Collect information from the chapter about poverty, discussion help

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Collect information from the chapter about poverty, urbanization, drug abuse, civil and domestic violence, and decreased levels of physical activity. Identify ways that the issues interlink.

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Ch. 15 – Occupation in Illness Prevention  Occupation in illness prevention is defined as the application of medical, epidemiological, behavioral, social, and occupational science to prolong quality of life for all people by preventing physiological, psychological, social, and occupational illness, accidents and disability through occupation-focused advocacy, meditation and programs to enable people to do, be, belong, and become according to their natural health needs Ch. 15 – Occupation in Illness Prevention    Occupational illness may manifest in a medically recognized disorder and may require occupational resolution rather than, or as well as a medical prescription Occupation as a means of illness prevention often appears to be disregarded, despite the many sources of information that make it clear that ill-health and disability could be reduced, and in some cases prevented, according to what people do or do not do Common understanding of occupation’s effects on health is skewed toward the exploration of physical illness that is a prime focus of mainstream medicine Ch. 15 – Occupation in Illness Prevention  Preventing Illness:  Prevention is the action of stopping something from happening or arising  Disease prevention is the name given to action usually emanating from the health sector about risk factors and risk behaviors  It is commonly referred as preventive medicine  It is often performed by general medical practitioners who use population-based studies as a foundation for advice to protect individuals  In developing countries, it is best known for methods, such as immunization, vaccination, screening, quarantine, improved sanitation, and encouraging of breastfeeding Ch. 15 – Occupation in Illness Prevention  World health organizations focus on:  Prevention of illness such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted         disease, tuberculosis, obesity-related disorders, noncommunicable disorders, and mental illness Prevention of work-related illness or accidents Prevention of behaviors, such as suicide, drug, alcohol, or other substance abuse Prevention of school drop outs, bulling, and cruelty to or abuse of children Prevention of teen pregnancies or child sex abuse Prevention of family, sexual, and youth violence, juvenile delinquency, or gang behavior Prevention of poverty Prevention of terrorism Prevention of pollution and ecological degradation Ch. 15 – Occupation in Illness Prevention  Public health is very complex:  For example: There is no research why people (especially youth) take up bad habits, such as smoking  Instead efforts are placed on shocking people about the health hazards (TV commercials, radio and other social media announcements, graphic photographs, and so forth)  Questions about what other forms of occupation it replaces, supplements, or enhances are disregarded  Things which are mostly blamed (not without merit!) are:  Peer pressure  Greed of multinational tobacco companies  Advertising Ch. 15 – Occupation in Illness Prevention    To take more holistic approach from an occupational perspective requires consideration of what basic needs are fulfilled by taking up bad habits in the first place What occupational needs are not met to make it necessary or possible to ignore health warnings? There should be changes in social, political, and economic pressures on tobacco entrepreneurs and on lifestyles and occupations across the board, to reduce the harmful habits (such as smoking) Ch. 15 – Occupation in Illness Prevention   Because prevention appears a less immediate need than treatment of an existing problem, it is often overlooked, put aside, and forgotten despite the life-saving and remedial successes of early public health initiatives Sir William Osler (1849-1919) stated:  “… that it was in the field of prevention of disease that modern medicine attained its greatest achievements. Our life is no longer shortened by diseases such as leprosy, plague, smallpox, and rabies. Our life expectation is about twice as long as it was half a century ago.” Ch. 15 – Occupation in Illness Prevention  McKeown pointed out that:  Noncommunicable diseases are a response to conditions that have arisen in the last few centuries  These changes are acting on a genetic constitution suited to the lifestyles of at least 100,000 years ago  Most of the noncommunicable diseases appeared in the past century  McKeown stated:  “Living conditions have changed profoundly since industrialization, in ways that might be expected to prejudice both physical and mental health: increased size and density of populations; transfer from rural to urban life; reduction of fiber and increase of fat, sugar and salt in the diet; increased use of tobacco, alcohol and illicit drugs; reduction of physical exercise; changes in patterns of reproduction, with fewer and later pregnancies.” Ch. 15 – Occupation in Illness Prevention  Recent Considerations:  In 1921, Adolf Mayer presented ideas about occupation as a mean to prevent illness while, at the same time, promoting health  He claimed that occupation requires people’s active interaction with the environment and reality in a way that maintains and balance them, because the mind and body work in unison  He recognized that activity un tune with natural rhythms has a positive effect on human functioning, and that there is a need to strive for balance in the various types of occupation Ch. 15 – Occupation in Illness Prevention  In the 1960s, Wilma West proposed that occupational therapists should:        Function as health agents with responsibility to help ensure normal growth and development Encourage occupation focused programs aimed toward maintaining optimum health rather than intermittent treatment of acute disease and disability Consider more fully the socio-economic and cultural as well as biological causes of disease as dysfunction Develop a health model of practice with the assumption that health care would be as concerned with prevention as with rehabilitation Find more effective methods