463 Appendix B Distribution tables B.1 Normal Probability Table Y The area to the left of Z represents the percentile of the observation. The normal probability table always lists percentiles. negative Z positive Z To find the area to the right, calculate 1 minus the area to the left. 1.0000 0.6664 = 0.3336 For additional details about working with the normal distribution and the normal probability table, see Section 3.3, which starts on page 152. 464 APPENDIX B. DISTRIBUTION TABLES negative Z Second decimal place of Z 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.02 0.01 0.00 Z 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0007 0.0007 0.0007 0.0007 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0009 0.0009 0.0009 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0012 0.0012 0.0013 0.0013 0.0013 −3.4 −3.3 −3.2 −3.1 −3.0 0.0014 0.0014 0.0015 0.0015 0.0016 0.0016 0.0017 0.0018 0.0018 0.0019 0.0019 0.0020 0.0021 0.0021 0.0022 0.0023 0.0023 0.0024 0.0025 0.0026 0.0026 0.0027 0.0028 0.0029 0.0030 0.0031 0.0032 0.0033 0.0034 0.0035 0.0036 0.0037 0.0038 0.0039 0.0040 0.0041 0.0043 0.0044 0.0045 0.0047 0.0048 0.0049 0.0051 0.0052 0.0054 0.0055 0.0057 0.0059 0.0060 0.0062 0.0064 0.0066 0.0068 0.0069 0.0071 0.0073 0.0075 0.0078 0.0080 0.0082 0.0084 0.0087 0.0089 0.0091 0.0094 0.0096 0.0099 0.0102 0.0104 0.0107 0.0110 0.0113 0.0116 0.0119 0.0122 0.0125 0.0129 0.0132 0.0136 0.0139 0.0143 0.0146 0.0150 0.0154 0.0158 0.0162 0.0166 0.0170 0.0174 0.0179 0.0183 0.0188 0.0192 0.0197 0.0202 0.0207 0.0212 0.0217 0.0222 0.0228 0.0233 0.0239 0.0244 0.0250 0.0256 0.0262 0.0268 0.0274 0.0281 0.0287 0.0294 0.0301 0.0307 0.0314 0.0322 0.0329 0.0336 0.0344 0.0351 0.0359 0.0367 0.0375 0.0384 0.0392 0.0401 0.0409 0.0418 0.0427 0.0436 0.0446 0.0455 0.0465 0.0475 0.0485 0.0495 0.0505 0.0516 0.0526 0.0537 0.0548 0.0559 0.0571 0.0582 0.0594 0.0606 0.0618 0.0630 0.0643 0.0655 0.0668 0.0681 0.0694 0.0708 0.0721 0.0735 0.0749 0.0764 0.0778 0.0793 0.0808 0.0823 0.0838 0.0853 0.0869 0.0885 0.0901 0.0918 0.0934 0.0951 0.0968 0.0985 0.1003 0.1020 0.1038 0.1056 0.1075 0.1093 0.1112 0.1131 0.1151 0.1170 0.1190 0.1210 0.1230 0.1251 0.1271 0.1292 0.1314 0.1335 0.1357 0.1379 0.1401 0.1423 0.1446 0.1469 0.1492 0.1515 0.1539 0.1562 0.1587 0.1611 0.1635 0.1660 0.1685 0.1711 0.1736 0.1762 0.1788 0.1814 0.1841 0.1867 0.1894 0.1922 0.1949 0.1977 0.2005 0.2033 0.2061 0.2090 0.2119 0.2148 0.2177 0.2206 0.2236 0.2266 0.2296 0.2327 0.2358 0.2389 0.2420 0.2451 0.2483 0.2514 0.2546 0.2578 0.2611 0.2643 0.2676 0.2709 0.2743 0.2776 0.2810 0.2843 0.2877 0.2912 0.2946 0.2981 0.3015 0.3050 0.3085 0.3121 0.3156 0.3192 0.3228 0.3264 0.3300 0.3336 0.3372 0.3409 0.3446 0.3483 0.3520 0.3557 0.3594 0.3632 0.3669 0.3707 0.3745 0.3783 0.3821 0.3859 0.3897 0.3936 0.3974 0.4013 0.4052 0.4090 0.4129 0.4168 0.4207 0.4247 0.4286 0.4325 0.4364 0.4404 0.4443 0.4483 0.4522 0.4562 0.4602 0.4641 0.4681 0.4721 0.4761 0.4801 0.4840 0.4880 0.4920 0.4960 0.5000 ∗ For Z ≤ −3.50, the probability is less than or equal to 0.0002. −2.9 −2.8 −2.7 −2.6 −2.5 −2.4 −2.3 −2.2 −2.1 −2.0 −1.9 −1.8 −1.7 −1.6 −1.5 −1.4 −1.3 −1.2 −1.1 −1.0 −0.9 −0.8 −0.7 −0.6 −0.5 −0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 −0.0 Y 465 positive Z Second decimal place of Z 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 Z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.5000 0.5040 0.5080 0.5120 0.5160 0.5199 0.5239 0.5279 0.5319 0.5359 0.5398 0.5438 0.5478 0.5517 0.5557 0.5596 0.5636 0.5675 0.5714 0.5753 0.5793 0.5832 0.5871 0.5910 0.5948 0.5987 0.6026 0.6064 0.6103 0.6141 0.6179 0.6217 0.6255 0.6293 0.6331 0.6368 0.6406 0.6443 0.6480 0.6517 0.6554 0.6591 0.6628 0.6664 0.6700 0.6736 0.6772 0.6808 0.6844 0.6879 0.6915 0.6950 0.6985 0.7019 0.7054 0.7088 0.7123 0.7157 0.7190 0.7224 0.7257 0.7291 0.7324 0.7357 0.7389 0.7422 0.7454 0.7486 0.7517 0.7549 0.7580 0.7611 0.7642 0.7673 0.7704 0.7734 0.7764 0.7794 0.7823 0.7852 0.7881 0.7910 0.7939 0.7967 0.7995 0.8023 0.8051 0.8078 0.8106 0.8133 0.8159 0.8186 0.8212 0.8238 0.8264 0.8289 0.8315 0.8340 0.8365 0.8389 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 0.8413 0.8438 0.8461 0.8485 0.8508 0.8531 0.8554 0.8577 0.8599 0.8621 0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.8749 0.8770 0.8790 0.8810 0.8830 0.8849 0.8869 0.8888 0.8907 0.8925 0.8944 0.8962 0.8980 0.8997 0.9015 0.9032 0.9049 0.9066 0.9082 0.9099 0.9115 0.9131 0.9147 0.9162 0.9177 0.9192 0.9207 0.9222 0.9236 0.9251 0.9265 0.9279 0.9292 0.9306 0.9319 0.9332 0.9345 0.9357 0.9370 0.9382 0.9394 0.9406 0.9418 0.9429 0.9441 0.9452 0.9463 0.9474 0.9484 0.9495 0.9505 0.9515 0.9525 0.9535 0.9545 0.9554 0.9564 0.9573 0.9582 0.9591 0.9599 0.9608 0.9616 0.9625 0.9633 0.9641 0.9649 0.9656 0.9664 0.9671 0.9678 0.9686 0.9693 0.9699 0.9706 0.9713 0.9719 0.9726 0.9732 0.9738 0.9744 0.9750 0.9756 0.9761 0.9767 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 0.9772 0.9778 0.9783 0.9788 0.9793 0.9798 0.9803 0.9808 0.9812 0.9817 0.9821 0.9826 0.9830 0.9834 0.9838 0.9842 0.9846 0.9850 0.9854 0.9857 0.9861 0.9864 0.9868 0.9871 0.9875 0.9878 0.9881 0.9884 0.9887 0.9890 0.9893 0.9896 0.9898 0.9901 0.9904 0.9906 0.9909 0.9911 0.9913 0.9916 0.9918 0.9920 0.9922 0.9925 0.9927 0.9929 0.9931 0.9932 0.9934 0.9936 0.9938 0.9940 0.9941 0.9943 0.9945 0.9946 0.9948 0.9949 0.9951 0.9952 0.9953 0.9955 0.9956 0.9957 0.9959 0.9960 0.9961 0.9962 0.9963 0.9964 0.9965 0.9966 0.9967 0.9968 0.9969 0.9970 0.9971 0.9972 0.9973 0.9974 0.9974 0.9975 0.9976 0.9977 0.9977 0.9978 0.9979 0.9979 0.9980 0.9981 0.9981 0.9982 0.9982 0.9983 0.9984 0.9984 0.9985 0.9985 0.9986 0.9986 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 0.9987 0.9987 0.9987 0.9988 0.9988 0.9989 0.9989 0.9989 0.9990 0.9990 0.9990 0.9991 0.9991 0.9991 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9993 0.9993 0.9993 0.9993 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9998 ∗ For Z ≥ 3.50, the probability is greater than or equal to 0.9998. 