Please view explanation and answer below.Hello there. Here are all of the completed assignments. Given the number of files to be attached, here are descriptions of everything to hopefully organize everything a little bit better (the files will be uploaded in this order). Also, I will be uploading them in the order that they are seen in the original file.Assignment 1: Here is the URL for the assignment as requested in the instructions: https://venngage.net/ps/KdTqCQJcAiI/nursing-theory... For this assignment, I used an infographic program because it made it easier to structure the assignment along with providing you with a URL. If you would like a different program to be used, please let me know. Also, please let me know if you require a Word file or PDF format not currently stated in the instructions.Assignment 2: 2_theory_facility. This file is for the PowerPoint that discusses nursing theorists in an organization.Assignment 3: 3_literature_appraisal: This file is for the assignment that includes the appraisal worksheet.Assignment 4: 4_research_chart: This file is for the assignment that involves comparing and contrasting research methodologies.Assignment 5: 5_ebp_question_solution: This file is for the assignment that involves identifying a potential practice problem and forming a proposed solution from that. For this assignment, I've also attached an accompanying outline (5_ebp_question_solution_outline).Assignment 6: 6_research_theory_experience: This file is for the PowerPoint that discusses research, theory, and evidence-based practice.In the original post, it is mentioned that there are 7 questions that need to be answered, but there are only 6 in the original word file uploaded with all of the instructions. Please let me know if there is an additional question that needs to be answered.For any of the assignments, please let me know if there are any additional details or formatting you would like to have made. I will have all revisions/edits sent to you promptly. I've had some very inconvenient computer issues over the past week, which is why I am unfortunately sending these later than anticipated. I assure you, I will be able to address any revision or edit quickly.Please let me know of any questions or concerns you may have. (:**Note: There is a limit to how many files can be uploaded per post so I will have to send the assignment 6 file in the following post.

Nursing Theorists and the Framework for Practice

Name
Course
University
April X, 2021

Objectives
• To familiarize the team with two nursing theorists and their associated nursing theories.
• To establish which nursing theory provides the best theoretical framework to guide nursing practice in

the hospital while staying aligned with the organization’s mission.

About the Hospital
• Committed to a culture that prioritizes and embraces evidence-based practice (EBP).
• Aims to utilize EBP as a guide for all policies and procedures.
• Mission statement is focused on the use of EBP within the organization.

• Is expected to be applying for Magnet status and therefore seeks an appropriate framework to guide
nursing practice aligned with the key components of Magnet status.
• Aims to utilize an established nursing theorist’s theoretical framework to guide these practices.

Imogene King
• A pioneer in nursing theory and renowned nursing theorist from establishing the world-renowned
theory, Theory of Goal Attainment.
• King’s work has been taught worldwide to thousands of nursing students and has been implemented

in various clinical and service settings (Fronczek et al., 2017).
• Made a significant (and continuing) impact on nursing education, practice, and research.
• Believed nursing was the interaction and relationship of a person with the environment to improve
overall well-being (King, 2007).
• Published the Theory of Goal Attainment in the early 1960s to serve as a model for the beliefs and

views regarding nursing and the relationship of a nurse with the environment (Fronczek et al., 2017).

Theory of Goal Attainment

• Notes that the nurse and patient must communicate, set goals, and take actions together (King, 2007).

• Defines the following roles:
• Nursing: The nurse and client share specific goals, problems, and concerns and explore how to
achieve such goals.
• Health: Implies continuous adjustment to stressors in the environment through optimum use of
resources (King, 2007).

• Person: Social beings who are rational and sentient.
• Environment: Background for human interactions; can be external and internal to the person.
• Describes three different systems (personal, interpersonal, and social) that all interact together to
establish and influence the relationship between the nurse and the patient (King, 2007).

Hildegard Peplau
• Renowned nursing theorist that became well-known for becoming the first published nursing theorist
since Florence Nightingale.
• Developed the well-known theory, Theory of Interpersonal Relations, in the early 1950s to model the
emphasis of the nurse-client relationship in nursing practice (Hochberger & Lingham, 2017).

• Helped to revolutionize the patient-nurse relationship by establishing the importance of which the
patient-nurse relationship is regarded (Hagerty et al., 2017).
• Helped to revolutionize nurses’ scholarly work worldwide through the publishing of the Theory of
Interpersonal Relations (Hagerty et al., 2017).
• Became known as the “Mother of Psychiatric Nursing” and the “Nurse of the Century.”

Theory of Interpersonal Relations

• Emphasizes the need for a partnership between the nurse and the client as opposed to the client
passively receiving treatment and the nurse passively acting out physician’s orders (Peplau, 1997).
• Emphasizes the nurse-client relationship as the foundation of nursing practice.
• Defines four components:
• Person: A developing organism that tries to reduce anxiety caused by needs.
• Environment: Consists of existing forces outside of the person and put in the context of culture.

