Alexander Falconbridge was forced through poverty to work as a surgeon on slave ships. Witnessing the horrors of the trade, Falconbridge became an advocate for the slaves. He went on to become involved in Sierra Leone, a British antislavery resettlement colony in West Africa. The following passage outlines how slaves were obtained in Africa by kidnapping and examined by traders before being sold.SOURCE: Alexander Falconbridge, An Account of the Slave Trade on the Coast of Africa (London, 1788).The Manner in which the Slaves are ProcuredAfter permission has been obtained for breaking trade, as it is termed, the captains go ashore from time to time, to examine the Negroes that are exposed to sale, and to make their purchases. The unhappy wretches thus disposed of, are bought by the black traders at fairs, which are held for that purpose, at the distance of upwards of two hundred miles from the sea coast, and these fairs are said to be supplied from an interior part of the country.Many Negroes, upon being questioned relative to the places of their nativity, have asserted, that they have travelled during the revolution of several moons (their usual method of calculating time), before they have reached the places they were purchased by the black traders. At these fairs, which are held at uncertain periods, but generally every six weeks, several thousands are frequently exposed to sale, who had been collected from all parts of the country for a very considerable distance round. While I was upon the coast, during one of the voyages I made, the black traders brought down, in different canoes, from twelve to fifteen hundred Negroes, which had been purchased at one fair. They consisted chiefly of men and boys, the women seldom exceeding a third of the whole number. From forty to two hundred Negroes are generally purchased at a time by the black traders, according to the opulence of the buyer; and consist of those of all ages, from a month to sixty years and upwards. Scarce any age or situation is deemed an exception, the price being proportional. Women sometimes form a part of them, who happen to be so far advanced in their pregnancy, as to be delivered during their journey from the fairs to the coast; and I have frequently seen instances of deliveries on board ship. The slaves purchased at these fairs are only for the supply of the markets at Bonny, and Old and New Calabar.There is great reason to believe, that most of the Negroes shipped off from the coast of Africa, are kidnapped. But the extreme care taken by the black traders to prevent the Europeans from gaining any intelligence of their modes of proceeding; the great distance inland from whence the Negroes are brought; and our ignorance of their language (with which, very frequently, the black traders themselves are equally unacquainted), prevent our obtaining such information on this head as we could wish. I have, however, by means of occasional inquiries, made through interpreters, procured some intelligence relative to the point, and such, as I think, puts the matter beyond a doubt.From these I select the following striking instances; While I was in employ in board one of the slave ships, a Negro informed me that being in evening invited to drink with some of the black traders, upon his going away, attempted to seize him. As he was very active, he evaded their design and got out of their hands. He was, however, prevented from effecting his escape by a large dog, which laid hold of him, and compelled him to submit. These creatures are kept by many of the traders for that purpose; and being trained to the inhuman sport, they appear to be much pleased with it.I was likewise told by a Negro woman that as she was on her return home, one evening, from some neighbors, to whom she had been making a visit by invitation, she was kidnapped; and notwithstanding she was big with child, sold for a slave. This transaction happened a considerable way up the country, and she had passed through the hands of several purchasers before she reached the ship. A man and his son, according to their own information, were seized by professional kidnappers, while they were planting yams, and sold for slaves. This likewise happened in the interior pans of the country, and after passing through several hands, they were purchased for the ship to which I belonged. It frequently happens that those who kidnap others are themselves, in their turns, seized and sold. A Negro in the West Indies informed me that after having been employed in kidnapping others, he had experienced this reverse. And he assured me that it was a common incident among his countrymen....During my stay on the coast of Africa, I was an eye-witness of the following transaction: a black trader invited a Negro, who resided a little way up the country, to come and see him. After the entertainment was over, the trader pro- posed to his guest, to treat him with a sight of one of the ships lying in the river. The unsuspicious countryman readily consented, and accompanied the trader in a canoe to the side of the ship, which he viewed with pleasure and astonishment. While he was thus employed, some black traders on board, who appeared to be in the secret, leaped into the