University of Kentucky Multiple Sclerosis Question

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This assignment is for a nutrition course. All the requirements are in the file below, including length of report.

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NUTR 3334 Advanced Nutrition Neuromuscular Disease Assignment The purpose of this assignment is to learn how to breakdown difficult information and communicate it to a patient in a simple manner. Being able to communicate effectively to patients is a critical part of health care. Think about “how would I want a health professional to teach me about this disease if my family member was diagnosed with it”. Choose one of the following difficult diseases for your assignment (use only one of these diseases, they have serious nutritional and physical problems: Multiple Sclerosis, ALS, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s disease This assignment has 3 parts. Treat each part as if it’s a separate assignment. Part 1: This is the scientific and professional part Write a 1-2 page, single spaced article about the disease you selected. What causes it, what are the symptoms, who gets it, how is it diagnosed, the medications, the treatments, the prognosis, how can it be prevented, and the dietary and physical therapies for the disease. For part 1 include 2 minimum scientific peer-reviewed references. Write this section (Part 1) as if you were writing to fellow health professionals who can understand the science. It must be scientific and use current articles on the disease. THIS PART IS VERY SCIENTIFIC WITH CURRENT RESEARCH ETC. USE SCIENTIFIC PEER REVIEWED ARTICLES not WebMd. Put references at the end of each part of the assignment. Part 1 is worth 80 points. Part 2: Select your patient, you determine the age and sex of the patient and re-word your part 1 above as if you were explaining it to your patient and patient’s caregivers. Put it in a language you feel they will understand and use examples to help clarify. 1-2 pages, single spaced. You need to reference this part also. THIS IS EVERYTHING IN PART 1 BUT BROKEN DOWN FOR A 12 YEAR OLD TO UNDERSTAND. Part 2 is worth 80 points. Part 3: Part 3 is worth 40 points. For part 3, write the dietary recommendations and explain the changes that will occur as the disease progresses. Also make physical therapy or other therapy recommendations related to the disease in a language the patient understands. 1-5 pages. Be creative. Include sample menus, charts, exercise routines. This is about educating the family with resources to help you teach. They need to know how it will affect their loved one’s life both now and in the future. Include sample menus and feeding schedules throughout the patient’s disease. Use graphics to explain your concepts if necessary. Include helpful websites, support groups. THIS PART HAS LOTS OF GRAPHICS, MENUS, PICS or VISUAL THINGS TO HELP TEACH. This part also needs references if you pull things off the internet you need to cite them.
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Multiple Sclerosis- Outline
Thesis Statement: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common neurological disease and one of the
most relevant causes of non-traumatic disability. The underlying cause of MS is unknown
although research has outlined the major risk factors.
I. Part 1: Professional Communication
A. Causes: Understanding the genetic composition and the essential environmental
factors that can be used to reduce risk of MS is a priority in current studies of the
chronic disease.
B. Symptoms: Primarily, MS leads to the destruction of myelinated axons of the central
nervous system (CNS) at varying degrees leading to reduction of the affected nerves’
ability to transmit signals
C. At-risk population: Overall, although anyone can be affected by MS, being female,
20-45 years old, living in high-latitude countries, and family history of the illness are
the major risk factors
D. Diagnosis: There is no single diagnosis for MS
E. Prevention, treatment, & medications: Since the underlying cause of MS is uncertain,
there is no sure way of preventing the illness
F. Prognosis: MS is a chronic condition and the prognosis of the disease depends on the
subtype, symptoms, degree of disability, sex, and age
G. Dietary and physical therapies: A healthy diet can help people with MS to reduce
symptom progression
II. Part 2: Patient Communication

A. Multiple sclerosis, abbreviated as (MS), affecting the brain and spinal cord, the
body parts that generally coordinate the body activities.
B. Multiple sclerosis can affect anyone. However, through data of infection patterns,
it has been determined that women are more than twice as likely to be infected as
men
C. The activity they provide you to engage will depend on the characteristics that
come with the disease
III. Part 3: Patient education
A. Timeline: Overall, MS becomes more severe and complications worsen with time
B. Diet: The diet is not about a strict meal plan but rather the choice of foods you
make.
C. Therapy: In addition to dietary considerations, it is advisable to engage in
physical therapy for people with MS