• Health: Word symbol that implies the forward movement of personality.
• Nursing: A significant therapeutic interpersonal process that functions cooperatively with another
human process (Peplau, 1997).
• Identifies four sequential phases comprising the interpersonal relationship: orientation, identification,
exploitation, and resolution (Peplau, 1997).

Comparison Between the Two Theories
• Both theories establish the importance of nurse-patient relationships.
• Both theories emphasize the importance of communication between the nurse and the patient.
• Both theories were crafted with the capability of being utilized for any person and at any time during
the person’s lifespan (Reynolds, 1997).

• Both theories emphasize the importance of nurses assisting patients to help such patients achieve both
personal growth and development (Reynolds, 1997).
• Both theories placed value on professional conversations between nurses and other clinical staff
(Reynolds, 1997).

Contrasts Between the Two Theories
• King’s theory specifically focuses more on patient goals and outcomes whereas Peplau’s theory focuses
more on the development of a professional interpersonal relationship through communication.
• Peplau’s theory lacks the emphasis on health promotion and maintenance, unlike King’s theory, but
places a greater emphasis on psychological wellness to establish trust (Peplau, 1997).
• King’s theory emphasizes the healthy aspects of human beings whereas Peplau’s theory focuses on the

unstable balance within one’s system (King, 2007).
• King’s theory focuses on the steps needed to help a patient become medically well whereas Peplau’s
theory targets psychological well-being throughout a patient’s healing and believes any interaction or
care delivered to the patient should be therapeutic (Peplau, 1997).

Theory Recommendation
• King’s theory, Theory of Goal Attainment, more so aligns with the superior clinical outcomes mission of

the organization (King, 2007).
• The Theory of Goal Attainment emphasizes clinical care and achievement of patient goals, which can be
accomplished with patient communication and evidence-based practices (King, 2007).
• King’s theory provides the more well-rounded framework of nurse-patient communication, nursing
care, and patient outcomes needed for both the mission of the organization and to be aligned with the
components of Magnet status (Younas & Quennell, 2019).
• Ultimately, the Theory of Goal Attainment is the recommended framework for the evidence-based
practices of the organization and the improvement in patient outcomes and satisfaction (King, 2007).

References
• Fronczek, A. E., Rouhana, N. A., & Kitchin, J. M. (2017). Enhancing Telehealth Education in Nursing: Applying
King's Conceptual Framework and Theory of Goal Attainment. Nursing science quarterly, 30(3), 209–213.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318417708418

• Hagerty, T. A., Samuels, W., Norcini-Pala, A., & Gigliotti, E. (2017). Peplau's Theory of Interpersonal Relations: An
Alternate Factor Structure for Patient Experience Data?. Nursing science quarterly, 30(2), 160–167.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318417693286
• Hochberger, J. M., & Lingham, B. (2017). Utilizing Peplau's Interpersonal Approach to Facilitate Medication SelfManagement for Psychiatric Patients. Archives of psychiatric nursing, 31(1), 122–124.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2016.08.006
• King I. M. (2007). King's conceptual system, theory of goal attainment, and transaction process in the 21st century.
Nursing science quarterly, 20(2), 109–111. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318407299846

References (cont.)
• Peplau H. E. (1997). Peplau's theory of interpersonal relations. Nursing science quarterly, 10(4), 162–167.
https://doi.org/10.1177/089431849701000407
• Reynolds W. J. (1997). Peplau's theory in practice. Nursing science quarterly, 10(4), 168–170.

https://doi.org/10.1177/089431849701000408
• Younas, A., & Quennell, S. (2019). Usefulness of nursing theory-guided practice: an integrative review. Scandinavian
journal of caring sciences, 33(3), 540–555. https://doi.org/10.1111/scs.12670


Running head: CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF LITERATURE

Critical Appraisal of Literature
Name
Course
University
April X, 2021

1

CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF LITERATURE

2

The appraising of clinical literature is a crucial process when determining potential
evidence-based practices suitable for the clinical setting. When appraising literature, it is
important to find key components that determine the validity, trustworthiness, and relevancy of a
given study (Ferreira & Patino, 2018). If an appraisal determines that all of the key factors are
met, it can be concluded that the literature study is appropriate for consideration as an evidencebased practice (Ferreira & Patino, 2018). The following will demonstrate the appraisal process
by identifying all of the key components needed to establish validity, relevancy, and
trustworthiness for evidence-based practice.
Appraisal Worksheet

What is the identified research problem? Does the author include the significance and
background of the problem?
The identified research problem is associated with postoperative nausea and vomiting and
the need for treatment/intervention to assist patients in overcoming this obstacle. The
author indicates the significance and importance of this issue by outlining subsequential
consequences from this issue, including distress and prolonged care requirements. The
author believes that it is important to follow consensus guidelines when choosing a
medication for this issue and believes a variety of antiemetics can suffice (Kranke et al.,
2018).

