Kent State University Write a Program Code Computer Programming Task

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Microsoft Visual Basic 2012: Reloaded Fifth Edition Chapter Eight Sub and Function Procedures Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to: • Create and call an independent Sub procedure • Pass data to a procedure • Explain the difference between passing data by value and passing data by reference • Code the CheckedChanged event procedure • Desk-check an application’s code • Associate a procedure with more than one object and event Microsoft Visual Basic 2012: Reloaded, Fifth Edition 2 Objectives (cont'd.) • Explain the purpose of the sender and e parameters • Explain the difference between Sub and Function procedures • Create and invoke a Function procedure • Convert an Object variable to a different type using the TryCast operator • Utilize a timer control 3 Microsoft Visual Basic 2012: Reloaded, Fifth Edition Sub Procedures • There are two types of Sub procedures in Visual Basic: • Event procedures and Independent Sub procedures • Event procedures are Sub procedures that are associated with a specific object and event, such as a button’s Click event or a text box’s TextChanged event • An independent Sub procedure, is a procedure that is independent of any object and event • Processed only when called (invoked) from code • Invoked by using the Call statement Microsoft Visual Basic 2012: Reloaded, Fifth Edition 4 Sub Procedures (cont'd.) Figure 8-1: How to create and call an independent Sub procedure Microsoft Visual Basic 2012: Reloaded, Fifth Edition 5 Sub Procedures (cont'd.) Figure 8-2: Lanza Trinkets application 6 Microsoft Visual Basic 2012: Reloaded, Fifth Edition Including Parameters in an Independent Sub Procedure • A parameter is a memory location that stores an item of data passed to the procedure when the procedure is invoked • Each parameter in the parameterList has procedure scope, which means it can be used only within the procedure • The data is passed to the procedure through the Call statement’s argumentList, which is a commaseparated list of arguments you want passed to the procedure Microsoft Visual Basic 2012: Reloaded, Fifth Edition 7 Passing Variables • Variables have both a value and a unique address that represents the location in the computer’s internal memory • You pass either a copy of the variable’s value or its address to the receiving procedure • Passing a copy of the variable’s value is referred to as passing by value • Passing its address is referred to as Figure 8-3Illustrations of passing by value passing by reference Microsoft Visual Basic 2012: Reloaded, Fifth Edition and passing by reference 8 Passing Variables (cont'd.) Passing Variables by Value • To pass a variable by value, you include the keyword ByVal • A copy of the variable’s contents are passed to the receiving procedure • The CheckedChanged event occurs when the value in the Checked property changes 9 Microsoft Visual Basic 2012: Reloaded, Fifth Edition Figure 8-4: Actor/Actress application Passing Variables (cont'd.) Passing Variables by Reference • To pass a variable by reference, you include the keyword ByRef • The receiving procedure has access to the variable being passed 10 Figure 8-5: Modified Lanza Trinkets application Microsoft Visual Basic 2012: Reloaded, Fifth Edition Passing Variables (cont'd.) • Desk-checking refers to the process of reviewing the program instructions while seated at your desk rather than in front of the computer • Also called hand-tracing because you use a pencil and paper to follow each of the instructions by hand 11 Figure 8-5: Pay calculations using sample input values Microsoft Visual Basic 2012: Reloaded, Fifth Edition Passing Variables (cont'd.) Figure 8-6: Pay calculations using sample input values Figure 8-7: Desk-check table before the Call statement is processed Microsoft Visual Basic 2012: Reloaded, Fifth Edition 12 Passing Variables (cont'd.) Figure 8-8: Desk-check table after the Call statement and CalcOvertime procedure header are processed 13 Microsoft Visual Basic 2012: Reloaded, Fifth Edition Passing Variables (cont'd.) Figure 8-9: Desk-check table after the first statement in the CalcOvertime procedure is processed 14 Figure 8-10: Desk-check table after the True path in the CalcOvertime procedure is processed Microsoft Visual Basic 2012: Reloaded, Fifth Edition Passing Variables (cont'd.) Figure 8-11: Desk-check table after the CalcOvertime procedure ends 15 Figure 8-12: Desk-check table after the gross pay is calculated Microsoft Visual Basic 2012: Reloaded, Fifth Edition Associating a Procedure with Different Objects and Events • Associating a procedure with more than one object and event avoids duplicating code • All of the associated events must have the same parameters in their procedure header • The sender parameter contains a copy of the object that raised the event • The e parameter in an event procedure’s header contains additional information provided by the object that raised the event Microsoft Visual Basic 2012: Reloaded, Fifth Edition Figure 8-13: Click event procedure for the exitButton 16 Associating a Procedure with Different Objects and Events (cont'd.) 17 Figure 8-14: How to associate a procedure with different objects and events Microsoft Visual Basic 2012: Reloaded, Fifth Edition Associating a Procedure with Different Objects and Events (cont'd.) 18 Figure 8-15: Two versions of some of the code in the Lanza Trinkets application Microsoft Visual Basic 2012: Reloaded, Fifth Edition Function Procedures • A Function procedure returns a value after performing its assigned task • A Sub procedure does not return a value • Function procedures are referred to as functions • The value is returned by the Return statement, which