For this assignment, you will define the research objectives and develop the research questions and hypotheses to set the stage for the Sun Coast Remediation research project. You will utilize this  Unit II template to complete the Unit II assignment. Be sure to include the following sections in your submission, and remember to use APA-formatted section headings and subheadings.   Research objectives: Refer to the Introduction and Statement of Problems sections provided in the Unit II Assignment Template to make explicit statements as to the objectives of this study. For example, “One objective of this research study is to determine the direction (either positive or negative) and the strength of relationships between ABC Company’s various consumer promotions and sales revenue. This objective is intended to determine which promotions may be more effective and strategically important.” Research objectives should be discussed for each problem identified. Research questions and hypotheses: Provide research questions and null and alternative hypotheses that align with the research objectives and problems. For example: RQ1: What is the relationship between Promotion 1 and sales revenue? Ho1 (null hypothesis): There is no statistically significant correlation between Promotion 1 (independent variable) and sales revenue (dependent variable). Ha1 (alternative hypothesis): There is a statistically significant correlation between Promotion 1 and sales revenue. RQ2: What is the relationship between Promotion 2 and sales revenue? Ho2: There is no statistically significant correlation between Promotion 2 and sales revenue. Ha2: There is a statistically significant correlation between Promotion 2 and sales revenue. RQ3: Are there differences in return on investment (ROI) between the various promotions? Ho3: There are no statistically significant differences in ROI between Promotion 1 and Promotion 2. Ha3: There are statistically significant differences in ROI between Promotion 1 and Promotion 2.

Discussion 41. Why do some investigators believe it is a good idea to designate the minimum possible number of investigators to take notes or write reports on the same event?2. Why can’t polygraph examinations be used as direct evidence in court?3. What steps can an investigator take to ensure that witness observations are accurate?

Quantitative Research Designs—Part 2Reflect on the following scenarios:Wanda has been involved in a research study of the causes of tooth decay in elementary school children. Twenty-five percent of the students in the free breakfast program at a local school have been screened by a local dental hygienist. The dental hygienist finds an average of 3.5 cavities per student. The same dental hygienist recently screened 25% of the students in a school with no free breakfast program, and found an average of only 1.5 cavities per student. Wanda concludes that the breakfast served to students is the cause of higher tooth decay. Do you agree with Wanda? Can you think of other causes for the higher number of cavities among the students from the school with free breakfast?Jerry is conducting a phone survey to determine public opinions on Medicaid reform. In order to get a random sample, Jerry decides to call the tenth number on the second column of every fifth page of the phone book. He also decides to stop sampling when he has completed 50 surveys. After reaching the target number, Jerry begins to analyze the data he has gathered and is surprised to find that opposition to reform is running about 18% higher than the national average. He is at a quandary to explain this significant difference in numbers. What are some reasons you can think of for the higher rate of opposition?As you consider these scenarios, you may note issues or problems related to the validity of the research and conclusions. This week, you assess validity in quantitative research. You are introduced to the different types of validity and why they are important to consider when evaluating evidence and research studies. You also examine common threats to validity and consider how to minimize those threats.Learning ObjectivesStudents will:Evaluate the internal validity of quantitative research studiesAssess the consequences of failing to analyze validity in quantitative research studiesPhoto Credit: [Graphs and charts]/[E+]/Getty ImagesLearning ResourcesNote: To access this week’s required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the Course Materials section of your Syllabus.Required ReadingsPolit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2017). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (10th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.Chapter 10, “Rigor and Validity in Quantitative Research”This chapter introduces the concept of validity in research and describes the different types of validity that must be addressed. Key threats to validity are also explored.Chapter 11, “Specific Types of Quantitative Research”This chapter focuses on the specific types of quantitative research that can be selected. The focus is on the purpose of the research rather than the research design. These include such approaches as clinical trials, evaluation research, health services and outcomes research, needs assessments, or replication studies. Cantrell, M. A. (2011). Demystifying the research process: Understanding a descriptive comparative research design. Pediatric Nursing, 37(4), 188–189.Retrieved from the Walden Library databases. The author of this article discusses the primary aspects of a prominent quantitative research design. The article examines the advantages and disadvantages of the design.Schultz, L. E., Rivers, K. O., & Ratusnik, D. L. (2008). The role of external validity in evidence-based practice for rehabilitation. Rehabilitation Psychology, 53(3), 294–302.Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.This article details the results of a study that sought to balance concern for rigor with concern for relevance. The authors of the article derive and determine a rating format for relevance and apply it to cognitive rehabilitation.Note: For the assignment this week, you will need to read the method section of one of the following quasi-experimental studies. Refer to the details provided in the Week 6 Discussion area.Metheny, N. A., Davis-Jackson, J., & Stewart, B. J. (2010). Effectiveness of an aspiration risk-reduction protocol. Nursing Research, 59(1), 18–25.Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.Padula, C. A., Hughes, C., & Baumhover, L. (2009). Impact of a nurse-driven mobility protocol on functional decline in hospitalized older adults. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 24(4), 325–331.Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.Yuan, S.-C., Chou, M.-C., Hwu, L.-J., Chang, Y.-O., Hsu, W.-H., & Kuo, H.-W. (2009). An intervention program to promote health-related physical fitness in nurses. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18(10), 1,404–1,411.Walden University. (n.d.a.). Paper templates. Retrieved July 23, 2012, from http://writingcenter.waldenu.edu/57.htm This resource provides you access to the School of Nursing Sample Paper, which will serve as a template for formatting your papers. Discussion: Validity in Quantitative Research DesignsValidity in research refers to the extent researchers can be confident that the cause and effect they identify in their research are in fact causal relationships. If there is low validity in a study, it usually means that the research design is flawed and the results will be of little or no value. Four different aspects of validity should be considered when reviewing a research design: statistical conclusion validity, internal validity, construct validity, and external validity. In this Discussion, you consider the importance of each of these aspects in judging the validity of quantitative research.To prepare:Review the information in Chapter 10 of the course text on rigor and validity.Read the method section of one of the following quasi-experimental studies (also located in this week’s Learning Resources). Identify at least one potential concern that could be raised about the study’s internal validity.Metheny, N. A., Davis-Jackson, J., & Stewart, B. J. (2010). Effectiveness of an aspiration risk-reduction protocol. Nursing Research, 59(1), 18–25.Padula, C. A., Hughes, C., & Baumhover, L. (2009). Impact of a nurse-driven mobility protocol on functional decline in hospitalized older adults. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 24(4), 325–331.Yuan, S., Chou, M., Hwu, L., Chang, Y., Hsu, W., & Kuo, H. (2009). An intervention program to promote health-related physical fitness in nurses. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18(10), 1,404–1,411.Consider strategies that could be used to strengthen the study’s internal validity and how this would impact the three other types of validity.Think about the consequences of an advanced practice nurse neglecting to consider the validity of a research study when reviewing the research for potential use in developing an evidence-based practice. ASSIGNMENT 1: WRITE the title of the study that you selected and your analysis of the potential concerns that could be raised about the study’s internal validity. Propose recommendations to strengthen the internal validity and assess the effect your changes could have with regard to the other three types of validity. Discuss the dangers of failing to consider the validity of a research study.ASSIGNMENT 2: CRITIQUING QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE OR MIXED METHODS STUDIESCritiquing the validity and robustness of research featured in journal articles provides a critical foundation for engaging in evidence-based practice. In Weeks 5 and 6, you explored quantitative research designs. In Week 7, you will examine qualitative and mixed methods research designs. For this Assignment, which is due by Day 7 of Week 7, you critique a quantitative and either a qualitative or a mixed methods research study and compare the types of information obtained in each.To prepare:Select a health topic of interest to you that is relevant to your current area of practice. The topic may be your Course Portfolio Project or a different topic of your choice.Using the Walden Library, locate two articles in scholarly journals that deal with your portfolio topic: 1) Select one article that utilizes a quantitative research design and 2) select a second article that utilizes either a qualitative OR a mixed methods design. These need to be single studies not systematic or integrative reviews (including meta-analysis and metasynthesis). You may use research articles from your reference list. If you cannot find these two types of research on your portfolio topic, you may choose another topic.Locate the following documents in this week’s Learning Resources to access the appropriate templates, which will guide your critique of each article:Critique Template for a Qualitative StudyCritique Template for a Quantitative StudyCritique Template for a Mixed-Methods StudyConsider the fields in the templates as you review the information in each article. Begin to draft a paper in which you analyze the two research approaches as indicated below. Reflect on the overall value of both quantitative and qualitative research. If someone were to say to you, “Qualitative research is not real science,” how would you respond?To complete this Assignment:Complete the two critiques using the appropriate templates.Write a 2- to 3-page paper that addresses the following:Contrast the types of information that you gained from examining the two different research approaches in the articles that you selected.Describe the general advantages and disadvantages of the two research approaches featured in the articles. Use examples from the articles for support.Formulate a response to the claim that qualitative research is not real science. Highlight the general insights that both quantitative and qualitative studies can provide to researchers. Support your response with references to the Learning Resources and other credible sources.As you complete this Assignment, remember to:Submit your paper to Grammarly and SafeAssign through the Walden Writing Center. Based on the Grammarly and SafeAssign reports, revise your paper as necessary.Reminder: The School of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references.