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HLTH 501 Medical Advertising and Biostatistics discussion
Goods
and services of all kinds are advertised to potential customers to
expand product usage and to make profits. Med ...
HLTH 501 Medical Advertising and Biostatistics discussion
Goods
and services of all kinds are advertised to potential customers to
expand product usage and to make profits. Medications are advertised as
well. If they were not, people would be unaware of the products
available to them and sales may be so low that no money is made by the
companies who have invested in the new medication. When
reading or hearing about drugs and medical treatments, especially new
products, the source of the information is important. Also, all drugs
and treatments have positives and negatives, so hearing a few positive
(or negative) soundbites might not give a person the information they
need to decide if the drug is right for their situation. Statistics
are often used when medications are advertised to the general public.
Yet do most people understand what the risks and benefits are? How good
is the statistical knowledge of the general population? Is it easy to
think clearly and analytically when sick, weak, or in pain? Take
this example. Which drug would you rather take: One that reduces your
risk of cancer by 50 percent, or another drug that only eliminates
cancer in one out of 100 people? Most people would choose the drug that
reduces their risk of cancer by 50 percent, but the fact is, both of
these numbers refer to the same drug. They’re just two different ways of
looking at the same statistic. One way is called relative risk; the
other way is absolute risk. Here's how it works: Let’s say
there is a trial involving 100 people. Two people would normally get
breast cancer during the trial duration, but when all 100 people are put
on the drug, only one person gets breast cancer. This means the
reduction of breast cancer is one person out of 100. Yet the relative
risk reduction is 50 percent because one is 50 percent of two. In other
words, the risk is cut in half from a relative point of view. Even
though this drug may help one out of 100 people, its side effects
create increased risks to all 100 people. Everyone suffers some harm
from the potential side effects of the drug, even if that harm is not
immediately evident. However, only one out of 100 people was actually
helped by the drug. Review the 10 Essential Services of Public Health here: https://www.cdc.gov/stltpublichealth/publichealthservices/essentialhealthservices.html In your post: Discuss how 4 of the Essential Services of Public Health relate to the issues of medication advertising and biostatistics. How would you rate your statistical knowledge? The knowledge of an average U.S. resident?Do
you think statistics should be used when advertising new medications?
How can advertisers help ensure that the stats they are using do not
oversimplify or give only a partial picture of the risks involved? Cite at least one scripture passage that pertains to this topic. Your thread is due by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Thursday and your two replies are due by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sunday.
Assignment 2: SPSS – Descriptive Statistics
Submit an application of descriptive statistics
within a quantitative business research context that follows the Week 2 ...
Assignment 2: SPSS – Descriptive Statistics
Submit an application of descriptive statistics
within a quantitative business research context that follows the Week 2
Assignment Template. Your application must include the following:
An explanation of the implications of “Scales of Measurement” in quantitative research
A properly stated research question
A “Presentation of Findings” section, to include appropriate
descriptive statistics for nominal (categorical/qualitative) and scale
(ordinal, interval, and ratio) data using appropriately formatted APA
table(s)
One appropriate graph for a nominal variable (e.g., pie chart)
and one appropriate graph for scale (quantitative) variable (e.g.,
histogram)
An Appendix containing the SPSS output (see the Week 2 Assignment Exemplar)
Correct APA formatting, including in-text citations and a separate References page where appropriate
Please Note: You will cut and paste the
appropriate SPSS output into the Appendix. The SPSS output is not in APA
format, so you will need to type the information from the SPSS output
to the appropriate sections of the APA table. You must use the Week 2 Assignment Template to complete this Assignment.
Also, refer to the Week 2 Assignment Rubric for specific grading
elements and criteria. Your Instructor will use this rubric to assess
your work.Submission and Grading InformationTo submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following:
Please save your Assignment using the naming convention “WK2Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” as the name.
Click the Week 2 Assignment Rubric to review the Grading Criteria for the Assignment.
Click the Week 2 Assignment link. You will also be able to “View Rubric” for grading criteria from this area.
Next, from the Attach File area, click on the Browse My Computer button. Find the document you saved as “WK2Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” and click Open.
If applicable: From the Plagiarism Tools area, click the checkbox for I agree to submit my paper(s) to the Global Reference Database.
Click on the Submit button to complete your submission.
Confounding and Effect Modification
Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) (10 points) To complete this section, please review the articles on DAGs in the Week 5 Lea ...
