1
Abstract
The topic of design and construction involves the engagement of a number of procedures
and methods. The research on the topic thus calls for exhaustive and conclusive analysis of all
the key areas. For instance design and build contracts method is progressively designated by
client as one system of delivering a project. The literature work on revealing with no doubt that
aspect that design and build procurement method and various systems commonly used by the
clients to get the design-build groups.
However, the literatures show that few studies quantifiable assessment on the effect of
different performance on design and build method. Time, quality, and cost metrics used to
evaluate project performance are explored in existing writings. Explanations of design-build
structure are presented since they aid in categorizing data collected and scrutinizing it using
different viewpoints. More importantly, the discussion of many of the practices in the selection
of contractors and strategies for the design and build system.
There is importance associated with the design and construction, for example, the design
and construction of roads meaning used in research studies indicate tactic where one entity is
responsible for design is also developing the facility physically and contractually. Such facilities
are fully through the design and construction of the body, or participation through agreements
between subcontractors. Quite a lot of researchers have investigated the constant growing
tendency to the use of the design and build delivery system and the move from supplementary
outdated delivery approaches. The explanations and aspects stimulating this development are
defined. The research technique involved recognizing performance metrics for contrast purposes,
data gathering through an inspection, and data breakdown.
2
Introduction
Designing and building of contracts enable clients to deliver projects, unlike the case of
outsourcing external services. The desertion contemplates on the elements of designing and
building the contracts then providing the services to consumers at a one-off payment system. The
method brings challenges and benefits that get evaluated to determine the suitability of the
scheme, depending on various factors that the market determines. According to Sherwood,
(2014), the report outlines the element of consideration when generating a design of a project and
ensuring that the project gets completed, with minimal complications. More so in the urban areas
where the demand for housing shot up considerably and the companies that design and build the
project also flood the market with fake companies also posing as potential contractors.
The study takes place in Oman, where a comparison of principles applied in the industry
get used and the factors that determine the suitability of the method for the design and
development of the structure. Sherwood, (2014) adds that the dissertation gives attention to the
regular road plans in Oman and performs a comparison test on the principles of the between the
principles applied in developing the project.
The dissertation found out that procurement in the region uses to design and build method
as the most preferred method used by clients. The report indicates a variation in the performance
of the project design and development leading to the differences or the similarities in the
outcomes. The paper identified that time, cost metrics, and quality entails the primary elements
that define the differences between the principles of the design and development of the housing
and the road plans, (Sherwood, 2014).
3
CHAPTER TWO
2. Literature Review
Design and build contracts method is progressively designated by Client as one system of
delivering a project. Studies that enumerate how features of design and build contracts in
construction are established, benefits and challenges of the system delivery are outlined. This
chapter highlights procurement methods used in construction, processes of the procurement
methods and different types of risk that arise in such procurement methods. Status of common
practices in design and build construction projects in Muscat and deficiencies available are also
discussed. Further the section explains current status of design-build road projects in Oman and a
comparison in performance between operation of the projects and correct principles. Current
literature revealed no doubt that the design and build procurement method and various systems
commonly used by the clients to get the design-build groups. However, the literatures show that
few studies quantifiable assessment on the effect of different performance on design and build
method. Time, quality, and cost metrics used to evaluate project performance are explored in
existing writings.
Explanations of design-build structure are presented since they aid in
categorizing data collected and scrutinizing it using different viewpoints. More importantly, the
discussion of many of the practices in the selection of contractors and strategies for the design
and build system.
2.1
Procurement Methods in Construction
Review of this approach is essential because it helps to develop data collection and
compilation of data collected through the survey responses tool.
4
2.1.1 Definitions of Design-Build Procurement Methods
Quite a lot of explanations have been developed for a diversity of design-build group
procurement approaches. Molenaar and Gransberg (2001) pointed out that the fixed–
price method, takes into attention the price only as the sole criterion for assortment.
Accordingly, the lowermost auction-goer is given the contract in a tactic very alike to the
old-style general procurement of the contractors.
In a one-step process of
procurement, the design-build crew may be nominated based on price simply or a
paramount value combination of technical and financial measures.
A two-step
approach of selection comprises of a prequalification of the potential design-build
players by means of A request for qualifications (RFQ), overshadowed by an assessment
of the technical characteristics and price. This means that the methodology of “the best
value” and the masses attributed to each of the financial and technical criteria varies
from one body to the other. It is interesting to note that administrative factor, financial
standing of an institution, as well as earlier experience of the design-build players are
also well-thought-out in a best worth procurement (Molenaar and Johnson 2001).
