Research Paper:
•
•
•
Write an 8-10-page research paper on a chemistry or biochemistry topic and its larger impact on
society. This work should demonstrate your ability to apply the knowledge and skills gained in
your overall learning experience to a deeper understanding of a complex question(s),
problem(s), or challenge(s) from multiple perspectives.
Title page: The title page should include the following: a. A brief, descriptive title that reflects
the experiment being reported. b. Your name c. The course name and number.
Body: This section should be 8-10 pages in length. It should be organized to contain the
following.
- A clear introduction that introduces a chemistry or biochemistry topic and its
application or impact on society.
- A body that explains the chemistry or biochemistry concept in detail, and explores
questions, problems, and challenges of how the topic applies in a larger societal
context looking through multiple perspectives (ex. social, economic, ethics, etc.)
- Should contain at least one infographic, one table, and 1-2 images that are
meaningful and strengthen delivery of the subject matter. Images and tables should
be no more than three inches in height.
•
Conclusion: The paper should have a clear conclusion section that provides a summary of
everything that has transpired since the introduction. It should reveal the relationship between
different points made throughout the paper. It also is an opportunity to re-examine your topic
statements and explore future directions, solutions, or personal perspectives to the topic
discussed in the paper.
•
References: Should contain at least 7-10 references correctly cited throughout the paper using
the ACS citation format outlined in the ACS style guide.
General guidelines
1. The paper should be typed using either 12 pt. Times New Roman or 12 pt. Arial font and doublespaced. 1” margins all around.
2. All pages should be numbered.
3. Provide citations for reference source for any literature information you provide. Citations should be
numbered and should be indicated as a superscript number or in parenthesis.
4. Figures should be self-contained, labeled appropriately, and embedded within the body of the text.
They should be numbered sequentially and include a figure legend below the figure that describes what
is shown (e.g. Fig. 1. Description…). Similarly, tables should have a table legend (e.g. Table 1.
Description…)
Title: Societal Implications of CRISPR-Cas9 as Treatment for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Thesis: CRISPR-Cas9 has potential implications on society, but it is useful as a treatment for
Duchenne muscular dystrophy and its optimization should be pursued.
I.
Introduction
A. CRISPR-Cas9
B. DMD
C. DMD Treatment with CRISPR
II.
Pros/Cons of CRISPR-Cas9 as DMD Treatment
A. Uses/Strengths/Benefits
B. Risks/Weaknesses/Drawbacks
III.
Ethics
A. Moral Aspect of CRISPR-Cas9 as DMD Treatment
B. Concerns/Any harm?
IV.
Financial Cost
A. Any effects on economy
V.
Conclusion
A. Summarize
B. Long-Term Effects
C. How could this shape society for the future?
Annotated References
•
Conboy, Irina et al. “Making gene editing a therapeutic
reality.” F1000Research vol. 7 F1000 Faculty Rev-1970. 21 Dec. 2018,
doi:10.12688/f1000research.16106.1
This review article summarizes challenges with genome editing using CRISPRCas9 for medical applications and recent attempts to overcome these obstacles in
clinical trials for the medical use of CRISPR-Cas9. It also discusses the details of
gene editing to treat dominant and recessive genetic myopathies like Duchenne
muscular dystrophy and myotonic dystrophies.
•
Rossant, Janet. “Gene editing in human development: ethical concerns and
practical applications.” Development (Cambridge, England) vol. 145,16
dev150888. 25 Jul. 2018, doi:10.1242/dev.150888
This article highlights the use of gene editing, such as CRISPR-Cas9 and related
techniques, for research in primates, human embryos, and stem cells, along with
ethical issues with potential germline genetic editing. Even though technical
difficulties and safety concerns prevent the practical use of these methods in
clinical applications, the new information from this research about human
development and the origins of pluripotent stem cells, among other things, is also
discussed.
•
Kc, Mandip, and Clifford John Steer. “A new era of gene editing for the treatment
of human diseases.” Swiss medical weekly vol. 149 w20021. 27 Jan. 2019,
doi:10.4414/smw.2019.20021
In this review article, it is explained how gene editing is revolutionizing the
treatment and possible cure of certain diseases. It also elaborates upon genetic
modification techniques that led to the development of CRISPR technology and
the obstacles present with delivery of the components necessary for gene editing.