Confounding and Effect Modification
Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) (10 points) To complete this section, please review the articles on DAGs in the Week 5 Learning Resources. You may use any drawing tools available to you to create the DAGs requested below, although it does not need to be sophisticated software; for example, Microsoft Word’s Insert Shapes and Text Box features are sufficient tools to create these diagrams. For each of the following epidemiological scenarios, draw a DAG that represents the relationships between the variables: (5 points each) A researcher is studying the association between automobile exhaust (E) and the prevalence of asthma in children (A). Other air pollutants (P) may also affect asthma prevalence. The presence of wind (W) affects the concentrations of both (E) and (P). A researcher is studying the association between experiencing childhood abuse (A) and the occurrence of depression (D) as an adult. She has reason to believe that alcohol consumption (C) may mediate the relationship between (A) and (D).State in words the meaning of the hazard ratios for self-rated health in model 1. Be sure to include information on statistical significance. (5 points)State in words the meaning of the hazard ratios for self-rated health in model 3. Discuss whether or not breast cancer stage and daily task limitations were confounders of the self-rated health/mortality association. Justify your response and state your overall conclusions based on the analyses. (15 points)Fill in the table below for columns A and B. The table shows different associations where Factors X and Z are being measured for their effect on an outcome. For each effect measure there are shown three results: a result with Factor X only (X+Z-), a result with Factor Z only (X-Z+), and the Observed Joint Effect for both factors (X+Z+). In column A, indicate whether the interaction is positive or negative, and in column B, indicate whether the interaction is additive or multiplicative. If no interaction is present, put “None” in columns A and B. (10 points)Imagine that you are conducting a randomized controlled trial comparing two medicines (Medicine 1 and Medicine 2) in the prevention of asthma attacks. The following table shows some of the characteristics of the study population for each group: Assessing Confounding in Multivariate Regression (20 points) A researcher studied women with breast cancer to better understand the association between self-rated health and breast cancer mortality (Prehn, 1996). By using survival analysis, the following results were obtained from three different models: Assessing and Interpreting Effect Modification (15 points) Effect Measure Effect of Factor X (X+ Z-) Effect of Factor Z (X- Z+) Observed Joint Effect (X+Z+) A Positive or negative? B Additive or multiplicative? Attributable Risk 20.0 / 1000 15.0 / 1000 60.0 / 1000 Positive Relative Risk 3.0 2.0 4.0 Relative Risk 2.0 3.0 6.0 Medicine 1 Group (n=100) Medicine 2 Group (n=100) Cigarette smoker Yes 30 10 No 70 90 Physically active Yes 35 35 No 65 65 Discuss how you would determine if there is confounding and/or effect modification by cigarette smoking or physical activity in your study. Include details of any strategies you would use and provide specific examples using these study data. (5 points) Reference: Prehn, A. W. (1996). Self-rated health in middle-aged and elderly women with breast cancer (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Dissertation Abstracts International.
4 pages
A Description Of What The Each Of The Variables Measure
The data set selected for further analysis is Afrobarometer. The two variables of interest are EDUC_COND (education catego ...
A Description Of What The Each Of The Variables Measure
The data set selected for further analysis is Afrobarometer. The two variables of interest are EDUC_COND (education category) and AGE_COND (age ...
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HLTH 501 Medical Advertising and Biostatistics discussion
Goods
and services of all kinds are advertised to potential customers to
expand product usage and to make profits. Med ...
HLTH 501 Medical Advertising and Biostatistics discussion
Goods
and services of all kinds are advertised to potential customers to
expand product usage and to make profits. Medications are advertised as
well. If they were not, people would be unaware of the products
available to them and sales may be so low that no money is made by the
companies who have invested in the new medication. When
reading or hearing about drugs and medical treatments, especially new
products, the source of the information is important. Also, all drugs
and treatments have positives and negatives, so hearing a few positive
(or negative) soundbites might not give a person the information they
need to decide if the drug is right for their situation. Statistics
are often used when medications are advertised to the general public.
Yet do most people understand what the risks and benefits are? How good
is the statistical knowledge of the general population? Is it easy to
think clearly and analytically when sick, weak, or in pain? Take
this example. Which drug would you rather take: One that reduces your
risk of cancer by 50 percent, or another drug that only eliminates
cancer in one out of 100 people? Most people would choose the drug that
reduces their risk of cancer by 50 percent, but the fact is, both of
these numbers refer to the same drug. They’re just two different ways of
looking at the same statistic. One way is called relative risk; the
other way is absolute risk. Here's how it works: Let’s say
there is a trial involving 100 people. Two people would normally get
breast cancer during the trial duration, but when all 100 people are put
on the drug, only one person gets breast cancer. This means the
reduction of breast cancer is one person out of 100. Yet the relative
risk reduction is 50 percent because one is 50 percent of two. In other
words, the risk is cut in half from a relative point of view. Even
though this drug may help one out of 100 people, its side effects
create increased risks to all 100 people. Everyone suffers some harm
from the potential side effects of the drug, even if that harm is not
immediately evident. However, only one out of 100 people was actually
helped by the drug. Review the 10 Essential Services of Public Health here: https://www.cdc.gov/stltpublichealth/publichealthservices/essentialhealthservices.html In your post: Discuss how 4 of the Essential Services of Public Health relate to the issues of medication advertising and biostatistics. How would you rate your statistical knowledge? The knowledge of an average U.S. resident?Do
you think statistics should be used when advertising new medications?
How can advertisers help ensure that the stats they are using do not
oversimplify or give only a partial picture of the risks involved? Cite at least one scripture passage that pertains to this topic. Your thread is due by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Thursday and your two replies are due by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sunday.
Assignment 2: SPSS – Descriptive Statistics
Submit an application of descriptive statistics
within a quantitative business research context that follows the Week 2 ...