typically is the last statement within a function Microsoft Visual Basic 2012: Reloaded, Fifth Edition Figure 8-16: Illustration of a Sub procedure and a function 19 Function Procedures (cont'd.) 20 Figure 8-17: Another example of the difference between a Sub procedure and a function Microsoft Visual Basic 2012: Reloaded, Fifth Edition Function Procedures (cont'd.) 21 Figure 8-18: How to create a Function procedure Microsoft Visual Basic 2012: Reloaded, Fifth Edition Function Procedures (cont'd.) Figure 8-19: How to invoke a Function procedure 22 Microsoft Visual Basic 2012: Reloaded, Fifth Edition Function Procedures (cont'd.) Figure 8-20: Lanza Trinkets application using a function (continues) Microsoft Visual Basic 2012: Reloaded, Fifth Edition 23 Function Procedures (cont'd.) Figure 8-20: Lanza Trinkets application using a function 24 Microsoft Visual Basic 2012: Reloaded, Fifth Edition Function Procedures (cont'd.) Figure 8-21: Desk-check table after the first statement in the False path is processed 25 Figure 8-22: Desk-check table before the Return statement is processed Microsoft Visual Basic 2012: Reloaded, Fifth Edition Function Procedures (cont'd.) Figure 8-23: Desk-check table after the CalcOvertime function ends 26 Figure 8-24: Desk-check table after the gross pay is calculated Microsoft Visual Basic 2012: Reloaded, Fifth Edition Converting Object Variables • Unlike variables declared using the String and numeric data types, variables declared using the Object data type do not have a set of properties • This is because there are no common attributes for all of the different types of data that can be stored in an Object variable • Converting a variable from one data type to another is sometimes referred to as type casting or, more simply, as casting • You can cast a variable from the Object data type to a different data type using the TryCast operator Microsoft Visual Basic 2012: Reloaded, Fifth Edition 27 Converting Object Variables (cont'd.) 28 Figure 8-25 How to use the TryCast operator Microsoft Visual Basic 2012: Reloaded, Fifth Edition The Full Name Application Figure 8-26 Two ways of coding each text box’s Enter event Microsoft Visual Basic 2012: Reloaded, Fifth Edition 29 Using a Timer Control • A timer control processes code at one or more regular intervals • The length of each interval is specified in milliseconds (1000 milliseconds in a second ) and entered in the timer’s Interval property • The timer’s state—either running or stopped—is determined by its Enabled property, which can be set to either True or False • Each time the Tick event occurs, the computer processes any code contained in the Tick event procedure Microsoft Visual Basic 2012: Reloaded, Fifth Edition 30 Using a Timer Control (cont'd.) The Timer Example Application Figure 8-27: Timer Example application Microsoft Visual Basic 2012: Reloaded, Fifth Edition 31 Programming Tutorial 1 Figure 8-34 Interface showing the monthly usage and total charge 32 Figure 8-28 TOE chart for the Tri-County Electricity application Microsoft Visual Basic 2012: Reloaded, Fifth Edition Programming Tutorial 2 Figure 8-47: Game board showing the first word assigned to the label 33 Microsoft Visual Basic 2012: Reloaded, Fifth Edition Figure 8-36: TOE chart for the Concentration Game application Programming Example Figure 8-49: TOE Chart 34 Microsoft Visual Basic 2012: Reloaded, Fifth Edition Figure 8-50: MainForm and tab order Summary • An event procedure is a Sub procedure that is associated with one or more objects and events • Independent Sub procedures and Function procedures are not associated with any specific object or event • The difference between a Sub procedure and a Function procedure is that a Function procedure returns a value, whereas a Sub procedure does not return a value • Procedures allow programmers to avoid duplicating code in different parts of a program • You can use the Call statement to invoke an independent Sub procedure. The Call statement allows you to pass arguments to the Sub procedure Microsoft Visual Basic 2012: Reloaded, Fifth Edition 35 Summary (cont'd.) • When calling a procedure, the number of arguments listed in the argumentList should agree with the number of parameters listed in the parameterList in the procedure header • You can pass information to a Sub or Function procedure either by value or by reference • To pass a variable by value, you precede the variable’s corresponding parameter with the keyword ByVal • To pass a variable by reference, you precede the variable’s corresponding parameter with the keyword ByRef • The procedure header indicates whether a variable is being passed by value or by reference Microsoft Visual Basic 2012: Reloaded, Fifth Edition 36 Summary (cont'd.) • When you pass a variable by value, only a copy of the variable’s contents is passed • Variables that appear in the parameterList in a procedure header have procedure scope, which means they can be used only by the procedure • You can use an event procedure’s Handles clause to associate the procedure with more than one object and event • You invoke a Function procedure, also called a function, by including its name and any arguments in a statement Microsoft Visual Basic 2012: Reloaded, Fifth Edition 37 Summary (cont'd.) • You can use the TryCast operator to convert an Object variable to a different data type • The purpose of a timer control is to process code at one or more specified intervals • Start a timer by setting its Enabled property to True • Stop a timer by setting its Enabled property to False • Use a timer’s Interval property to specify the number of milliseconds that must elapse before the timer’s Tick event occurs 38 Microsoft Visual Basic 2012: Reloaded, Fifth Edition
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