BIO 103 Dutchess Community College Respiratory System Biology Lab 12

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Pulse Oximeter Experiment BIO 103 Click anywhere to begin! Parts of a Pulse Oximeter • Percent Saturation of Oxygen (%SpO2) • Pulse Rate • Measured in beats per minute (bpm) Click when ready to continue! By Rcp.basheer - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php curid=16706531 Click to place the pulse oximeter on the index finger of Participant #1 Participant #1 Sex: Male Resting ---98 %SpO 64 ---bpm 2 Click when ready to continue! Click when ready for Participant #1 to run in place for 2 minutes Fast-forward 1 minute 55 seconds into the future, and they’re done! Click to place the pulse oximeter on the index finger of Participant #1 Participant #1 Sex: Male Immediately After Running ---98 %SpO ---117 bpm 2 Click to repeat this experiment with Participant #2! Click to place the pulse oximeter on the index finger of Participant #2 Participant #2 Sex: Male Resting ---99 %SpO 62 ---bpm 2 Click when ready to continue! Click when ready for Participant #2 to run in place for 2 minutes Fast-forward 1 minute 55 seconds into the future, and they’re done! Click to place the pulse oximeter on the index finger of Participant #2 Participant #2 Sex: Male Immediately After Running ---99 %SpO ---125 2 bpm Click to repeat this experiment with Participant #3! Click to place the pulse oximeter on the index finger of Participant #3 Participant #3 Sex: Female Resting ---99 %SpO 71 ---bpm 2 Click when ready to continue! Click when ready for Participant #3 to run in place for 2 minutes Fast-forward 1 minute 55 seconds into the future, and they’re done! Click to place the pulse oximeter on the index finger of Participant #3 Participant #3 Sex: Female Immediately After Running ---99 %SpO ---133 bpm 2 Click to repeat this experiment with Participant #4! Click to place the pulse oximeter on the index finger of Participant #4 Participant #4 Sex: Female Resting ---98 %SpO 68 ---bpm 2 Click when ready to continue! Click when ready for Participant #4 to run in place for 2 minutes Fast-forward 1 minute 55 seconds into the future, and they’re done! Click to place the pulse oximeter on the index finger of Participant #4 Participant #4 Sex: Female Immediately After Running ---98 %SpO ---137 bpm 2 Click to repeat this experiment with Participant #5! Click to place the pulse oximeter on the index finger of Participant #5 Participant #5 Sex: Female Resting ---99 %SpO 75 ---bpm 2 Click when ready to continue! Click when ready for Participant #5 to run in place for 2 minutes Fast-forward 1 minute 55 seconds into the future, and they’re done! Click to place the pulse oximeter on the index finger of Participant #5 Participant #5 Sex: Female Immediately After Running ---99 %SpO ---131 bpm 2 Click to repeat this experiment with Participant #6! Click to place the pulse oximeter on the index finger of Participant #6 Participant #6 Sex: Male Resting ---98 %SpO 60 ---bpm 2 Click when ready to continue! Click when ready for Participant #6 to run in place for 2 minutes Fast-forward 1 minute 55 seconds into the future, and they’re done! Click to place the pulse oximeter on the index finger of Participant #6 Participant #6 Sex: Male Immediately After Running ---98 %SpO ---122 bpm 2 Click to continue! You’ve completed the Pulse Oximeter Experiment! ================================================== ===== Lab 12: Respiratory System Materials needed: Heart and lung model, Trachea model, Normal lung Slide, Trachea cross section slide, Pulse Oximeter ====================================================== = OBJECTIVES: 1. 2. 3. 4. Identify structures of the respiratory system. Determine direction of blood flow and air flow in tubes within the lung. Examine the histology of lung and trachea. Measure lung volumes and capacities – Spirometry. Introduction: • • • • • • • • • • • As they function, our cells use oxygen and produce carbon dioxide. The respiratory system brings the needed oxygen into and eliminates carbon dioxide from the body by working closely with the cardiovascular system. The blood transports these gases, carrying oxygen to the tissues and carbon dioxide to the lungs. The process of transporting and exchanging gases between the atmosphere and the body cells is respiration. The process of taking in air is known as inspiration, while the process of blowing out air is called expiration. A respiratory cycle consists of one inspiration and one expiration. The purpose of respiration is to o allow you to obtain oxygen, o eliminate carbon dioxide, and o regulate the blood’s pH level. Respiration rate (breaths per minute) Respiration depth (volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath) They both varies due to changes in blood chemistry that are monitored by the brain. Average respiratory rate reported in a healthy adult at rest is usually given as 12– 18 breaths per minute. 1. Given the functions of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, why would heart rate and respiratory rate both change during exercise? 