Assignment 2: SPSS – Descriptive Statistics
Submit an application of descriptive statistics
within a quantitative business research context that follows the Week 2
Assignment Template. Your application must include the following:
An explanation of the implications of “Scales of Measurement” in quantitative research
A properly stated research question
A “Presentation of Findings” section, to include appropriate
descriptive statistics for nominal (categorical/qualitative) and scale
(ordinal, interval, and ratio) data using appropriately formatted APA
table(s)
One appropriate graph for a nominal variable (e.g., pie chart)
and one appropriate graph for scale (quantitative) variable (e.g.,
histogram)
An Appendix containing the SPSS output (see the Week 2 Assignment Exemplar)
Correct APA formatting, including in-text citations and a separate References page where appropriate
Please Note: You will cut and paste the
appropriate SPSS output into the Appendix. The SPSS output is not in APA
format, so you will need to type the information from the SPSS output
to the appropriate sections of the APA table. You must use the Week 2 Assignment Template to complete this Assignment.
Also, refer to the Week 2 Assignment Rubric for specific grading
elements and criteria. Your Instructor will use this rubric to assess
your work.Submission and Grading InformationTo submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following:
Please save your Assignment using the naming convention “WK2Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” as the name.
Click the Week 2 Assignment Rubric to review the Grading Criteria for the Assignment.
Click the Week 2 Assignment link. You will also be able to “View Rubric” for grading criteria from this area.
Next, from the Attach File area, click on the Browse My Computer button. Find the document you saved as “WK2Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” and click Open.
If applicable: From the Plagiarism Tools area, click the checkbox for I agree to submit my paper(s) to the Global Reference Database.
Click on the Submit button to complete your submission.
Confounding and Effect Modification
Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) (10 points) To complete this section, please review the articles on DAGs in the Week 5 Lea ...
Confounding and Effect Modification
Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) (10 points) To complete this section, please review the articles on DAGs in the Week 5 Learning Resources. You may use any drawing tools available to you to create the DAGs requested below, although it does not need to be sophisticated software; for example, Microsoft Word’s Insert Shapes and Text Box features are sufficient tools to create these diagrams. For each of the following epidemiological scenarios, draw a DAG that represents the relationships between the variables: (5 points each) A researcher is studying the association between automobile exhaust (E) and the prevalence of asthma in children (A). Other air pollutants (P) may also affect asthma prevalence. The presence of wind (W) affects the concentrations of both (E) and (P). A researcher is studying the association between experiencing childhood abuse (A) and the occurrence of depression (D) as an adult. She has reason to believe that alcohol consumption (C) may mediate the relationship between (A) and (D).State in words the meaning of the hazard ratios for self-rated health in model 1. Be sure to include information on statistical significance. (5 points)State in words the meaning of the hazard ratios for self-rated health in model 3. Discuss whether or not breast cancer stage and daily task limitations were confounders of the self-rated health/mortality association. Justify your response and state your overall conclusions based on the analyses. (15 points)Fill in the table below for columns A and B. The table shows different associations where Factors X and Z are being measured for their effect on an outcome. For each effect measure there are shown three results: a result with Factor X only (X+Z-), a result with Factor Z only (X-Z+), and the Observed Joint Effect for both factors (X+Z+). In column A, indicate whether the interaction is positive or negative, and in column B, indicate whether the interaction is additive or multiplicative. If no interaction is present, put “None” in columns A and B. (10 points)Imagine that you are conducting a randomized controlled trial comparing two medicines (Medicine 1 and Medicine 2) in the prevention of asthma attacks. The following table shows some of the characteristics of the study population for each group: Assessing Confounding in Multivariate Regression (20 points) A researcher studied women with breast cancer to better understand the association between self-rated health and breast cancer mortality (Prehn, 1996). By using survival analysis, the following results were obtained from three different models: Assessing and Interpreting Effect Modification (15 points) Effect Measure Effect of Factor X (X+ Z-) Effect of Factor Z (X- Z+) Observed Joint Effect (X+Z+) A Positive or negative? B Additive or multiplicative? Attributable Risk 20.0 / 1000 15.0 / 1000 60.0 / 1000 Positive Relative Risk 3.0 2.0 4.0 Relative Risk 2.0 3.0 6.0 Medicine 1 Group (n=100) Medicine 2 Group (n=100) Cigarette smoker Yes 30 10 No 70 90 Physically active Yes 35 35 No 65 65 Discuss how you would determine if there is confounding and/or effect modification by cigarette smoking or physical activity in your study. Include details of any strategies you would use and provide specific examples using these study data. (5 points) Reference: Prehn, A. W. (1996). Self-rated health in middle-aged and elderly women with breast cancer (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Dissertation Abstracts International.
4 pages
A Description Of What The Each Of The Variables Measure
The data set selected for further analysis is Afrobarometer. The two variables of interest are EDUC_COND (education catego ...
A Description Of What The Each Of The Variables Measure
The data set selected for further analysis is Afrobarometer. The two variables of interest are EDUC_COND (education category) and AGE_COND (age ...
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