466 APPENDIX B. DISTRIBUTION TABLES B.2 −3 t-Probability Table −2 −1 0 1 2 3 −3 One tail −2 −1 0 1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 One tail Figure B.1: Tails for the t-distribution. one tail two tails df 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 0.100 0.200 3.08 1.89 1.64 1.53 1.48 1.44 1.41 1.40 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.36 1.35 1.35 1.34 1.34 1.33 1.33 1.33 1.33 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.31 0.050 0.100 6.31 2.92 2.35 2.13 2.02 1.94 1.89 1.86 1.83 1.81 1.80 1.78 1.77 1.76 1.75 1.75 1.74 1.73 1.73 1.72 1.72 1.72 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 0 1 Two tails 0.025 0.050 12.71 4.30 3.18 2.78 2.57 2.45 2.36 2.31 2.26 2.23 2.20 2.18 2.16 2.14 2.13 2.12 2.11 2.10 2.09 2.09 2.08 2.07 2.07 2.06 2.06 2.06 2.05 2.05 2.05 2.04 0.010 0.020 31.82 6.96 4.54 3.75 3.36 3.14 3.00 2.90 2.82 2.76 2.72 2.68 2.65 2.62 2.60 2.58 2.57 2.55 2.54 2.53 2.52 2.51 2.50 2.49 2.49 2.48 2.47 2.47 2.46 2.46 0.005 0.010 63.66 9.92 5.84 4.60 4.03 3.71 3.50 3.36 3.25 3.17 3.11 3.05 3.01 2.98 2.95 2.92 2.90 2.88 2.86 2.85 2.83 2.82 2.81 2.80 2.79 2.78 2.77 2.76 2.76 2.75 2 3 467 one tail two tails df 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 60 70 80 90 100 150 200 300 400 500 ∞ 0.100 0.200 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.28 0.050 0.100 1.70 1.69 1.69 1.69 1.69 1.69 1.69 1.69 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.67 1.67 1.66 1.66 1.66 1.66 1.65 1.65 1.65 1.65 1.65 0.025 0.050 2.04 2.04 2.03 2.03 2.03 2.03 2.03 2.02 2.02 2.02 2.02 2.02 2.02 2.02 2.01 2.01 2.01 2.01 2.01 2.01 2.00 1.99 1.99 1.99 1.98 1.98 1.97 1.97 1.97 1.96 1.96 0.010 0.020 2.45 2.45 2.44 2.44 2.44 2.43 2.43 2.43 2.43 2.42 2.42 2.42 2.42 2.41 2.41 2.41 2.41 2.41 2.40 2.40 2.39 2.38 2.37 2.37 2.36 2.35 2.35 2.34 2.34 2.33 2.33 0.005 0.010 2.74 2.74 2.73 2.73 2.72 2.72 2.72 2.71 2.71 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.69 2.69 2.69 2.68 2.68 2.68 2.68 2.66 2.65 2.64 2.63 2.63 2.61 2.60 2.59 2.59 2.59 2.58 468 APPENDIX B. DISTRIBUTION TABLES B.3 Chi-Square Probability Table 0 5 10 15 Figure B.2: Areas in the chi-square table always refer to the right tail. Upper tail df 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 25 30 40 50 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.005 0.001 1.07 1.64 2.71 3.84 5.41 6.63 7.88 10.83 2.41 3.66 4.88 6.06 3.22 4.64 5.99 7.29 4.61 6.25 7.78 9.24 5.99 7.81 9.49 11.07 7.82 9.84 11.67 13.39 9.21 11.34 13.28 15.09 10.60 12.84 14.86 16.75 13.82 16.27 18.47 20.52 7.23 8.38 9.52 10.66 11.78 8.56 9.80 11.03 12.24 13.44 10.64 12.02 13.36 14.68 15.99 12.59 14.07 15.51 16.92 18.31 15.03 16.62 18.17 19.68 21.16 16.81 18.48 20.09 21.67 23.21 18.55 20.28 21.95 23.59 25.19 22.46 24.32 26.12 27.88 29.59 12.90 14.01 15.12 14.63 15.81 16.98 17.28 18.55 19.81 19.68 21.03 22.36 22.62 24.05 25.47 24.72 26.22 27.69 26.76 28.30 29.82 31.26 32.91 34.53 16.22 17.32 18.15 19.31 21.06 22.31 23.68 25.00 26.87 28.26 29.14 30.58 31.32 32.80 36.12 37.70 18.42 20.47 23.54 26.30 29.63 32.00 34.27 39.25 19.51 20.60 21.69 22.77 21.61 22.76 23.90 25.04 24.77 25.99 27.20 28.41 27.59 28.87 30.14 31.41 31.00 32.35 33.69 35.02 33.41 34.81 36.19 37.57 35.72 37.16 38.58 40.00 40.79 42.31 43.82 45.31 28.17 33.53 44.16 54.72 30.68 36.25 47.27 58.16 34.38 40.26 51.81 63.17 37.65 43.77 55.76 67.50 41.57 47.96 60.44 72.61 44.31 50.89 63.69 76.15 46.93 53.67 66.77 79.49 52.62 59.70 73.40 86.66 QSED 2020-21 Final Assessment NAME / STUDENT NUMBER 1. This assessment constitutes assessments 3 & 4 of the QSED module. 