The VTT Finland Technical Research Centre printed a report on the design and build
system of project delivery that recognized the selection procedure as a critically
important aspect possessors should prudently address (Lahdenperä, 2001). Describe a
number of different ways to systematically procurement methods. A qualification based
choice comprises of initial acquisition of design and build system based on standards
such as methodological qualifications, previous experience, reputation and managerial
5
abilities. At procurement stage brief design usually connected in this method. The
technique of two stage selection contains a prequalification stage, trailed by a selection
period that is based on the financial and technical features of the bids given in to by the
skilled design and build players. Lastly, the design and build contract submit his proposal
in reply to the (RFP) request for proposal which set by the client or architect. Additional
study identified three distinct procurement approaches to design-build in roads projects
(Gransberg and Senadheera, 1999). The produce of low bid for design-build contract
involves first assessing the value of the tender to define the lowest bidder. Considering
price of the bids, the lowermost bid proposal is selected if the technical factors of design
and build players were established to be receptive to the RFP. In a method known as
Adjusted Score Design-Build (ASDB), the tender price isn’t unveiled till the technical
review board examines the technical bid and allocates specific ranking principles for
every crew. Design and construction team that has the lowest accustomed score, attained
by dividing the expense by the practical score, is granted the contact. In conclusion, the
best value design build was defined as method of procurement that weights concurrently
the price and technical bid. The methodology in this technique the carefully chosen
contractor for design-build contract might not essentially hand lowest tender price.
2.2 Features of Design and Build Contracts in Construction
The features that is essential to the effective implementation of the project for
various types of delivery systems. Many studies have been conducted to determine
these factors. Recognized research projects checking on the various modes of delivery
of many aspects of a serious project successful (Sanvido, Gobler, Parfitt, & Guvenis,
6
1992). Choose the team that is organized and successfully incorporated to provide
facilities is well known as one of the opening four critical factors. For design-build
projects, it has been conducting a pilot study to find the various problems of
successful projects.
The use of the time and cost of measures to assess and measure the performance of
the project (Chan, Ho, & Tam, 2001).
The results of this study agreed that
cooperation and competent organization between the various actors of the project
was the most important of the five aspects that have been identified. In addition, as
has been identified as a factor of workers' skills serious issue that success should be
measured by the owners on the acquisition of the crew to design and build
development. It includes business and technical competence of the financial deal; the
effective issuance for project preparation; design and construction in design and built
up. And experience. As mentioned, it is essential that the contractor engaged in the
design and construction of the project has the facts and the appropriate skills to
manage the project, because it affects the performance of underlying project. Design
and build projects that effectively performed, and with a newly differences in plentiful
supply protocols stimulated abundant public proprietors to choose how to design and
build project delivery. Molenaar and Songer (1998) evaluated 122 case studies of
design and build projects to assist unrestricted clients select well-versed choices when
opting for the system design and build method. In this research, it has used some of
the features of the project to establish the necessary model to improve relations.
7
Correspondence features state to design-build pre-qualification and selection
procedures (Molenaar & Songer, 1998). Investigation of the studies pointed out these
features is vital important because they profoundly effect on other factors such as the
administrative load that satisfy the needs of the client. It is suggested that owners
undertake special attention to the design and construction of the acquisition of the
crew, as well as other faces to develop the knowledge curve year to design and build
construction projects.
2.3 Principles of design and build projects
2.3.1 Performance
Giovanni (2014) defines performance specification as a description of
outcomes expected by an employer, leaving all means of accomplishing and
expertise to the contractor of Design-Build. Therefore, it is the responsibility
of the Design-Build contractor to achieve objectives set by the employer.
2.3.2 Fast-track Approach
This principle characterizes principal attribute of a Design-Build project. A
single entity such as a contractor provide to an organization under
authorized accountability all services required to both contract and design or
a part of the project (Giovanni, 2014).
2.3.3 The Engineer’s Design Reviews
8
This principle allows the Engineer to give comments on the contractor’s
design giving reason for its inadequacy. This is a challenge in the
development and build system in that a problem is likely to occur since an
engineer has powers to inquire document resubmission and to hold up
construction until he or she is satisfied (Giovanni, 2014).
2.3.4 Singular Responsibility
Giovanni (2014) describes this principle is advantageous in that it enhance
quality schedule and cost adherence of the project. The contractor is
aggravated to deliver a successful project by satisfying multiple
corresponding objectives as well as functional and aesthetic quality.
2.3.5 Early Knowledge of Firm Costs
According to Giovanni (2014) in his book on Design-Build Principles under the
Fidic Yellow Book, constructions costs are known at the initial stage in a
given project. The entity responsible for design estimates costs of
construction and conceptualize the finished project accurately at once.