Running head: MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

1

Multiple Sclerosis
Name
Institution

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

2
Multiple Sclerosis
Part 1: Professional Communication

Causes
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common neurological disease and one of the most relevant
causes of non-traumatic disability. The underlying cause of MS is unknown although research
has outlined the major risk factors. According to Dobson and Giovannoni (2019), while the cause
remains uncertain, certain genes increase risk of MS in addition to Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV),
ultraviolet B light (UVB) exposure, smoking, and obesity. Additionally, it has been established
that environmental factors trump genetics and hence current research heavily focuses on
reducing risk through the stated environmental factors (Goldenberg, 2012). Understanding the
genetic composition and the essential environmental factors that can be used to reduce risk of
MS is a priority in current studies of the chronic disease.
Symptoms
The symptoms of MS vary widely from one person to another depending on the affected
nerves as well as the stage of the disease. Primarily, MS leads to the destruction of myelinated
axons of the central nervous system (CNS) at varying degrees leading to reduction of the
affected nerves’ ability to transmit signals (Dobson & Giovannoni, 2019). Therefore, common
symptoms may include numbing of limbs or the trunk, typically occurring on one side of the
body. Additionally, the infected person may lack a steady gait and coordination as well as
experience vision problems such as loss of vision and blurry vision. Other symptoms include
fatigue, loss of bowel and bladder control, and dizziness (Dobson & Giovannoni, 2019). As with
other health conditions, differential diagnosis is required before treatment for MS is started.
At-Risk Population
MS is a global disease although women and people in high latitudes are at a higher risk.
Women are twice as likely to be affected by MS as males in most developed countries.
Additionally, people of Northern Europe descent are also more likely to develop MS (Dobson &
Giovannoni, 2019). People in high latitudes have lower exposure to UVB and hence are at a
higher risk compared to low latitude countries. Moreover, due to the genetic aspect of MS,
family history is also a significant predictor of the risk of the illness. The disease also typically
presents to people between 20 years and 45 years of age (Dobson & Giovannoni, 2019). Overall,
although anyone can be affected by MS, being female, 20-45 years old, living in high-latitude
countries, and family history of the illness are the major risk factors predicting disease incidence.
Diagnosis
There is no single diagnosis for MS; physicians use clinical findings and ancillary tests to
make a diagnosis. According to Goldenberg (2012), being diagnosed with MS requires that the
physician finds damage in at least two sites of the CNS, observe symptoms occurring for more
than 24 hours and episodes separated by at least one month, eliminate other possible diagnoses,
and perform magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This process of diagnosis seeks to determine
that there is indeed evidence that the cause of the symptoms is destruction of myelinated axons.
In addition to MRI, serological tests of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can also be used to aid in
the diagnosis (Goldenberg, 2012). Depending on the symptoms, course, and frequency, the
doctor can effectively diagnose the different types of MS in order to enhance the specific
treatment and management processes through differential diagnoses.
Prevention, Treatment, and Medications
Since the underlying cause of MS is uncertain, there is no sure way of preventing the
illness. Nevertheless, controlling the environmental factors such as exposure to UVB could help

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

3

in reducing the risk. While one cannot effectively prevent the onset of MS, various approaches
are used in managing the condition. There is also no cure for MS but various therapies and
medications are useful in its management and modification of symptoms. Strong evidence shows
the effectiveness of exercise in reducing the progression of MS. The causal factor is due to the
ability to increase muscle strength and balance as well as reduce fatigue through exercise
(Goldenberg, 2012). Diet and other physical therapies have also been proved to reduce risk of
progression and modify symptoms. The most common approach after diagnosis is the
prescription of medications. Teriflunomide (brand name Aubagio) is one of the most used
medications for MS. Others include siponimod and corticosteroids (Goldenberg, 2012).
Medications used for MS are mainly receptor modulators which help relieve symptoms and
reduce disease progression.
Prognosis
MS is a chronic condition and the prognosis of the disease depends on the subtype,
symptoms, degree of disability, sex, and age. MS is rarely fatal in itself but complications
emerging from the illness lead to a lower life expectancy. People with MS have a life expectancy
5 to 10 years shorter than the general life expectancy of the rest of the population (Oh et al.,
2018). Most people lose ability to walk independently but this usually occurs at the later stages
of the disease (Oh et al., 2018). Disease progression depends on the success of modifying
therapies and the level of disability of the affected person.
Dietary and Physical Therapies
A healthy diet can help people with MS to reduce symptom progression. Basically, since
obesity is a risk factor, adopting a balanced diet and maintaining healthy weight may help with
disease progression and reducing risk of disability. Additionally, there is a correlation between
disease activity and low vitamin D levels (Sintzel et al., 2018). Therefore, it is recommended that
people with MS maintain a diet with high vitamin D levels. Elsewhere, physical therapy is
important at all stages of MS. During diagnosis, the therapist should assess limitations in
movement and gait to help in enhancing the patient’s independence. During a flare-up, the
therapist can make diagnoses of challenges the patient experiences and design relevant
interventions. For progressing and advanced MS, the physical therapist will trai...


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