•
Ormond, Kelly E et al. “Human Germline Genome Editing.” American journal of
human genetics vol. 101,2 (2017): 167-176. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.06.012
A statement made by the American Society of Human Genetics about the use of
genome-editing techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 for somatic and germline gene
editing is explained in this review article. In summary, the statement was that
germline gene editing should not be done if it ends in a pregnancy, germline gene
editing in vitro on human embryos does not have to be prohibited, and that future
applications of germline gene editing for medicine should not continue until there
is ethical justification and a compelling reason.
•
Harrison, Patrick T, and Stephen Hart. “A beginner's guide to gene
editing.” Experimental physiology vol. 103,4 (2018): 439-448.
doi:10.1113/EP086047
This review discusses how gene editing has developed since the 1980s, leading to
precise and relatively quick modification of genes using CRISPR-Cas9. It also
summarizes important advancements with CRISPR resulting in an increase in
efficiency and a reduction in off-target effects.
•
Banerjee, Budhaditya, and Richard I Sherwood. “A CRISPR view of gene
regulation.” Current opinion in systems biology vol. 1 (2017): 1-8.
doi:10.1016/j.coisb.2016.12.016
This article discusses how a reduction in costs is allowing genome sequencing of
patients and different cancers more routine in medicine and how the effects of
non-coding DNA on gene expression are not completely understood. It then
summarizes how CRISPR-based gene editing is instrumental in predicting how
DNA sequences affect gene regulation.
•
Robinson-Hamm, Jacqueline N, and Charles A Gersbach. “Gene therapies that
restore dystrophin expression for the treatment of Duchenne muscular
dystrophy.” Human genetics vol. 135,9 (2016): 1029-40. doi:10.1007/s00439016-1725-z
Advancements in gene therapy and editing, namely the CRISPR/Cas9 system,
have shown promise in animal models and the cells of patients for restoration of
the dystrophin protein expression for DMD treatment, but challenges remain. This
review article describes the status of these techniques and considerations to make
for their further development.
•
Uddin, Fathema et al. “CRISPR Gene Therapy: Applications, Limitations, and
Implications for the Future.” Frontiers in oncology vol. 10 1387. 7 Aug. 2020,
doi:10.3389/fonc.2020.01387
This review article is about how CRISPR-Cas9 has revolutionized gene therapy
for targeted gene editing by addressing some of the issues with traditional gene
therapy, such as immunotoxicity and oncogenesis, it still has some limitations.
Data from gene therapy trials is discussed, along with the best strategy for the
effective and safe use of CRISPR-Cas9 in a clinical setting.
•
Min, Yi-Li et al. “CRISPR-Cas9 corrects Duchenne muscular dystrophy exon 44
deletion mutations in mice and human cells.” Science advances vol. 5,3 eaav4324.
6 Mar. 2019, doi:10.1126/sciadv.aav4324
This article is about an experiment in which CRISPR-Cas9 was used with an
AAV9 vector to correct the deletion of exon 44 in the dystrophin gene in a mouse
model and cardiomyocytes derived from patient induced pluripotent stem cells.
The article also discusses the important dosages of the gene editing components
for optimal gene correction in vivo for its clinical use in DMD treatment.
•
Long, Chengzu et al. “Prevention of muscular dystrophy in mice by
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing of germline DNA.” Science (New York, N.Y.) vol.
345,6201 (2014): 1184-1188. doi:10.1126/science.1254445
The experiment discussed in this article used CRISPR-Cas9 for the correction of a
mutation in the dystrophin gene in the germline of a mouse model of DMD.
Monitoring of muscle structure and function demonstrated 2 to 100% correction
of the Dmd gene, exceeding gene correction efficiency. This strategy, along with
certain technological advancements, shows promise for the correction of
mutations causing DMD in muscle tissue of patients.
Purchase answer to see full
attachment