to ensure and enrich development of physical, mental, emotional, social, and vocational abilities Make a timely translation from a long time focus on activities of daily living for the disabled to advocacy of the balanced regimen of age appropriate, work play activities for man in the pre-disease/disability phase Revisit their underlying philosophy and facilitate a broader application of existing knowledge about the effects of activity, or its absence, on health Ch. 15 – Occupation in Illness Prevention  Occupation-Focused Prevention of Illness and Disability:  People are occupational beings and much illness can be prevented, naturally, through what people do day by day throughout life  Through informed and wise choice of occupation, people can influence the state of their own and others’ health, reduce illness and disability directly or indirectly  People can meet their biological needs and potentials across 24-hour active-rest continuum throughout life  Occupations known to lead to illness should be replaced by illnessprevention occupations that are socio-culturally valued and afford individual and lollective meaning and purpose Ch. 15 – Occupation in Illness Prevention    For occupations to be illness preventive, they need to provide opportunity for growth and development according to human biological capacity They need to meet the prerequisites and the physiological requirements for physical, mental, and social exercise They should result in the well-working of each human organism as a whole Ch. 15 – Occupation in Illness Prevention  Is Occupation-Focused Prevention of Illness and Disability Necessary?  Chronic diseases are now the major cause of death and disability worldwide. Noncommunicable conditions, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD), diabetes, obesity, cancer, and respiratory diseases, now account for 59% of the 57 million deaths and 46% of the global burden of disease    The impact of illness or premature death can be associated with ongoing, unresolved stress from occupational imbalance, depravation, or alienation This may result from paid employment, corporate occupations, or sociopolitical initiatives Those can be risk factors in themselves or result in the development of health risk behaviors Ch. 15 – Occupation in Illness Prevention  They may lead to early health disorders, such as:  Boredom  Burnouts  Depression  Decreased fitness, brain, or liver function  Increase blood pressure  Changes in sleep patterns  Changes in body weight patterns  Changes in emotional state  Ultimately to disease, disability, and/or death Ch. 15 – Occupation in Illness Prevention  Poverty is a great Threat:  Lack of work occupation often leads to poverty, which is accompanied by hunger, disease, and illiteracy, as well as by addiction, violence, and depression  Poverty includes living and working in risky and unhealthy conditions (such as polluted environment)  Poverty can lead to feelings of loneliness, powerlessness, voicelessness, anxiety, and fear for the future Ch. 15 – Occupation in Illness Prevention  Urbanization:  Living in bigger cities allowed people to meet others with similar interests  Cities appear to be less healthy places to live in than rural environments  Doing things, becoming fulfilled, and being with others is so important that those left behind in rural communities can experience occupational depravation  However, there is a downside: The centralization of businesses and other paid employment leaves many people without sense of community and people can suffer from isolation, loneliness, boredom, and alienation  It is easier to be unknown in a crowds of big cities than in a smaller rural communities where people are more readily observed and involved Ch. 15 – Occupation in Illness Prevention  People living outside urban centers are exposed to:  Long and tiring travel for work or services  Increased incidences of road accidents  Increased suicide rates among rural youth  Increased alcohol use  Feeling “burn up”  Necessity for younger population to “go to town”  Increased depression rates Ch. 15 – Occupation in Illness Prevention  Increased drug Abuse and Civil and Domestic Violence:  Substance abuse and violence are unhealthy occupational behaviors  They are learned occupations from: ○ Families ○ Community ○ Media ○ Peer pressures, and so forth  The youth appear particularly at risk due to their developmental stages  For some young people an adventurous or rebellious nature or those who are easily led risky behaviors provide a means of forgetting failure and fighting back with established norms Ch. 15 – Occupation in Illness Prevention  Decrease of Physical Occupations:  Physical doing has altered throughout time as a result of accelerating changes in societies across the world  Most people in postmodern cultures are no longer required to undertake either sustained or substantial physical exercise through what they do  People undertake physical exercises at will rather than for necessity  Vigorous physical activity was part of everyday life for most people, at home, at work, and in transit between them Ch. 15 – Occupation in Illness Prevention   As recent as 1850, human muscles provided up to 1/3 of the energy used by physical occupations - today the figure is less than 1% The human body is becoming redundant as a source of energy in the workplace (with physical activity having become) largely a recreational option rather than a survival necessity Ch. 15 – Occupation in Illness Prevention    Physical inactivity is a major health related concern It declines with age from as early as adolescence Many studies have found differences between groups according to:  Age  Gender  Ethnicity  Sociocultural status  Education  Employment Ch. 15 – Occupation in Illness Prevention       An overload of sedentary occupation (physical inactivity) contributes significantly to the global burden of chronic disease It is estimated to cause 2 million deaths worldwide annually Throughout the world about 10-16% of cases of breast cancer, colon cancers, and diabetes are directly linked to sedentary lifestyle In addition, 22% of ischemic heart disease is linked to sedentary lifestyle as well Sedentary lifestyle is as strong a risk factor as increased blood pressure, smoking, and high levels of cholesterol Adults who are inactive are twice as likely to die from cardiovascular disease than