2. This assignment must be submitted online in Moodle by 11 pm Sunday 11 April 2021. 3. You may print this assignment sheet and complete it by hand. If you have a scanner, scan your answers and create a single PDF file. If you do not have a scanner, please see the instructions on creating a PDF file using your phone. 4. Alternatively, you can download a PDF or Word version of this assessment and complete it on your computer. You must then produce a PDF file of your work and upload that to Moodle. 5. Write your name/student number in the box above. 6. You should write your answers clearly in the space provided on this sheet. 7. Write clearly and present your answers logically. Show ALL your working. 8. Ensure all numerical answers have the correct precision. 9. Ensure all quantities have the correct units. 10. You may use a calculator or Excel to do the relevant calculations. You must state which you use. 11. You must complete this assignment by yourself. Any evidence of copying will be dealt with under the College’s policy on Assessment Offences. Question 1 A sample of 25,410 people from the Rondônia region of Brazil, which is on the border with Bolivia, were found to have the following distribution of blood types: Blood Type O+ A+ B+ AB+ OABAB- Total Observed Number (O) 13,094 7,483 2,569 292 1,115 694 137 26 25,410 (a) [4 marks] Complete the following table, giving the expected numbers in the sample based on the typical blood type distribution in Brazil. Blood Type O+ A+ B+ AB+ O- A- B- AB- Total Typical Brazilian Distribution 36% 34% 8% 2.5% 9% 8% 2% 0.5% 100% Expected Number (E) 1 (b) [2 marks] Researchers were interested to find out whether the blood type distribution within the Rondônia region was typical of that for Brazil, and decided to perform a χ2 test. State the null hypothesis. (c) [4 marks] Complete the table below in order to determine the value of χ2. Blood Type O+ A+ B+ AB+ O- A- B- AB- χ2 O-E (O – E)2 / E (d) [2 marks] From the Probability Tables, determine the critical value of χ2 for 7 degrees of freedom and a critical significance level of 0.05 is 14.1. (e) [4 marks] On the basis of your results in (c) and (d), state (i) whether your result is significant, (ii) whether you accept or reject the null hypothesis, and (iii) what conclusions you draw from this study. 2 Question 2 A particular HIV test used in Uganda has a 97.6% chance of detecting HIV if the individual actually has it, and a 90.4% chance of correctly indicating that HIV is absent if the person really does not have HIV. Among males between the ages of 15 and 49 in Uganda the prevalence of HIV is 12.6%. (a) [6 marks] Draw a probability tree diagram using this information, and use this to determine the probability that a randomly chosen male will be: (i) True positive, (ii) False negative, (iii) False positive, (iv) True negative. (b) [2 marks] What percentage of Ugandan males between the ages of 15 and 49 who test positive actually have HIV? (c) [2 marks] What percentage of Ugandan males between the ages of 15 and 49 who test negative do not actually have HIV? 