2.4 Benefits of Design and Build Contracts
Design and construction of roads meaning used in research studies indicate tactic where
one entity is responsible for design is also developing the facility physically and
contractually. Such facilities are fully through the design and construction of the body, or
9
participation through agreements between subcontractors (Konchar & Sanvido, 1998).
Quite a lot of researchers have investigated the constant growing tendency to the use of
the design and build delivery system and the move from supplementary outdated delivery
approaches.
The explanations and aspects stimulating this development have been
defined. Konchar and Sanvido (1998) accompanied an experiential study whose objective
was to link the different delivery methods that are commonly utilized in the United States.
Construction management at threat, design, and build, and design-bid-build were main
delivery methods linked.
The research technique involved recognizing performance
metrics for contrast purposes, data gathering through an inspection, and data breakdown.
The data collection period was realized using an investigation that collected data for 351
projects. The survey comprised of queries concerning project delivery approaches, forms
of contracts, metrics of performance metrics, project team features, and other project
specific info. Lastly, project records were assessed using some statistical 201 techniques,
including multivariate and univariate regression analysis. Middle marks which described
the results of research has determined that the companies are using design and build
approach as well as those made by the construction management of the threat or the
design of the tender and construction delivery in many ways the performance indicators
(Konchar & Sanvido, 1998). Frankly, it revealed a single variable to examine the design and
construction projects have seen less than the development cost and schedule amount.
Similarly, a study conducted univariate to the eminence of the parameters that the design
and construction of the beginning of the tactic of improved quality have shown; fewer drag
and improve the quality of work and care. In addition, it may have done the design and
10
construction projects of the best design of the tender and construction projects to consider
the circumstance roof and establish a metric structure. The interior space and contour,
with a practical device and metric schemes more moderate signs in the case of design and
construction projects. To summarize, the study states that the design and implementation
of construction method often led to cost savings in a timely manner. With regard to the
performance of Samaha and owner satisfaction, design and implementation of
construction leads to professionalism in the organization of the construction risk and
design / bid / build approach. An additional study highlighted the significance of design and
build delivery method, Molenaar, and Songer (1996), and it indicated that fast
development of this delivery method and the requirement to observe attitudes of the
owners towards it.
The study also aimed to define a set of measures that guide
homeowners to choose a design and construction technology. It has been linked to the
length of the proposed action; budget; Project No. assurances size and complexity.
Construction and invention project, the data were collected using a questionnaire which
reached 209 owners with the knowledge of design and construction projects. He asked the
owners to find a way to classify the screening measurements. Basing on calculations of
medians and means, it has been appointed all measures examined in position. The scores
showed that the main reason homes in the selection of the design and construction is likely
to reduce the duration of the project and the system of delivery. Among the factors less
position over the massive project and a high level of complexity. Charts have shown
reluctance to emphasize with respect to aspects of maximum and minimum rank holders.
Thus, the study determined that the other criteria that gave less signs can operate as a
11
center for the selection of the design and construction of the distribution system, and in
particular on the wishes of the project (Molenaar & Songer, 1998).
Results from a study done by Molenaar and Songer (1996) were too confirmed by a
study carried out by Tookey et al. (2001), which pointed out that the owner’s
necessities with respect to time, quality and cost frequently affect a decision of
delivery system choice. For design and build construction projects, budget and time
were the key motives for the choice of design and build delivery system.
Furthermore, the holders’ desires were commonly directed to profiting from signing
contract with a sole body. The outcomes were recognized through studying a number
of projects and cross-examining proprietors to formulate an overall deduction.
An additional objective of and Molenaar and Songer’s (1996) study was to link private
to public proprietors’ outlooks toward the design and build method. The research
indicated that public and private proprietors’ positions for dissimilar features didn’t
meaningfully vary. One criterion of decreasing claims graded meaningfully contrarily
for both kinds of proprietor. Public holders were further worried about decreasing
the number of assertions and so were further persuaded to select design and build
delivery technique to lessen the influence of assertions. The research ascribed this to
the possibility that claims arise more often on communal projects and treating them
could considerably hamper performance of the project. Outcomes from the earlier
mentioned study directed Molenaar (1999) to focus on design and build projects and
12
their advancement in communal sector. Varied procurement methods that public
proprietors keep an eye on, contract granting tactics, proprietors’ knowledge, and
level of design accomplishment are amongst concerns investigated in the study.
Specifically, the results show that approximately 60% of design and build
developments were accomplished in 2% or better of inventive financial plan. The
quantity of projects completed within 2% or better of time plan was 77%.