141 142 Activity 1: Parts of the respiratory system. Label Structures in these figures: Path of air. Path of food N N P Oral Cavity E Larynx with vocal cords Esophagus (food tube) to stomach to lungs Trachea (air tube) L T with “C” shaped car laginous rings. P RED tubes P BLUE tubes B Light blue tubes with white lines. D ti 143 • STRUCTURE DESCRIPTION / FUNCTION 1 Nose with external nares, (nostrils) • 2 Nasal Cavity • 3 Pharynx (throat) • 4 Epiglottis • 5 Larynx (voice box) • 6 Vocal Cords • 7 Trachea (windpipe) • 8 Bronchial tree • Primary bronchi (R & L) →, Secondary bronchi, → Tertiary bronchi → Bronchiole 9 Alveoli • 10 Lungs • 11 Diaphragm • 12 Pulmonary Artery • • • Direction of blood flow: From Color code: Reason for using this color code: to 13 Pulmonary Vein • • • Direction of blood flow: From Color code: Reason for using this color code: to ( R. Lung = 3 lobes & L. Lung = 2 lobes) 144 Activity 2: Trace the path of air during Inspiration and Expiration. (Respiratory tract) Nose ↔ N L S ↔ ↔ B ↔ P ↔ T T ↔ B ↔ Epiglottis Primary Bronchus (R or L) Bronchioles ↔ A Activity 3: Structure of Terminal Bronchiole, Alveolar sac and Alveoli: AIR · What type of muscle tissue is seen in bronchioles? ( skeletal / smooth / cardiac) · What is within the alveolar sacs? ( air / blood) · The wall of an alveolus is primarily composed of simple squamous epithelium, which is made of layer(s) of thin and flat cells. 145 Activity 3: Blood Circulation in Lungs – (Pulmonary Circuit.) • · Pulmonary Circuit is the flow of blood from HEART → LUNGS → HEART. Purpose of this circuit is to oxygenate the blood. Pulmonary capillaries RV PA Pulmonary Vein (PV) Le Atrium Le Ventricle Right Atrium Using ARROWS (→ ) trace blood flow through pulmonary circuit R Pulmonary artery L. Pulmonary artery Pulmonary trunk Pulmonary Capillaries Pulmonary Capillaries O2 R. Pulmonary veins CO2 CO2 O2 L. Pulmonary ft ft 146 veins Right. Lungs HEART 147 Le Lungs Activity 4: Position of Pulmonary capillaries and alveolar sacs. 1. Type of tissue in alveolar wall and capillary wall. o Alveolar wall = single layer of squamous epithelium cells. o Capillary wall = Single layer of flattened endothelial cells. o Alveolar wall + Capillary wall = Respiratory Membrane. o Gas exchange happens between air in the alveolar sac and blood in pulmonary capillaries. 2. What is within an alveolar sac? -----------------------------3. What is within a pulmonary capillary? -----------------------------4. What process is occurring in the alveoli? --------------------------------------------------- 5. What gases are exchanged here and which directions do they move? ……………………… 6. What kind of blood vessels surrounds the alveoli? --------------------------------------------------7. Why are the blood vessels so close to the alveoli? -------------------------------------------------- 8. What will happen if the respiratory membranes are damaged? ------------------------------------9. Which vessels carry deoxygenated (O2 less) blood in lungs? 10. Which vessels carry oxygenated (O2 rich ) blood in lungs? 148 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 149 Name: M T W X F Date: MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS (Lab 12 Normal Lung Slide, under HIGH Power) DRAWING INSTRUCTIONS: Drawing should be done with pencil. The purpose of the drawing is to convey information and to have a record of what you will need to recognize when you take exams. This drawing may also be collected by your instructor for grading. A useful drawing includes just the right amount of detail. When you draw, represent form, proportion, and spatial relationships accurately. Neatly label all relevant parts. . Specimen: Normal Lung Slide , under HIGH Power: Parts to be labeled: Alveolus Simple squamous epithelium Air Ocular lens: Objective lens: Total Magnification: Notes: 150 151 Name: M T W X F Date: MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS (Lab 12 Trachea Cross Section Slide, under HIGH Power) DRAWING INSTRUCTIONS: Drawing should be done with pencil. The purpose of the drawing is to convey information and to have a record of what you will need to recognize when you take exams. This drawing may also be collected by your instructor for grading. A useful drawing includes just the right amount of detail. When you draw, represent form, proportion, and spatial relationships accurately. Neatly label all relevant parts. Specimen: Trachea Cross Section Slide, under HIGH Power: Parts to be labeled: Ciliated columnar epithelium Goblet Cell Cilia Ocular lens: Objective lens: Total Magnification: 152 Notes: What is the function of cilia and goblet cells in the respiratory tract? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 153 150 Name: M T W X F Date: MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS (optional) Specimen: DRAWING INSTRUCTIONS: Drawing should be done with pencil. The purpose of the drawing is to convey information and to have a record of what you will need to recognize when you take exams. This drawing may also be collected by your instructor for grading. A useful drawing includes just the right amount of detail. When you draw, represent form, proportion, and spatial relationships accurately. Neatly label all relevant parts. Specimen: Parts to be labeled: Ocular lens: Objective lens: Total Magnification: 151 Notes: 152 153 Activity 5: Measuring Heart /Pulse Rate and Blood Oxygen (SpO2) as Vital Signs Heart Rate (HR) • • Heart rate is the number of times your heart beats per minute (bpm) To measure your heart rate, simply check your pulse. The pulse is the expansion of the arteries caused by an increase in blood pressure pushing against the elastic walls of the arteries each time our heart beats. Determining Heart Rate / Pulse Rate at REST- (manually) You can do this activity individually or work in pairs. Pulse measurement is taken at the wrist. (Radial Pulse) Materials needed: watch, clock (with a second hand), or timer Procedure: 1. To find the pulse site, place your first and second finger in the groove between the radius bone (on thumb side) and the tendon at the wrist and press lightly. 2. That is where the radial artery is and the pulse can be felt. 3. Count the number of beats in 10 seconds. 4. Multiply this by 6 to get the number of beats in 60 seconds. This is your heart rate / pulse rate. Unit = beats per minute (bpm) My resting Heart rate (Pulse Rate) is bpm Measuring blood oxygen levels - Oxygen Saturation Levels (SpO2) • • • Blood oxygen saturation is a measure of how much oxygen the blood is carrying This oximeter measures only oxygen levels in arterial blood. This is a percentage of how much oxygen is in your blood compared to the maximum it is capable of carrying. 154 • Blood oxygen saturation levels measure the efficiency and intensity of workouts, but they can also indicate underlying health risks and disease. • A range of 94-99% is normal percentage of oxygen saturation for healthy adults and may not change during short exercise. Most people need a minimum SpO2 level of 89% to maintain healthy cells; anything lower can cause strain on the heart, lungs, and liver and keep the body from functioning properly. • Pulse Oximeter: A pulse oximeter (pulse ox) is a noninvasive device that estimates the amount of oxygen in your blood (percentage oxygen saturation) and pulse rate. Pulse Rate (bpm) % Satura on of Oxygen (%SpO2) How to operate a Pulse Oximeter: • Press the white function button on the front panel for about 1 second and then release it to turn the pulse oximeter on. • Press the top of the pulse oximeter where it is labelled PUSH and insert one finger fully into the opposite end before releasing the end marked PUSH. The nail surface must be inserted so it is upward. • Put your lower arm and hand on a flat surface and wait for the readings on the pulse oximeter to become steady. You should wait approximately 10 seconds before taking any reading. • SpO2 and PR appears on the screen above. Pulse (%SpO2) PRESS Finger ti 155 To complete the data collection for this portion of the lab, refer to the lab simulation in Blackboard Activity: 6 Scientific Inquiry: What Will be the Effect of Exercise on Heart Rate and Oxygen Saturation (Blood Oxygen Level)? In this activity, you will form a hypothesis, conduct experiments around that hypothesis, and collect and analyze data. Observation: Heart rate and breathing rate changes based on oxygen demand of our body from when a person is at rest and when they are exercising Question: Question 1: How does a change in activity from resting to exercise affect a person’s heart rate? Question 2: How does a change in activity from resting to exercise affect a person’s blood oxygen level? Write your hypothesis here: Hypothesis Hypothesis 1: Hypothesis 2: 156 Experiment: Identify the dependent and independent variables for this scenario Independent variable: (IV) ------------------------------------------------------------Dependent variables: (DV) -------------------------------------------------------------Controlled variables: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What measurement did you use as a control in this investigation? Why? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 157 Experiment Method: Experiment 1. Determine resting PR and oxygen saturation at rest. Record them on the table. 2. Run in place for 2 minutes 3. Measure PR and oxygen saturation immediately after stopping exercise. Record them on the table. Table 1: To complete this chart, review the lab simulation in Blackboard. Data collection: Heart rate and Oxygen Saturation before and after Exercise. 158 159 Bar Graph 1: Average Heart Rate at Rest and A er Exercise (Make sure to label the axes) X - Axis: Bar Graph 2: Average Blood Oxygen Satura on at Rest and A er Exercise (Make sure to label the axes) X - Axis: ft ft 160 ti Graph the data: 161 What did you observe? Result : Heart rate: Blood oxygen Saturation %: 162 Conclusion: Based on your data, give the physiological reasons for your results. Heart rate: Blood oxygen Saturation %: Did you find a difference in SPO2 before and after exercising? What is the reason for getting such a result? 163 164
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Explanation & Answer