3 Question 3 The probability of a bacterium being infected with a phage is 0.4. If four bacteria are examined under a microscope, determine the probability of the following. Hint: use the binomial distribution. (a) [2 marks] No bacteria being infected? (b) [2 marks] Three bacteria being infected? (c) [3 marks] At least one bacterium being infected? Question 4 A pink solution of the Co2+ ion absorbs green light at a wavenumber 𝜈̅ = 19400 cm-1. (a) [4 marks] Give the corresponding wavelength, 𝜆, and frequency, 𝜈, of this electromagnetic radiation. 4 (b) [4 marks] The molar absorption coefficient of Co2+ is 12 dm3 mol-1 cm-1 at this wavelength. If a sample in a tube of width 1.0 cm has an absorbance A = 0.60, what is the concentration of Co2+ in the sample? Hint: use the Beer-Lambert law. Question 5 (a) [4 marks] The first atomic explosion was detonated in the desert north of Alamogordo, New Mexico, on July 16, 1945. What percentage of the strontium-90 (t½ = 28.9 years) originally produced by that explosion will still remain on July 16 2021. 5 (b) [4 marks] Technetium-99 has been used as a radiographic agent in bone scans. If it has a half-life of 6.0 hours, what fraction of an administered dose of 100. μg remains in a patients body after 2.0 days? (c) [4 marks] When an atom of uranium-235 is struck with a neutron, atoms of cerium-144 and strontium-90 are produced, along with some neutrons and electrons. How many neutrons and βparticles are produced in this fission reaction? Explain your answer. 6 QSED 2020-21 Final Assessment NAME / STUDENT NUMBER 1. This assessment constitutes assessments 3 & 4 of the QSED module. 2. This assignment must be submitted online in Moodle by 11 pm Sunday 11 April 2021. 3. You may print this assignment sheet and complete it by hand. If you have a scanner, scan your answers and create a single PDF file. If you do not have a scanner, please see the instructions on creating a PDF file using your phone. 4. Alternatively, you can download a PDF or Word version of this assessment and complete it on your computer. You must then produce a PDF file of your work and upload that to Moodle. 5. Write your name/student number in the box above. 6. You should write your answers clearly in the space provided on this sheet. 7. Write clearly and present your answers logically. Show ALL your working. 8. Ensure all numerical answers have the correct precision. 9. Ensure all quantities have the correct units. 10. You may use a calculator or Excel to do the relevant calculations. You must state which you use. 11. You must complete this assignment by yourself. Any evidence of copying will be dealt with under the College’s policy on Assessment Offences. Question 1 A sample of 25,410 people from the Rondônia region of Brazil, which is on the border with Bolivia, were found to have the following distribution of blood types: Blood Type O+ A+ B+ AB+ OABAB- Total Observed Number (O) 13,094 7,483 2,569 292 1,115 694 137 26 25,410 (a) [4 marks] Complete the following table, giving the expected numbers in the sample based on the typical blood type distribution in Brazil. Blood Type O+ A+ B+ AB+ O- A- B- AB- Total