Considering quality, the researchers showed that bulkiness of design and build
projects obeyed proprietors’ prospects, but some holders expressed their views that
design and build projects had a slightly high managerial problem. They might firstly
have trust that making contracts with the lone body would enact less managerial
problem. This is specifically correct for proprietors that are still testing with design
and build method. Subsequently, a little higher than the normal score was testified
for performance concerning the administrative problem. Lastly, the research offers
guidelines for public organizations to accomplish a design and build project with
respects to acquisition facets discussed further down. A study was done for The
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), targeted to assess and
document economic effects of taking on design and build delivery system (Thomas,
Macken, Chung, & Ki, 2002). The research procedure depended on upon relating the
performance of projects, handed in by either proprietors or service providers, existing
in CII Benchmarking and Metrics record. The study focused only on the design and
construction projects, as well as the design of bidding to build that value focused on
two classes using the exercise and performance measures. Class consists measures
13
the performance of the calendar, changes, security and rework, cost and schedule.
Exercise class consists of use in the preparation of the draft, and team-building,
construction, zero road accidents, and project management changes, and design
technology / information, resource management, and preparing to start, and the
quality of the regulatory procedures. The outcomes of performance and exercise use
relationships exposed that the design and build delivery method did better
concerning cost in the event of the proprietor- submitted ventures (Thomas et al.
2002). About contractor-submitted ventures, though no substantial variances were
noticed between design and build system and design-bid-build system, design and
build projects indicated improved performance in practice use and rework.
Arithmetic experiments similarly established that design and build projects were
doing meaningfully well regarding alterations in project range extent.
Lastly, research that examined design-bid-build developments and design and build
projects recognized various variables that can affect the performance of a project
(Ling et al. 2004). The variables were integrated into simulations that can support
proprietors in forecasting project performance by chosen delivery technique.
Review of the literature showed that various studies have examined the performance
of the design and construction method. Studies indicate that this approach
outperforms other delivery techniques on various methods of project performance.
Conversely, Konchar and Sanvido (1998) and NIST research(Thomas et al. 2002) didn’t
14
further examine the methods that can be used by proprietors to acquire design and
build players. Similarly, various limitations concerning Songer and Molenaar (1996).
2.5 Effect of Design and Build Procurement Method in Performance
Various studies have employed cost, safety and time to quantify performance of a
given project. Most recent study on design and build projects indicated that objective
success features such as time, health, cost, safety and profitability, in addition to
quality, are the main performance measures (Chan, Ho, & Tam, 2001). Though, they
shouldn’t be the lone measures to assess a project performance.
A more
comprehensive list should take into account of independent success elements beforementioned as technical, functionality, performance, numerous quality measures,
productivity, contentment of the owner, and environmental sustainability. Based on
an all-inclusive analysis of the previous ten year’s works, the study determined,
though, that time, quality and cost remain the most important success elements. A
number of correlated studies in project delivery and methods of procurement, such as
Konchar and Sanvido (1997) and Molenaar et al. (1999) researches haven’t involved
safety as a criterion for measuring performance of a project. Time, cost, and quality
metrics were utilized to appraise measurably performance of the design-build
projects scrutinized through research.
Molenaar et al. (1998), with the goal of evolving “a computerized instrument for
public area design and build project choice,” employed five principles to assess
15
performance of design and build project. Financial plan difference and Schedule
variance, which are correspondingly defined as performance relating to cost and time,
were among the identified assessment aspects. Plan performance is a vital portion for
design and build projects since owners are frequently motivated to practice the
design and build delivery system to reduce length of the project. Budget difference is
an alternative crucial quantity that demonstrates to what degree the project met
financial necessities of the owner. Statistical relationships with elevated level of
assurance were established to be in existent amid budget variance and prosperous
project performance.
2.5.1 Design Build Structure
These aspects are important in selection process since they are addressed in stages of
collecting and analyzing data. Structural is utilized to find the role performed by diverse
bodies in a design and build organization which illustrated in FIGURE NO.1. Categorizing
the design-build structure is a feature influencing a possible connection between the
project performance and the procurement of the team involved in a design and build
contract. Beard et al. (2011) lay emphasis on importance of the design-build
organizational variation and how they speak about configuration of the design-build
arrangement and the diverse arrangements carried out inside.
16
FIGURE NO.1
2.5.2 Time
Because of overlapping nature of design and construction the periods for bidding and
those of redesign are eliminated. This reduced time which is known as time savings
accounts for results with lower costs and complete utilization of facility available
(Giovanni, 2014).