those who are very active Ch. 15 – Occupation in Illness Prevention  The WHO provided the following facts:  Appropriate regular physical activity is a major component in preventing     the growing global burden of chronic disease At lease 60% of the global population fails to achieve the minimum recommended 30 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity a day The risk of getting a cardiovascular disease increases by 1.5 times in people who do not follow minimum physical activity recommendations Inactivity greatly contributes to medical costs – by an estimated $75 billion in the USA in 2000 alone Increasing physical activity is a societal, not just an individual problem, and demands a population-based, multi-disciplinary, and culturally relevant approach Ch. 15 – Occupation in Illness Prevention  Approaches to Occupation-Focused Prevention of Illness and Disability:  The terms primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention are used to differentiate different stages of the preventive process: ○ Primary prevention is about preventing the occurrence of the illness or injury ○ Secondary prevention is about early detection or arrest ○ Tertiary prevention is about the reduction of chronicity or possible relapse Ch. 15 – Occupation in Illness Prevention  It has been found that occupations of a physical nature lower the risk of  Breast cancer  Lower blood pressure  Reduce body fat  Improve glucose metabolism  Benefit musculoskeletal conditions (such as low back pain)  Reduce osteoporosis  Reduce incidents of falls among elders Ch. 15 – Occupation in Illness Prevention  In addition, occupations of a physical nature can reduce:  Depression  Anxiety  Stress  Provide social health  Provide economic benefits   They have a beneficial effect on social interaction throughout life They can provide enjoyment, reduce violence, increase productivity, create healthier environments, and reduce health care costs Ch. 15 – Occupation in Illness Prevention       Too much physical exercises can be detrimental to health as too little It can lead to atrophy of body tissue and organs Over-exercising has been linked to the overproduction of free radicals, which could be linked with many lifestyle disorders and even sudden death during exercise Athletes experiencing some form of breakdown of health at the time of major competition is not uncommon The stress of over-training can cause depression and decrease immune function Moderate, rather than strenuous, exercise is now often recommended Ch. 15 – Occupation in Illness Prevention    Health is more likely to be maintain if individual have the skills and recourses to cope effectively with the diversity of life’s challenges Patterns of doing acquired early in life establish the function for health or illness, are often manipulated subconsciously, and are difficult to overturn From childhood people should be involved in occupations that:  Fulfill occupational natures and needs rather then being add-on requirements  Provide for basic requirements  Provide meaning, purpose, and a sense of belonging  Provide opportunities to develop and grow Ch. 15 – Occupation in Illness Prevention  Considering illness from the perspective of occupational imbalance, depravation, alienation, and a lack of opportunities to develop potential, as well as boredom, burnouts, or sleep disturbance are useful ways to explore prevention of illness with an occupational lens Ch. 15 – Occupation in Illness Prevention  This includes identification of occupational factors that lead to:  Stress related and mental illness  Ineffective parenting, child exploitation or depravation, and food abuse  Child cruelty and abuse, family and sexual violence, juvenile       delinquency, teen pregnancies Bulling School dropout, street living, suicide, aggression, substance abuse Work related alienation, dissatisfaction, illness, welfare fraud Exclusion from work or chosen occupations that ensure active aging Terrorism or gang behavior Pollution or ecological degradation Ch. 15 – Occupation in Illness Prevention    Bird and Fremont noted differences in men’s and women’s activities in relation to illness They hypothesized that although women live longer, they experience more sickness than men because of occupational and social role variance Those include the combined effect of:  Less paid work and lower remuneration  More time expended in household labor  More time expended in child care and helping others  Fewer hours of leisure and sleep  Mostly holding less prestigious roles than men Ch. 15 – Occupation in Illness Prevention  Bird and Fremont concluded that women would experience better health than men if gender roles were more alike because, when gender differences are controlled, being a man is associated with poorer health than being a woman Chapter 15 explored occupation as a means of preventing illness and the priority issues for occupation-focused prevention of illness and disability (OPID): poverty, urbanization, drug abuse, civil and domestic violence, and decreased levels of physical activity. The discussion will assist students to become clearer about the negative as well as the positive health consequences of occupation. It will enable a clearer vision about preventing illness and disability through increased understanding of and action toward what people want, need, or have to do; what it means to them; or the physical, mental, and social health outcomes. Wilcock, A. A., & Hocking, C. (2015). An occupational perspective of health (3rd ed.). Thorofare, NJ: SLACK Incorporated.
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Running head: OCCUPATION IN ILLNESS
PREVENTION

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Occupation in illness prevention
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Professor’s name
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OCCUPATION IN ILLNESS PREVENTION

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Occupation in illness prevention
While frequently understated, occupation plays a crucial role in prevention of illness and
disability. An individual’s occupation both determines and is determined by a number of factors
which have a bearing on health consequences. This include poverty, drug abuse, violence,
urbanization and decreased levels of activity. This factors are not...


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