Typical Brazilian Distribution 36% 34% 8% 2.5% 9% 8% 2% 0.5% 100% Expected Number (E) 1 (b) [2 marks] Researchers were interested to find out whether the blood type distribution within the Rondônia region was typical of that for Brazil, and decided to perform a χ2 test. State the null hypothesis. (c) [4 marks] Complete the table below in order to determine the value of χ2. Blood Type O+ A+ B+ AB+ O- A- B- AB- χ2 O-E (O – E)2 / E (d) [2 marks] From the Probability Tables, determine the critical value of χ2 for 7 degrees of freedom and a critical significance level of 0.05 is 14.1. (e) [4 marks] On the basis of your results in (c) and (d), state (i) whether your result is significant, (ii) whether you accept or reject the null hypothesis, and (iii) what conclusions you draw from this study. 2 Question 2 A particular HIV test used in Uganda has a 97.6% chance of detecting HIV if the individual actually has it, and a 90.4% chance of correctly indicating that HIV is absent if the person really does not have HIV. Among males between the ages of 15 and 49 in Uganda the prevalence of HIV is 12.6%. (a) [6 marks] Draw a probability tree diagram using this information, and use this to determine the probability that a randomly chosen male will be: (i) True positive, (ii) False negative, (iii) False positive, (iv) True negative. (b) [2 marks] What percentage of Ugandan males between the ages of 15 and 49 who test positive actually have HIV? (c) [2 marks] What percentage of Ugandan males between the ages of 15 and 49 who test negative do not actually have HIV? 3 Question 3 The probability of a bacterium being infected with a phage is 0.4. If four bacteria are examined under a microscope, determine the probability of the following. Hint: use the binomial distribution. (a) [2 marks] No bacteria being infected? (b) [2 marks] Three bacteria being infected? (c) [3 marks] At least one bacterium being infected? Question 4 A pink solution of the Co2+ ion absorbs green light at a wavenumber 𝜈̅ = 19400 cm-1. (a) [4 marks] Give the corresponding wavelength, 𝜆, and frequency, 𝜈, of this electromagnetic radiation. 4 (b) [4 marks] The molar absorption coefficient of Co2+ is 12 dm3 mol-1 cm-1 at this wavelength. If a sample in a tube of width 1.0 cm has an absorbance A = 0.60, what is the concentration of Co2+ in the sample? Hint: use the Beer-Lambert law. Question 5 (a) [4 marks] The first atomic explosion was detonated in the desert north of Alamogordo, New Mexico, on July 16, 1945. What percentage of the strontium-90 (t½ = 28.9 years) originally produced by that explosion will still remain on July 16 2021. 5 (b) [4 marks] Technetium-99 has been used as a radiographic agent in bone scans. If it has a half-life of 6.0 hours, what fraction of an administered dose of 100. μg remains in a patients body after 2.0 days? (c) [4 marks] When an atom of uranium-235 is struck with a neutron, atoms of cerium-144 and strontium-90 are produced, along with some neutrons and electrons. How many neutrons and βparticles are produced in this fission reaction? Explain your answer. 6 
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