canoe, seized the unfortunate man, and dragging him into the ship, immediately sold him...When the Negroes, whom the black traders have to dispose of, are shown to the European purchasers, they first examine them relative to their age. They then minutely inspect their persons, and inquire into the state of their health; if they are afflicted with any infirmity, or are deformed; or have bad eyes or teeth; if they are lame, or weak in their joints, or distorted in the back, or of a slender make, or are narrow in the chest; in short, if they have been, or are afflicted in any manner, so as to render them incapable of much labour; if any of the foregoing defects are discovered in them, they are rejected. But if approved of, they are generally taken on board the ship the same evening. The purchaser has liberty to return on the following morning, but not afterwards, such as upon re-examination are found exceptionable.The traders frequently beat those Negroes which are objected to by the captains and use them with great sever- ity. It matters not whether they are refused on account of age, illness, deformity, or for any other reason. At New Calabar, in particular, the traders have frequently been known to put them to death. Instances have happened at that place that the traders, when any of their Negroes have been objected to, have dropped their canoes under the stern of the vessel, and instantly beheaded them, in sight of the captain.Why would Falconbridge’s account of the brutalities of the slave trade have been imperative to the antislavery movement?What does Falconbridge tell us about how the slaves were obtained? Who obtained them? What sort of commercial network was necessary to sustain the slave trade

Assignment 1 – Research ProposalTo complete this assignment you are asked to: (1) Identify a research topic that analyzes the interactions of state, non-state, and supra-national actors to examine for your 15-page research paper that is due at the end of Week 6(2) Identify a specific research question that your paper will address. The question should be analytical, and not descriptive, in nature (The question should examine why something happened, not describe how it happened).(3) Offer a brief explanation of the topic and your planned research(4) Write a preliminary literature review of at least 6 sources. You must watch this video before doing the literature review. It explains how to do a literature review as opposed to an annotated bibliography. Do NOT provide an annotated bibliography. The total length of this assignment will be approximately 5 pages. Detailed instructions for each of these components are outlined below:Research Topic and Question:Your proposed research question should be approximately one paragraph in length and concisely state the issue you are proposing for the Research Paper, and the specific question that you are interested in answering.You will have considerable leeway in choosing your topic, although it should center on patterns of conflict and cooperation in the international system. Examples of appropriate topics are, for instance, the relative success and failure of regional integration efforts, but you could also look at one particular instance of regional integration. You may want to explore the causes and nature of war, or peace. Make sure to identify your general topic, but also a concise research question that can be answered in the space and time that you hae available.Of course, you can always Message your instructor with any questions about a relevant paper topic. Purpose Statement:The purpose statement should be approximately 1-2 pages in length and outline (1) why you chose this particular topic and (2) what your preliminary findings or hypotheses are. It is, of course, quite likely that your hypotheses and conclusions may change over the course of the four weeks of doing research. The purpose statement should be considered a rough map towards the eventual paper.Submission details:The research question/topic, purpose statement, and Literature Review should be assembled in a single Word Document. The document should be approximately 5 pages in length, and submitted through the Assignments tab under Week 2, Research Question/Purpose Statement/Literature Review Assignment. Name your file LASTNAME#1.General Instructions for Assignments All assignments should be written in Word and uploaded as attachments within the Assignments section of the classroom. Use 12 pt. font and double-space. Be sure to put your name and class information on the document and put your name on the file. Insert page numbers. Assignments will be graded using a rubric appropriate for your class level.Graduate Rubric 500-600 Level

This discussion will help you think about reframing strategies in addressing HIV and AIDS in Africa with regard to educational campaigns.Review the following TED Talk video from the module required resources: Flip Your Thinking on AIDS in Africa. (15:30)Based on the TED Talk, the educational campaigns to address HIV/AIDS in Africa have minimal impact on the outcomes. Do you think we should completely eliminate educational campaigns? Why or why not. Create a page that responds with reference and incitation (if needed).