Did the author clearly articulate the research purpose? What was the purpose of the
research?
The purpose of research is clearly defined in the paper in both the abstract and
background sections. The author describes the purpose of the research as determining the
effectiveness of a specific antiemetic, dopamine D2/D3 antagonist amisulpride, in
conjunction with other antiemetics (Kranke et al., 2018). This specific medication is
believed to have the prophylactic efficacy necessary to help in the treatment of nausea
and vomiting in postoperative patients and is therefore believed to be an ideal candidate
to be tested with a combination of antiemetics (Kranke et al., 2018).

CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF LITERATURE

Identify the study methodology.

A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was designed and conducted
between February and September 2015 at a total of 29 sites in France, Germany, and the
United States (Kranke et al., 2018). In total, 1,147 adult surgical patients comprised the
study’s population after meeting the necessary criteria of having three or four
postoperative nausea and/or vomiting risk factors. At the induction of general anesthesia,
the patients in the population either received intravenous amisulpride (5 mg) or a placebo.
Following wound closure, vomiting, nausea, and use of additional medications were
monitored and recorded for 24 hours. Additionally, adverse events were monitored and
recorded throughout the 7-day period following wound closure. Vital signs,
electrocardiograms, and clinical laboratory evaluations were all recorded and evaluated
during the screening visit and postoperatively. All results were evaluated via chi-square
tests and secondary efficacy analyses to analyze the differences between the experimental
and placebo groups along with accompanying symptoms (Kranke et al., 2018).

Did the article include a relevant review of the literature? Explain.
The article included a relevant review of the literature to both support the background
information and potential skews in results. In the background information, the literature
review describes the previous uses of and subsequent findings of medications in classes
of corticosteroids and 5-HT3 antagonists (Kranke et al., 2018). Additionally, the previous
literature was reviewed and referenced in discussing prior uses of the medication of
interest in Europe and how the results from these studies can potentially be seen in the
study. Additionally, a review of the literature can be seen in the results section with
references to previous studies with regards to potential skews in the data. This particular
portion of the literature review aimed to provide possible explanations as to why potential
side effects may have occurred with such references to prior studies (Kranke et al., 2018).
Describe the theoretical framework for the research study?

3

CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF LITERATURE

The discussed research study has a theoretical framework built on Faye Abdella’s theory,
21 Nursing Problems. The foundation of this theory is constructed from concepts
pertaining to health, nursing problems, and problem-solving (McKenna et al., 2014). With
that, this theory outlines the crucial steps needed for nursing providers to identify a
patient’s problems and the nursing skills needed (McKenna et al., 2014). These concepts
build the theoretical framework of the study, as the study is focused on identifying the
specific issues and symptoms a patient may have pertaining to postoperative nausea and
vomiting as well as the problem-solving skills and interventions needed to creatively treat
this collection of issues and symptoms. This theoretical framework of the study is
essentially focused on meeting the needs of the patients with a creative, problem-solving
approach in mind, which is the primary purpose of the stated theory (McKenna et al.,
2014).
What are the research objectives, questions, hypotheses, and procedures identified in the
article?
The objectives of the research include determining the safety and efficacy of the
medication amisulpride with a combination of other antiemetics in the treatment of
postoperative nausea and vomiting in adult patients (Kranke et al., 2018). The research
questions focus on a comparison between this medication and other commonly used
medications (such as corticosteroids) as well as the prevalence of nausea and vomiting
symptoms when the other medications are administered compared to that medication of
amisulpride. There is one defined hypothesis in the article, which states that the
amisulpride medication as a substitute for other commonly administered medications in
the treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting will have a more significant positive
effect compared to the alternative options (Kranke et al., 2018). Finally, the procedures
identified in the article focus on monitoring and recording data pertaining to both the
experimental and placebo groups before and after the administration of the designated
medication (Kranke et al., 2018).

Describe the results of the study along with identified strengths and limitations.
The results of the study indicate that the use of the amisulpride medication led to lower
reports of emesis, nausea, and rescue medication compared to the placebo group (Kranke
et al., 2018). These results also include reports pertaining to adverse effects and
laboratory and/or electrocardiogram abnormalities, which states that these factors were
not lower or higher in the amisulpride group compared to the placebo group (Kranke et
al., 2018). The strengths of this study identified to focus on the distinction between the
experimental medication and other medications commonly utilized. This study
specifically states references pertaining to these commonly used medications, which adds
additional value to the results from the study. The limitations of this study surround the
population of the study. While the population of the study is large, the population is

4

CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF LITERATURE

primarily comprised of females. As stated in the article, females can react differently than
males with the medication and therefore can potentially skew the results. With that, the
study is limited in providing data surrounding the results in males due to females
primarily being the subjects of the study. To overcome this limitation, it would be
important to form a subject population that has fairly equal amounts of both males and
females (Kranke et al., 2018).

Discuss the findings including relevancy to clinical practice.
The findings of this study indicate that the intravenous amisulpride treatment was both
safe and effective in the treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults when
administered with other antiemetics (Kranke et al., 2018). For clinical practice, these
findings provide the crucial information needed for providers to choose an intervention
for this condition that promotes more beneficial results without the in...