enter a food item you want to get information for and click on the magnifier icon (or hit enter on the keyboard). The more specific you are, the better (for example, “cheddar cheese” rather than “cheese”) You’ll see that a lot of results will typically come back. To limit the results to a manageable few, try unchecking “Survey (FNDDS)”, “Branded”, and SR Legacy” on the left side of the screen. Uncheck to get fewer results. . Human Biology: Lab 3 3.10 Look up 4 animal-based calcium-rich foods (i.e. dairy) and 3 plant-based calcium rich foods, and enter information on milligrams (mg) of calcium per serving and grams of saturated fat per serving for each. Note that you can get portion sizes in either volume (e.g. a cup), weight in grams, or weight in ounces. Choose the portion type that makes sense to you. Note: it’s a safe assumption that dairy foods will be high in calcium, but what about plants? The rule of thumb there is green leafy vegetables and legumes (or “greens and beans”). Portion Size Grams of saturated fat per serving Non-dairy foods Dairy foods Source (Food) Milligrams of calcium per serving 1. How much calcium should you be getting? Give the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for your age group (if you are pregnant or nursing, be sure to give that number). My calcium requirement is __________________. (Hint: use Google to find this information Human Biology: Lab 3 3.11 
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