2.5.3 Quality
According to Giovanni (2014), time is a vital factor in measuring the performance of a
design and build project. Employer’s necessities and expectations are recognized in the
17
terms and responsibility of the contractor to produce the required results accordingly
within specified period.
2.5.4 Cost
The cost of the project is estimated before the start of a construction project. The
people carrying out the design of a project are responsible for evaluating all the
materials required, alternatives available and employ efficient and accurate methods
(Giovanni, 2014).
Diverse different systems with the evaluation measures to support the owners
throughout the process of selecting the contractor. The main advantages of these
systems and evaluate the models they offer a way to target the offer organized and
takes into account many aspects to the exclusion of the offer price. Others have
acknowledged the different approaches to the design teams and construction of
transportation projects and public procurement. In addition, the study of the impact of
the system gets specific measures of the performance of the project.
Insufficient measurable researches was conducted to analyze the effect of the purchase
approaches of the design and build team on the performance of a project. Likewise,
inadequate studies have been established to direct owners throughout the procedure of
choosing the procurement method of the design and build team. The accent of this
research is to study the design and build contracts. Giving owners assessable data
directs them during the process of procurement selection necessary for the design and
build team.
18
Methodology
Out of the literature review, there existed postulations that the business required
performing to assess the level of variation in the principles of development. The report considers
grouping the hypothesis using the four categories of laws. According to Hunter, (2012), the first
group of postulations entailed making postulations based on the performance of the project. Out
of performance, the dissertation generates few hypothesis that made the project get to
completion. The paper outlines the various hypothesis and the possible means that the project
may get developed.
H1: Who is responsible for design approvals as per features and principles
H2: Roles for each party in Design & Build procurement
H3: Who is responsible for variations as per features and principles
H4: Whether Design and Build procurement satisfies the objectives and need of participants
when compared with Traditional procurement.
H5: The Design Build Method has an impact in the project performance.
The above considerations acted as the base where the dissertation would take root. The
study opted for the deductive approach being the most applicable means that the project would
generate the facts behind the hypothesis, Hunter, (2012). From the literature review, the study
identified that customers would pick on the most competent contractors after making
considerations on their past projects, administrative management, and general competencies of
the project. However, the firm may also consider the most cost-effective bidder, as no firm
19
would want to apply the most expensive means of constructing projects, whereas, there exists a
relatively cheap low-cost way of performing the same project.
The dissertation intends to collect at least a hundred of copies of quantitative data whose
results implied that deductive approach was the most suitable manner that a person would get to
know the relationship of the principles. The data got collected from various locations, more so
the operational levels of the deals. The deductive approach also ensures that the analysis may get
applied to many people at the same time, (Hunter, 2012).
The report also identified that each of the quantitative or qualitative approach would
never exist alone, they had to operate in a pair so as to make the outcomes of the study entirely
appropriate. Mixed methods appear as the most suitable means getting the data, as people get an
opportunity to ask questions and get answers almost immediately. The report picked on the
consumer-based questionnaire, which comprised the individuals who receive the service, seeking
the recommendation and comments that they obtain. The method gets justly recognised as the
quantitative methodology.
Another method gets based on contractors and the nature of services they deliver,
depending on the client, specifications. That entailed qualitative technique that got intended to
produce positive outcomes depending on the nature of the project, or the implied principles. The
rationale of getting the success of a policy or the relationship of the two emanated because both
results led to the development of concrete conclusions with the least amount of difficulty.
Data collection occurred and followed by analysis that comprised the quantitative and
qualitative techniques. Despite the two methods running in parallel, it remains clear that
20
quantitative method took the major part of the research since the statistical outcomes of the
report entailed the core of determining and evaluation of the hypothesis.
Qualitative research
Questionnaire forms the primary data collection tool, with its ability to generalize,
quantify and substantiate the data collected in a unique manner. The questionnaire gets delivered
either physically to the clients or online through application tools like Monkey Survey that help
in conducting online surveys.
Participants
In either circumstance, the respondents developed time for them to take part in answering
the complete questionnaire. However, a deep concentration got granted to the online
questionnaire due to its ability to accumulate the data in a useful manner. The choice of
respondents got arrived at through various means, since construction firms existed nearly
everywhere in Oman, and their clients also got evenly distributed.
Research materials
Parmenter, (2010) assert that the online survey entailed the process of sending mail links
to people who would offer the feedbacks to the research team. According to the dissertation,
questionnaire comprised two portions, one contained the Likert scale, whereas the other
comprised the new questions that elicited the opinion of the respondents. The report also upheld
the privacy of the data obtained from the person who entered.