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1. Breathing rate increases to provide the body (exercising muscles) with oxygen at a higher rate.
Heart rate increases to deliver the oxygen (and glucose) to the respiring muscles more efficiently.
The heart, lungs and circulatory system working together make up the cardiovascular system.
Activity 1
N-nostril
N-nasal cavity.
P-pharynx
E-epiglottis
L- larynx
T-trachea
P-pulmonary vein
p-pulmonary artery.
B- bronchioles
D-diaphragm.

Description/Function.
1. Air passage and filtering dust and other particles.
2. keep your nose moist by making mucus so you won't get nosebleeds from a dry nose. There are also
little hairs that help filter the air you breathe in, blocking dirt and dust from getting into your lungs.
3. passageway that extends from the base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra. It
serves both the respiratory and digestive systems by receiving air from the nasal cavity and air,
food, and water from the oral cavity
4. prevents food and drink from entering your windpipe
5. protect the lower airways, facilitates respiration, and plays a key role in phonation.
6. To protect the airway from choking on material in the throat. To regulate the flow of air into our
lungs. The production of sounds used for speech.
7. The trachea serves as passage for air, moistens and warms it while it passes into the lungs, and
protects the respiratory surface from an accumulation of foreign particles
8. distribute air to the lungs.
9. responsible for the primary function of the lungs, which is exchanging carbon dioxide and oxygen.
10. Gaseous exchange.
11. Diaphragm-separates the abdomen from the chest and This creates a vacuum effect that pulls air
into the lungs. When you exhale, the diaphragm relaxes and the air is pushed out of lungs
12. Pulmonary Artery- From heart to lungs
Color code-blue

Deoxygenated blood.
13 lungs to heart.
Red
Oxygenated blood.
Activity 2.
Nose- Nasal cavity- pharynx-epiglottis.
Larynx-trachea-primary bronchus.
Secondary bronchus-Tertiary Bronchus-Bronchioles-Alveolus
Activity 3.
Smooth.
Air.
Single layer of thin and flat cells.
Activity 4. Position of Pulmonary Capillaries and alveolar sacs.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Air
Blood
Gaseous exchange.
Oxygen and carbon dioxide. Oxygen comes from the alveoli getting into the blood while carbon
dioxide comes from the blood and gets out through the alveoli. Oxygen is exchanged with carbon
dioxide from the body tissues.
Pulmonary capillaries.
Increasing surface area for gaseous exchange.
Gaseous exchange will not occur hence cells and tissues will suffocate leading to death.
Arteries.
Veins.

Activity 5.
4.72bpm
Activity 6
1. Over time, with chronic cardio training, our resting heart rate drops because each beat delivers a
bigger burst of blood, and fewer beats are needed. This takes work off your heart and is why cardio
exercise is recommended for heart health.
2. When you exercise and your muscles work harder, your body uses more oxygen and produces more
carbon dioxide. To cope with this extra demand, your breathing has to increase from about 15 times a
minute when you are resting and up to about 60 times a minute during exercise

Hypothesis 1: Alternative hypothesis. Exercises increase the rate of breathing and heart rate
Hypothesis 2: Null hypothesis. Exercises will not increase breathing rate and heart rate.

Attached. Please let me know if you have any questions or need revisions.

==================================================
=====
Lab 12: Respiratory System
Materials needed: Heart and lung model, Trachea model, Normal lung Slide, Trachea cross
section slide, Pulse Oximeter

======================================================
=
OBJECTIVES:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Identify structures of the respiratory system.
Determine direction of blood flow and air flow in tubes within the lung.
Examine the histology of lung and trachea.
Measure lung volumes and capacities – Spirometry.

Intr...


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