Data collection
21
The report would consider giving questionnaires, at least forty people. From the study,
the sample data obtained from the survey gave the following outcome.
Validity and relevance of the questionnaire
The hypothesis acted as the guideline for developing the survey. The issues in the
questionnaire performed as a preemption of the hypothesis to identify the first instances of
answering the questionnaires, Parmenter, (2010). From the online data samples released, it got
determined that ten of the questionnaire did not get answered accordingly, therefore considered
spoilt.
Qualitative research analysis
Direct participation, interviews and observation of site workers on the methods and
principles they applied. However, interview involves informal outcomes because each firm
required different principles that worked well with the apparent project at hand. It is evident that
each question elicited different responses from the person, as the workers had different skills and
experience level. Site workers required less structured and open-ended questions. Interviewees
got the opportunity to answer questions depending on their willingness, (Parmenter, 2010).
Participants and materials
Qualitative research dealt with managers, of site administrators, clients, or top
management of companies who gave the services to the construction. Due to the positions of the
people, the people who got interviewed got a formal interview request. At the same time, the
interviews remained limited for the purpose of letting many people get interviewed.
22
Data collection
The qualitative research took place with four participants, who responded to the
interviewers lasting from 25 to 35 minutes. Some of the conversations got converted to
transcripts since they contained significant revelations that helped in answering the hypothesis
whether they were true or falls. From the stage, the analysis give occurs on the data that got
collected to determine the hypothesis of the data. The information would get compared with the
data from various sources. The research would resort to statistical analysis as a means of
analysis.
23
Data Analysis
Results of the Questionnaire
The study opted for the deductive approach being the most applicable means that the
project would generate the facts behind the hypothesis, Hunter. From the literature review, the
study identified that customers would pick on the most competent contractors after making
considerations on their past projects, administrative management, and general competencies of
the project. However, the firm may also consider the most cost-effective bidder, as no firm
would want to apply the most expensive means of constructing projects, whereas, there exists a
relatively cheap low-cost way of performing the same project.
The dissertation intension of collecting at least a forty of copies of quantitative data
whose results implied that deductive approach was the most suitable manner that a person would
get to know the relationship of the principles was achieved. The data got collected from various
locations, more so the operational levels of the deals. The deductive approach also ensures that
the analysis may get applied to many people at the same time.
The report also identified that each of the quantitative or qualitative approach would
never exist alone, they had to operate in a pair so as to make the outcomes of the study entirely
appropriate. Mixed methods appear as the most suitable means getting the data, as people get an
opportunity to ask questions and get answers almost immediately. The report picked on the
consumer-based questionnaire, which comprised the individuals who receive the service, seeking
24
the recommendation and comments that they obtain. The method gets justly recognized as the
quantitative methodology.
The results showed that the general approach needs to be considered in terms of having a
diverse knowledge of the entire project and its scope. This includes the need to understand the
major milestones that would be encountered and all the significant events in the project. It also
includes the schedule and any constraints on the project scope. The priorities of the project must
include the safety and environmental compliance during commissioning, operations, and best-inclass reliability and cost performance.
Another method gets based on contractors and the nature of services they deliver,
depending on the client, specifications. That entailed qualitative technique that got intended to
produce positive outcomes depending on the nature of the project, or the implied principles. The
rationale of getting the success of a policy or the relationship of the two emanated because both
results led to the development of concrete conclusions with the least amount of difficulty.
Data collection occurred and followed by analysis that comprised the quantitative and
qualitative techniques. Despite the two methods running in parallel, it remains clear that
quantitative method took the major part of the research since the statistical outcomes of the
report entailed the core of determining and evaluation of the hypothesis.
The choice of questions got attained after consent and ethical consideration from various
stakeholders. The hypothesis acted as the guideline for developing the survey. The issues in the
questionnaire performed as a preemption of the hypothesis to identify the first instances of
answering the questionnaires (Parmenter, 2010). From the online data samples released, it got
25
determined that ten of the questionnaire did not get answered accordingly, therefore considered
spoilt.
Interviews
Direct participation, interviews and observation of site workers on the methods and
principles they applied. However, interview involves informal outcomes because each firm
required different principles that worked well with the apparent project at hand. It is evident that
each question elicited different responses from the person, as the workers had different skills and
experience level. Site workers required less structured and open-ended questions. Interviewees
got the opportunity to answer questions depending on their willingness, (Parmenter, 2010).
Qualitative research dealt with managers, of site administrators, clients, or top officials of
companies who gave the services to the construction. Due to the positions of the people, the
people who got interviewed got a formal interview request. At the same time, the interviews
remained limited for the purpose of letting many people get interviewed.
The qualitative research took place with four participants, who responded to the
interviewers lasting from 25 to 35 minutes. Some of the conversations got converted to
transcripts since they contained significant revelations that helped in answering the hypothesis
whether they were true or falls. From the stage, the analysis give occurs on the data that got
collected to determine the hypothesis of the data. The information is compared with the data
from various sources. The research resorted to statistical analysis as a means of analysis.
First, quite a lot of explanations have been developed for a diversity of design-build
group procurement approaches. Molenaar pointed out that the fixed–price method, takes into
26
attention the price only as the sole criterion for assortment. Accordingly, the lowermost auctiongoer is given the contract in a tactic very alike to the old-style general procurement of the
contractors. In a one-step process of procurement, the design-build crew may be nominated
based on price simply or a paramount value combination of technical and financial measures.
The price therefore is shown to be of high significance and includes what the contractor
would be paid for the deliverable. For instance the contract price that the contractors would
require to be paid by the customer until the project is completed is what needs to be also
considered. This includes the cost of the materials plus the revenue that the contractor would
expect to generate form the project. The customer is expected to have an agreement with the
contractor on how the price would be paid whether on installments or after its completion.
Procurement Methods of Design-Build
A two-step approach of selection comprises of a prequalification of the potential designbuild players by means of A request for qualifications (RFQ), overshadowed by an assessment of
the technical characteristics and price. This means that the methodology of “the best value” and
the masses attributed to each of the financial and technical criteria vary from one body to the
other. It is interesting to note that administrative factor, financial standing of an institution, as
well as earlier experience of the design-build players are also well-thought-out in a best worth
procurement (Molenaar and Johnson 2001).
The VTT Finland Technical Research Centre printed a report on the design and build
system of project delivery that recognized the selection procedure as a critically important aspect
possessors should prudently address (Lahdenperä, 2001). Describe a number of different ways to
27
systematically procurement methods. A qualification based choice comprises of initial
acquisition of design and build system based on standards such as methodological qualifications,
previous experience, reputation and managerial abilities.
Deliverable is shown to be an important aspect in project management. This includes
what the project contractor and other members will give the customer or the client after the
project completion. This is the product that is specific on key aspects like the due date,
measurability and also tangibility. The deliverables should be able to satisfy the customers
expected date as is specified in the project plan. The deliverable of the project of design and
build include their completion with the specified and desired features on a due date.
At procurement stage brief design usually connected in this method. The technique of
two stage selection contains a prequalification stage, trailed by a selection period that is based on
the financial and technical features of the bids given in to by the skilled design and build players.
Lastly, the design and build contract submit his proposal in reply to the (RFP) request for
proposal which set by the client or architect.
Additional study identified three distinct
procurement approaches to design-build in roads projects (Gransberg and Senadheera, 1999).
The produce of low bid for design-build contract involves first assessing the value of the tender
to define the lowest bidder. Considering price of the bids, the lowermost bid proposal is selected
if the technical factors of design and build players were established to be receptive to the RFP.
In a method known as Adjusted Score Design-Build (ASDB), the tender price isn’t
unveiled till the technical review board examines the technical bid and allocates specific ranking
principles for every crew. Design and construction team that has the lowest accustomed score,
attained by dividing the expense by the practical score, is granted the contact. In conclusion, the
best value design build was defined as method of procurement that weights concurrently the
28
price and technical bid. The methodology in this technique the carefully chosen contractor for
design-build contract might not essentially hand lowest tender price.
Design& Build Contracts and their features in Construction
Many studies have been conducted to determine these factors. The recognition was given
to research projects checking on the various modes of delivery of many aspects of a serious
project successful (Sanvido, Gobler, Parfitt, &Guvenis, 1992). Choose the team that is organized
and successfully incorporated to provide facilities is well known as one of the opening four
critical factors. For design-build projects, it has been conducting a pilot study to find the various
problems of successful projects.
The use of the time and cost of measures to assess and measure the performance of the
project (Chan, Ho, & Tam, 2001).The results of this study agreed that cooperation and competent
organization between the various actors of the project was the most important of the five aspects
that have been identified. In addition, as has been identified as a factor of workers' skills serious
issue that success should be measured by the owners on the acquisition of the crew to design and
build development.
It includes business and technical competence of the financial deal; the effective issuance
for project preparation; design and construction in design and built up. And experience. As
mentioned, it is essential that the contractor engaged in the design and construction of the project
has the facts and the appropriate skills to manage the project, because it affects the performance
of underlying project. Design and build projects that effectively performed, and with a newly
differences in plentiful supply protocols stimulated abundant public proprietors to choose how to
29
design and build project delivery (Molenaar and Songer, 1998) evaluated 122 case studies of
design and build projects to assist unrestricted clients select well-versed choices when opting for
the system design and build method. In this research, it has used some of the features of the
project to establish the necessary model to improve relations.
Results from a study done by (Molenaar and Songer, 1996) were too confirmed by a
study carried out by (Tookey et al. 2001), which pointed out that the owner’s necessities with
respect to time, quality and cost frequently affect a decision of delivery system choice. For
design and build construction projects, budget and time were the key motives for the choice of
design and build delivery system. Furthermore, the holders’ desires were commonly directed to
profiting from signing contract with a sole body. The outcomes were recognized through
studying a number of projects and cross-examining proprietors to formulate an overall deduction.
Summary of the collected data
The research indicated that public and private proprietors’ positions for dissimilar
features didn’t meaningfully vary. One criterion of decreasing claims graded meaningfully
contrarily for both kinds of proprietor. Public holders were further worried about decreasing the
number of assertions and so were further persuaded to select design and build delivery technique
to lessen the influence of assertions. The research ascribed this to the possibility that claims
arise more often on communal projects and treating them could considerably hamper
performance of the project. Outcomes from the earlier mentioned study directed
(Molenaar,1999) to focus on design and build projects and their advancement in communal
sector. Varied procurement methods that public proprietors keep an eye on, contract granting
30
tactics, proprietors’ knowledge, and level of design accomplishment are amongst concerns
investigated in the study. The survey is presents the number of people who participates in this
survey and their experience. It is shown in the analyses that the majority of the participants used
to and prefer traditional procurement over other types of procurements which rose gradually
from just over 50% to nearly 70%. Similarly, almost 60% of examinees agreed that in Design
and Build procurement the fast-tracking helps to complete the project on time. The following
question creates some fluctuation in the answers when people shared their opinion on
extraordinary performance, approximately 40% of people said neither agree nor disagree and
approximately 38% agree. There was a dramatic increase in the number of people who agreed
that Design and Build procurement satisfice the needs of participants compare to Traditional
procurement. Overall, around 92% of people agreed that Design Build Method has an impact in
the project performance.
Specifically, the results show that approximately 60% of design and build developments
were accomplished in 2% or better of inventive financial plan.
The quantity of projects
completed within 2% or better of time plan was 77%.
Considering quality, the research showed that bulkiness of design and build projects
obeyed proprietors’ prospects, but some holders expressed their views that design and build
projects had a slightly high managerial problem. They might firstly have trust that making
contracts with the lone body would enact less managerial problem. This is specifically correct for
proprietors that are still testing with design and build method. Subsequently, a higher than the
normal score was testified for performance concerning the administrative problem.
31
Lastly, the research offered guidelines for public organizations to accomplish a design
and build project with respects to acquisition facets discussed. A study was done for The
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), targeted to assess and document
economic effects of taking on design and build delivery system (Thomas, Macken, Chung, & Ki,
2002). The research procedure depended on upon relating the performance of projects, handed in
by either proprietors or service providers, existing in CII Benchmarking and Metrics record. The
study focused only on the design and construction projects, as well as the design of bidding to
build that value focused on two classes using the exercise and performance measures.
32
Conclusion
Based on an all-inclusive analysis of the research work, the study determined, though,
that time, quality and cost remain the most important success elements. A number of correlated
studies in project delivery and methods of procurement, researches haven’t involved safety as a
criterion for measuring performance of a project. Time, cost, and quality metrics were utilized to
appraise measurably performance of the design-build projects scrutinized through research. The
key goal was evolving a public project choice, and therefore five principles were employed to
assess performance of design and build project.
Financial plan difference and Schedule variance which are correspondingly defined as
performance relating to cost and time were among the identified assessment aspects. Plan
performance is a vital portion for design and build projects since owners are frequently
motivated to practice the design and build delivery system to reduce length of the project.
Budget difference is an alternative crucial quantity that demonstrates to what degree the project
met financial necessities of the owner. Statistical relationships with elevated level of assurance
were established to be in existent amid budget variance and prosperous project performance.
The research Study enumerated how the features of design and build contracts in
construction are established, benefits and challenges of the system delivery are outlined. The
procurement methods were highlighted that are used in construction, processes of the
procurement methods and different types of risk that arise in such procurement methods. Status
of common practices in design and build construction projects and their deficiencies available
were well discussed. The literature focus was explained on the current status of design-build road
projects in Oman and a comparison in performance between operation of the projects and correct
principles.
33
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